Section Review Cardiovascular & Renal: Endothelin receptors and atherosclerosis: a potential target for therapeutic intervention

References

• YANAGISAWA M, KURIHARA H, KIMURA S etal.: A novelpotent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature (1988) 332:411–415.
   Google Scholar
• ARAI H, HORI S, ARAMORI I, OHKUBO H, NAKANISHI S:Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an en-dothelin receptor. Nature (1990) 348:730–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKURAI T, YANAGISAWA M, TAKUWA Y etal.: Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature (1990) 348:732–735.
   Google Scholar
• IHARA M, NOGUCHI K, SAEKI T etal.: Biological profiles of highly potent novel endothelin antagonists selective for the ETA receptor. Life Sci. (1992) 50:247–255.
   Google Scholar
• SUDJARWO SA, HORI M, KARAM H: Effect of endothelin-3on cytosolic calcium level in vascular endothelium and on smooth muscle contraction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 229:137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LADOUCEUR DM, FLYNN MA, KEISER JA, REYNOLDS E,HALEEN SJ: ETA and ETB receptors coexist on rabbit pulmonary artery vascular smooth muscle mediating contraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 196:209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GODFRAIND T: Evidence for heterogeneity of en-dothelin receptor distribution in human coronary ar-tery. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 110:1201–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITE DG, CANNON TR, GARRATT H et al.: Endothelin ETA and ETB receptors mediate vascular smooth-muscle contraction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22\(Suppl. 8):S144–S148.
   Google Scholar
• OPGAARD OS, ADNER M, GLTLBENKIAN S, EDVINSSON L:Localization of endothelin inununoreactivity and dem-onstration of constrictory endothelin-A receptors in human coronary arteries and veins. J. Cardiovasc. Phar-macol. (1994) 23: 576–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEERLINK JR, BREU V, SPRECHER U, CLOZEL M, CLOZELJ-P: Potent vasoconstriction mediated by endothelin Ern receptors in canine coronary arteries. Circ. Res. (1994) 74:105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE NUCCI G, THOMAS R, D'ORLEANS-JUSTE P et al.: Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relax-ing factor. Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA (1988) 85:9797–9800.
   Google Scholar
• FUKURODA T, NISHIKIBE M, OHTA Y et al.: Analysis of responses to endothelins in isolated porcine blood vessels by using a novel endothelin antagonist, BQ-153. Life Sci. (1992) 50:PL107-PL112.
   Google Scholar
• HERATA Y, EMORI T, EGUCHI S etal.: Endothelin receptor subtype B mediates synthesis of nitric oxide by cultured bovine endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 91:1367–1373.
   Google Scholar
• KARAM H, SUDJARWO SA, HORI M et al.: Induction ofendothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat aorta by IRL 1620, a novel and selective agonist at the endothelia ET B receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 109:486–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TSUKAHARA H, ENDE H, MAGAZINE HI, BAHOU WE, GOLIGORSKY MS: Molecular and functional charac-terization of the non-isopeptide-selective ETB receptor in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:21778–21785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OPGENORTH TJ: Endothelin receptor antagonism. In: Advances in Pharmacology. August JT, Anders MW, Murad F, Coyle JT (Eds.), Academic Press, London (1995):1–65.
   Google Scholar
• OHLSTEIN EH, ELLIOTT JD, FEUERSTEIN GZ, RUFFOLO RR, Jr.: Endothelin receptors: receptor classification, novel receptor antagonists, and potential therapeutic targets. Medicinal Res. Rev. (1996) 16:365–390.
   Google Scholar
• NOLL G, WENZEL RR, LOSCHER TF: Endothelin and en-dothelin antagonists: potential role in cardiovascular and renal disease. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (1996) 157:259–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVIN ER: The endothelin peptides: roles in physiologyand pathophysiology. In: Contemporary Endocrinology. Sowers JR (Ed.), Human Press, Totowa (1996):49–66.
   Google Scholar
• STEINBERG D, PARTHASARATHY 5, CAREW TE, KHOO JC,WITZUM JL: Beyond cholesteroL Modifications of low- density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. New Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320:915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HABERLAND ME, FONG D, CHENG L: Malondialdehydealtered protein occurs in atheroma of WHHL rabbits. Science (1988) 241:215–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALINSKI W, ROSENFELD ME, YLA-HERTTUALA S et al.:LDL undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:1372–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YLA-HERTTUALA S, PALINSKI W, ROSENFELD ME et al.: Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions in rabbit and man. J. Clin. Invest. (1989) 84:1086–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERLINER JA, NAVAB M, FOGELMAN AM et al.: Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflam-mation, and genetics. Circulation (1995) 91:2488–2496.
   Google Scholar
• SIMIONESCU M, .SIMIONESCU N: Proatherosclerotic events: pathobiochemical changes occurring in the arterial wall before monocyte migration. FASEBJ. (1993) 7:1359–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUTH HS: Localization of unesterified cholesterol inhuman atherosclerotic lesions. Demonstration of filipin-positive, oil-red-O-negative particles. Am. J. Pathol. (1984) 114:201–208.
   Google Scholar
• SIMIONESCU N, VASILE E, LUPU F, POPESCU G, SIMIO-NESCU M: Prelesional events of atherogenesis: acctunu-lation of extracellular cholesterol-rich liposomes in the arterial intima and cardiac valves of the hyper-cholesterolaemic rabbit. Am. J. Pathol. (1986) 123:109–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUINN MT, PARTFIASARATHY S, STEINBERG D:Lysophosphatidylcholine: a chemotactic factor for hu-man monocytes and potential role in atherogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:2805–2809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUME N, CYBULSKY MI, GIMBRONE MA, Jr.: Lysophos-phatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipopro-teins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endo-thelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:1138–1144.
   Google Scholar
• STANTON LW, WHITE RT, BRYANT CM, PROT1LR AA,ENDEMANN G: A macrophage Fc receptor for IgG is also a receptor for oxidised low density lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) 267:22446–22451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALISBURY BGJ, FALCONE DJ, MINICK CR: Insoluble low-density lipoprotein-proteog,lycan complexes enhance cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. Am. J. Pathol. (1985) 120:6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHOO JC, MILLER E, MCLOUGHLIN P, STEINBERG D:Enhanced macrophage uptake of low density lipopro-tein after self-aggregation. Arteriosclerosis (1988) 8:348–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MUNRO jM, VAN DER WALT JD, MUNRO CS, CHALMERS JA, COX EL: An inununohistochemical analysis of hu-man aortic fatty streak. Hum. Pathol. (1987) 18:375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSS R: The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspec- tive for the 1990s. Nature (1993) 362:801–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAGGIOTTO A, ROSS R: Studies of hypercholesterolae-mia in the nonhuman primate. II. Fatty streak conver-sion to fibrous plaque. Arteriosclerosis (1984) 4:341–356.
   Google Scholar
• FUSTER V, BADIMON L, BADIMON JJ, CHESEBRO JH: The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. New Engl. J. Med. (1992) 26:242–250.
   Google Scholar
• NOBL'YOSHI M, TANAKA M, NOSAKA H et at: Progression of coronary atherosclerosis: is coronary spasm related to progression? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1991) 18:904–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN C-S, PENHA PD, ZAK FG, UN JC: Morphodynamic Interpretation of acute coronary thrombosis, with spe-cial reference to volcano-like eruption of atheromatous plaque caused by coronary artery spasm. Angiology (1988) 9:535–547.
   Google Scholar
• KARIN° T, GOLDSMITH HL, MOTOMIYA M, MABUCHI 5,SOHARA Y: Flow patterns in vessels of simple and complex geometries. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 516:422–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLAGOV S, ZARINS C, GIDDENS DP, KU DN: Haemody-namics and atherosclerosis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (1988) 112:1018–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINBERGER J, RAMOS L, AMBROSE JA, FUSTER V: Mor-phologic and dynamic changes of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid artery blfarcation: sequential imaging by real time B-mode ultrasonography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1988) 12:1515–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEMER LL, WATSON ICE, BOSTROM K: Mechanism of calcification in atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. (1994) 4:45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIBBY P: Molecular bases of acute coronary syndromes.Circulation (1995) 91:2844–2850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICHARDSON PD, DAVIES MJ, BORN GVR: Influence ofplaque configuration and stress distribution on fissur-ing of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet (1989) 2:941–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOREE HM, ICAMM RD, STRINGFELLOW RG, LEE RT: Effectsof fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels. Circ. Res. (1992) 71:850–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER WAR AC, BECKER AE, VAN DER LOOS CM, DASPK: Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterised by an inflammatory process irrespective of dominant plaque morphology. Circulation (1994) 89:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANSSON GK, JONASSON L, HOLM J, CLOWES MM, CLOWES AW: y-Interferon regulates vascular smooth muscle proliferation and la antigen expression in vivo and in vitro. Circ. Res. (1988) 63:712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALIS ZS, SUKHOVA GK, LARK MW, LIBBY P: Increasedexpression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest. (1994) 94:2493–2503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FALK E, SHAH PK, FUSTER V: Coronary plaque disrup-tion. Circulation (1995) 92:657–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATH PMW, MARTIN JF: Serum platelet-derived growthfactor and endothelin concentrations in human hyper-cholesterolaemia. J. Int. Med. (1991) 230: 313–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAAK T, MARZ W, JUNGMANN E et al.: Elevated en-dothelin levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin. Invest. (1994) 72:580–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YASUDA M, KOHNO M, TAHARA A et al.: Circulating hnmunoreactive endothelin in ischaemic heart disease. Am. Heart J. (1990) 119:801–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LERMAN A, EDWARDS BS, HALLETT JW etal.: Circulatingand tissue endothelin inununoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:997–1001.
   Google Scholar
• ARENDT RM, WILBERT-LAMPEN U, HEUCKE L et al.: In-creased endothelin plasma concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease or hyperlipoproteinemia without coronary events. Res. Exp. Med. (1993) 193:225–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TAHARA A, KOHNO M, YANAGI S et al.: Circulating immunoreactive endothelin in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Me-tabolism (1993) 40:1235–1237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LERMAN A, KUBO SH, TSCHUMPERLIN LK, BURNETT JC,Jr.: Plasma endothelin concentrations in humans with end-stage heart failure and after transplantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1992) 20:849–853.
   Google Scholar
• HAAS GJ, WOODING-SCOTT M, BINKLEY PF et al.: Effects of successful cardiac transplantation on plasma en-dothelin. Am. J. Cardiol. (1993) 71:237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DORENT R, CACOUB P, CARAYON A et al.: Endothelin levels after orthotopic heart transplantation. Trans-plant. Proc. (1994) 26:250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORISE T, TAKEUCHI Y, KAWANO M, KONI I, TAKEDA R: Increased plasma levels of immunoreactive endothelin and von Willebrand factor in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care (1995) 18:87–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINKLES JA, ALBERTS GF, BROGI E, LIBBY P: Endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor mRNA expression in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 191:1081–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZEIHER AM, GOEBEL H, SCHACHLINGER V, IFILING C: Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. A clue to the mecha-nism of increased vasoreactivity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Circulation (1995) 91:941–947.
   Google Scholar
• IHLING C, GOBEL HR, LIEPOLD A et al.: Endothelin- 1-like imnaunoreactivity in human atherosclerotic coronary tissue: A detailed analysis of the cellular distribution of endothelin-1. J. Pathol. (1996) 179:303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES GT, VAN RIJ AM, SOLOMON C, THOMPSON IA, PACKER SGK: Endothelin-1 is increased overlying atherosclerotic plaques in human arteries. Atherosclerosis (1996) 124:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DASFIWOOD MR, ALLEN SP, LUU TN, MUDDLE JR: The effect of ETA receptor antagonist, FR 139317, on [125* ET-1 binding to the atherosclerotic human coronary artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 112:386–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASKI JC: Mechanisms of coronary artery spasm. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. (1991) 1:289–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IGARASHI Y, AIZAWA Y, TAMURA M et al.: Vasoconstric-tor effect of endothelin on the canine coronary artery: Is a novel endogenous peptide involved in regulating myocardial blood flow and coronary spasm? Am. Heart J. (1989) 118:674–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOYO-OKA T, AIZAWA T, SUZUKI N et al.: Increased plasma level of endothelin-1 and coronary spasm in-ductions in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris. Circulation (1991) 83:476–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG Z, RICHARD V, VON SEGESSER L et at.: Thresholdconcentrations of endothelin-1 potentiate contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin in human arteries. Circulation (1990) 82:188–195.
   Google Scholar
• HORIO T, KOHNO M, MURAKAWA K et at.: Increasedplasma immunoreactive endothelin-1 concentration in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Atherosclerosis (1991) 89:239–246.
   Google Scholar
• MIYAUCHI T, SUGISHITA Y, MATSUDA M et at.: Increasedplasma concentration of endothalin-1 in cholesterol-fed rats. Atherosclerosis (1992) 93:257–259.
   Google Scholar
• LERMAN A, WEBSTER MWI, CHESEBRO JH et al.: Circulat-ing and tissue endothelin inununoreactivity in hyper-cholesterolaemic pigs. Circulation (1993) 88:2923–2928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WATSCHINGER B, SAYEGH MH, HANCOCK WW, RUSSELL ME: Up-regulation of endothelin-1 mRNA and peptide expression in rat cardiac allografts with rejection and arteriosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. (1995) 146:1065–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZUMA H, HAMASAM H, NIIMI Y, TERADA T, MATSUBARA 0: Role of endothelin-1 in neointhna formation after endothelial removal in rabbit carotid arteries. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 267:H2259–H2267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG X, DOUGLAS SA, LOUDEN C et at: Expression of endothelin-1, endothelin-3, endothelin-converting en-zyme-1 and endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor mRNA after angioplasty-induced neointimal formation in the rat. Circ. Res. (1996) 78:322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWALA MC, ROSE PM, STEIN PD et al.: Selective block-ade of the endothelin subtype A receptor decreases early atherosclerosis in hamsters fed cholesterol Am. Pathol. (1995) 46:819–826.
   Google Scholar
• FERRER P, VALENTINE M, JENKINS-WEST T et at.: An orally-active endothelin receptor antagonist sup-presses neointitnal development in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 26:908–915.
   Google Scholar
• AZUMA H, HAMASAKI H, SATO J et al: Different localiza-tion of ETA and ET8 receptors in the hyperplastic vascular wall. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 25:802–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRACHTENBERG JD, SUN S, CHOI ET, CALLOW AD, RYAN US: Effect of endothelin-1 infusion on the development of intimal hyperplasia after balloon catheter injury. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22\(Suppl. 8):S355–S359.
   Google Scholar
• DOUGLAS SA, LOUDEN C, VICKERY-CLARK LM etal.: A role for endogenous endothelin-1 in neointimal formation after rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty. Protective effects of the novel nonpeptide endotheLin receptor antagonist SB 209670. Circ. Res. (1994) 75:190–197.
   Google Scholar
• LOPEZ JAG, ARMSTRONG ML, PIEGORS DJ, HEISTAD DD: Vascular responses to endothelin-1 in atherosclerotic primates. Arteriosclerosis (1990) 10:1113–1118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MAGAZINE HI, ANDERSEN TT, BRUNER CA, MALIK AB: Vascular contractile potency of endothelin-1 is in-creased lathe presence of monocytes or macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 266:H1620–H1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEWART DJ, LANGLEBEN D, CERNACEK P, CIANFLONE K:Endothelin release is inhibited by coculture of endothe-lial cells with cells of vascular media. Am. J. Physiol. (1990) 259:H1928–H1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAGNER OF, CHRIST G, WOJTA J et al.: Polar secretionof endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) 267:16066–16068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'REILLY G, CHARNOCK-JONES DS, CAMERON IT, SMITHSK, DAVENPORT AP: Endothelin-2 mRNA splice variants detected by RT-PCR in cultured human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22\(Suppl. 8):S18–S21.
   Google Scholar
• KANSE SM, TAKAHASHI K, WARREN JB et al: Productionof endothelin by vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1991) 17\(Suppl. 7):S113–S116.
   Google Scholar
• EHRENREICH H, ANDERSON RW, FOX CH et al.: En-dothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages. J. Exp. Med. (1990) 172:1741–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUJ1TANI Y, ODA K, TAKIMOTO M et al.: Autocrine receptors for endothelins in the primary culture of endothelial cells of human umbilical vein. FEBS Lett. (1992) 298:79–83.
   Google Scholar
• AMANO K-I, HOPI M, OZAKI H, MATZUDA Y, KARAKI H:Ca."' mobilization mediated by endothelin ETA receptor In endothelium of rabbit aortic valve. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 271:1359–1364.
   Google Scholar
• LADOUX A, FRELIN C: Ertdothelins inhibit adenylatecyclase in brain capillary endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1991) 180:169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STANIMIROVIC DB, BERTRAND N, MCCARRON R, UE-MATSU S, SPATZ M: Arachidonic acid release and perme-ability changes induced by endothelins in human cerebromicrovascular endothelium. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. Wien. (1994) 60:71–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STANIMIROVIC DB, NIKODIJEVIC B, NIKODIJEVIC-KEDEVA D, MCCARRON RM, SPATZ M: Signal transduc-tion and Ca2+ uptake activated by endothelins in rat brain endothelial cells. Eur.J. Pharmacol. (1994) 288:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIGNE P, FRELIN C: Endothelins activate phospholipase A2 in brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res. (1994) 651:342–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHISHOLM LJ, AGRAWAL DK, PEARSON TJ, EDWARDS JD:Endothelin-1 induces tyrosine phosphorylation in hu-man blood monocytes. Mol. Cell. Biocbem. (1996) 159:33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IUSHINO J, HANASAKI K, KATO T, ARITA H: Endothelin-induced intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization through its spe-cific receptors in murine peritoneal macrophages. FEBS Lett. (1991) 280:103–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEWMAN P, KAKKAR VV, KANSE SM: Modulation of endothelin receptor expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1P. FEBS Lett. (1995) 363:161–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EGUCHI S, HIRATA Y, IMAI T, KANNO K, MURUMO F: Phenotypic change of endothelin receptor subtype in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinol. (1994) 134:222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOULANGER CM, TANNER FC, BEA M-L et al.: Oxidisedlow density lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from human and porcine endo-thelium. Circ. Res. (1992) 70:1191–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORIO T, KOHNO M, YASUNARI K et al.: Stimulation ofendothelin-1 release by low density and very low den-sity lipoproteins in cultured human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis (1993) 101:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN-NIZARD F, HOUSSAINI HS, LESTAVEL-DELATTRES, DURIEZ P, FRUKHART J-C: Modified low density lipo-proteins activated human macrophages to secrete im-munoreactive endothelia. FEBS Lett. (1991) 293:127–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOSHIZUMI M, KURIHARA H, MORITA T eta: Interleukin 1 increases production of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1990) 166:324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAEMURA K, KURIHARA H, MORITA T, OH-HASHI Y, YAZAKI Y: Production of endothelin-1 in vascular en-dothelial cells is regulated by factors associated with vascular injury. Gerontology (1992) 38:29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMORI T, HIRATA Y, IMAI T et al.: Cellular mechanism of thrombin on endothelin-1 biosynthesis and release in bovine endothelial cell. Biochern. Pharmacol. (1992) 44:2409–2411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMAI T, HIRATA Y, EMORI T et al.: Induction of en-dothelin-1 gene by angiotensin and vasopres sin in endothelial cells. Hypertension (1992) 19:753–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARSEN TA, SIMONSON MS, DUNN MJ: Thrombin in-duces the preproendothkin-1 gene in endothelial cells by a protein tyrosine kinase-linked mechanism. Circ Res. (1995) 76:987–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLLENBERG SM, TONG W, SHELHAMER JH, LAWRENCE M, CUNNION RE: Ekosanoid production by human aortic endothelial cells in response to endothelin. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 67:H2290–H2296.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDEN CL, KOHLER JP, NICK HS, VISNER GA: Effects of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators on endothelia-1 expression in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. (1995) 12:503–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAMAUCHI T, OHNAKA K, TAKAYANAGI R, UMEDA F, NAWATA H: Enhanced secretion of endothelin-1 by elevated glucose levels from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. (1990) 267:16–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IIU R-M, LEVIN ER, PEDRAM A, FRANK HJL: Insulin stimu-lates production and secretion of endothelin from bovine endothelial cells. Diabetes (1993) 42:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORITA T, KURIHARA H, MAEMURA K et al.: Role of Ca2' and protein kinase C in shear stress-induced actin depolymerization and endothelin-1 gene expression. Circ. Res. (1994) 75:630–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HELSET E, SILDNES T, SELJELID, R, KONOPSKI ZS: En-dothelin-1 stimulates human monocytes in vitro to release TNF-a, IL-1 f3 and 11-6. Mediators of Inflammation (1993) 2:417–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUCK AO, SEEGER H, KORTE K, LIPPERT TH: The effect of 17 beta-estradiol and endothelin 1 on prostacyclin and thromboxane production in human endothelial cell cultures. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. (1993) 20:203–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ION X, CAI Y, MATSUMOTO K, AGUI T: Endothelin-in-duced interleukin-6 production by rat aortic endothe-lial cells. Endocrinol. (1995) 136:132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCARRON RM, WANG L, STANIMIROVIC DB, SPATZ M: Endothelin induction of adhesion molecule expression on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Neu ro-sci. Lett. (1993) 156:31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALLER H, SCHABERG T, LLNDSCHAU C, LODE H, DISTLER A: Endothelin increases [Ca2li, protein phosphoryla-lion, and 0/ production in human alveolar macro-phages. Am.J. Physiol. (1991) 261:L478–L484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLUL V, LAGENTE V, GILLARDEAUX 0 et al.: Activation of guinea pig alveolar macrophages by endothelln-1.J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1991) 17\(Suppl 7):S233–S235.
   Google Scholar
• MCMILLEN MA, HURIBAL M, KUMAR R, SUMPIO BE: En-dothelin-stimulated human monocytes produce pro- staglandin E2 but not leukotriene B4. J. Surg. Res. (1993) 54:331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCMILLEN MA, HURIBAL M, CUNNINGHAM ME, KUMAR R, SUMPIO BE: Endothelin-1 increases intracellular cal-cium in human monocytes and causes production of interleukin-6. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 23:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HELSET E, SELDNES T, KONOPSKI ZS: Endothelin-1 stimu-lates monocytes in vitro to release chemotactic activity identified as interleukin-8 and monocyte chernotactic protein-1. Mediators of Inflammation (1994) 3:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YUE T-L, WANG X, SUNG C-P et al.: Interleukin-8. A mitogen and chemoattractant for vascular smooth mus-cle cells. Circ. Res. (1994). 75:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• KOCH AE, POLVERINI PJ, KUNKEL SL et al.: Interleultin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science (1992) 258: 1798-1801.
   Google Scholar
• ROLLINS BJ, WALZ A, BAGGIOLLINI M: Recombinant human MCP-1/JE induces chemotaxis, calcium flux and the respiratory burst in human monocytes. Blood (1991) 78:1112–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLDEMAR CARR M, ROTH SJ, LUTHER E, ROSE SS, SPRINGER TA: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:3652–3656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JORIS I, ZAND T, NUNNARI JJ, KROLIKOWSKI FJ, MAJNO G: Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: L Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholesterolaemic rats. Am.J. Pathol. (1983) 113:341–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHISHOLM LJ, DOVGAN PS, AGRAWAL DK, MCGREGOR PE, EDWARDS JD: Modulation of monocyte adherence to endothelial cells by endothelin-1: involvement of Src (p6Osrc) and JAK-1-like kinases. J. Vasc. Surg. (1996) 23:288–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACHMAD TH, RAO GS: Chemotaxis of human blood monocytes toward endothelin-1 and the influence of calcium channel blockers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com-mun. (1992) 189:994–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATH PMW, MAYSTON SA, MARTIN JF: Endothelin and PDGF do not stimulate peripheral blood monocyte chennota iris, adhesion to endothelium, and superoxide production. Exp. Cell Res. (1990) 187:339–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOMURO I, KURIHARA H, SUGIYAMA T, TAKAKU F, YAZAKI Y: Endothelin stimulates c-fos and c-myc ex-pression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. (1988) 238:249–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHLSTEIN E11, ARLETH A, BRYAN H, ELLIOT JD, SUNG CP: The selective endothelin ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 antagonizes endothelin-1-mediated mitogenesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 225:347–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I IIRATA Y, TAKAGI Y, FUKUDA Y, MARUMO F: Endothelin Is a potent mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis (1989) 78:225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASSENDER JW, IRENIUS E, FREDHOLM BB: Endothelin-1 causes a prolonged protein kinase C activation and acts as a co-mitogen in vascular smooth muscle cells. Ada Physiol. Scand. (1996) 157:451–460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WEBER H, WEBB ML, SERAFINO R et al Endothelin-1 and angiotensin II stimulate delayed mitogenesis in cul-tured rat aortic smooth muscle cells: evidence for corn- mon signalling mechanisms. Mol. Endocrinol. (1994). 8:148–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAHN AWA, RESINK TJ, SCOTT-BURDEN T et at: Stimula-tion of endothelin mRNA and secretion in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel autocrine function. Cell Regulation (1990) 1:649–659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KANSE SM, WIJELATH E, KANTHOU C, NEWMAN P, KAK-KAR VV: The proliferative responsiveness of human vascular smooth muscle cells to endothelin correlates with endothelin receptor density. Lab. Invest. (1995) 72:376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERRADEIL-LE GAL C, HERBERT JM, GARCIA C, BOUTIN M, MAFFRAND JP: Importance of the phenotypic state of vascular smooth muscle cells on the binding and the mitogenic activity of endothelin. Peptides (1991) 12:575–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WREN AD, HILEY R, FAN T-PD: Endothelin-3 mediated proliferation in wounded human umbilical vein endo-thelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 196:369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAHN AWA, REGENASS S, KERN F, BUIILER FR, RESINK TJ: Expression of soluble and insoluble fibronectin in rat aorta: effects of angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Bio-chem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 192:189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUIZ-ORTEGA M, GOMEZ-GARRE D, ALCAZAR R et al.: Involvement of angiotensin II and endothelin in matrix protein production and renal sclerosis. J. Ilypertens. (1994) 12\(Suppl. 4):551–558.
   Google Scholar
• GUARDA E, KATWA LC, MYERS PR, TYAGI SC, WEBER KT: Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc. Res. (1993) 27:2130–2134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIN PD, HUNT JT, FLOYD DM et al.: The discovery of sulfonamide endothelin antagonists and the develop-ment of the orally active ETA antagonist BMS-182874. J. Med. Chem. (1994) 37:329–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBB ML, BIRD JE, LUI ECK et al.: BMS-182874 is a selective nonpeptide endothelin ETA receptor antago-nist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther (1995) 272:1124–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWALA MC, NUNNARI JJ, DURHAM SK, NICOLOSI RJ: Doxazosin and cholestyramine similarly decrease fatty streak formation in the aortic arch of hyperlipidaemic hamsters. Atherosclerosis (1991) 91:35–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWALA MC, MAZZUCCO CE, HARTL KS et al.: Prostacy-clin agonists reduce early atherosclerosis in hyperlipi-darmic hamsters. Octimibate and BMY 42393 suppress monocyte chemotaxis, macrophage cholesteryl ester accumulation, scavenger receptor activity, and tumor necrosis factor production. Arterioscler. Thromb. (1993) 13:435–444.
   Google Scholar
• NISTOR A, BULLA A, FILIP DA, RADU A: The hyperlipidae-mic hamster as a model of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (1987) 68:159–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABERG G, KOWALA M, MOLLOY CM: ACE inhibitors and atherosclerosis. In: ACE InCurrent Use and FutureProspects. Schachter M (Ed.), Martin Dunitz, London (1995):195–217.
   Google Scholar
• TSUJINO M, HIRATA Y, EGUCHI S is al.: Nonselective ETA/ETs receptor antagonist blocks proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells after balloon angioplasty. Life Sci. (1995) 56:PL449-PL–454.
   Google Scholar
• WESALE J, ADLER A, NOVOSAD E et al.: Endothelin antagonism reduced neointirna formed following bal-loon injury in rabbits. In: Abstracts from the Fourth Inter-national Conference on Endothelin. London, UK (1995).
   Google Scholar
• TAKIGUCHI Y, SOGABE K: The selective ETA receptor antagonist FR139317 inhibits neointimal thickening in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 309:59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATHEW V, HASDAI D, LERMAN A: The role of en-dothelin in coronary atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. (1996) 71: 769–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar