55
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

β3-adrenergic agonists: potential therapeutics for obesity

Pages 1811-1825 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • KUCZMARSKI RJ, FLEGAL KM, CAMPBELL SM, JOHNSON CL: Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1960 to 1991. JAMA (1994) 270:205-211. MCGINNIS JM, FORGE WH: Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA (1993) 270:2207-2212. PI SUNYER FX: Medical hazards of obesity. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:655-660. Obesity is worst chronic health problem. Scrip (1997) 2244 (June 27):25. Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association: treatment of obesity in adults. JAMA (1988) 260:2547–2551.
  • WADDEN TA: Etiology and treatment of obesity. Cum Opin, Psychiatry (1993) 6:816–820.
  • BJORNTORP P: Endocrine abnormalities of obesity. Me-tabolism (1995) 44(9 Suppl. 3):21–23.
  • WEISER M, FRISHMAN WH, MICHAELSON MD, ABDEEN MA: The pharmacologic approach to the treatment of obesity. J.Pharmacol. (1997) 37: 453–473.
  • FINER N: Present and future pharmacological ap-proaches. Br. Med. Bull. (1997) 53(2):409–432.
  • AHLQUIST RP: A study of the adrenergic receptors. Am.]. PhysioL (1948) 153:586–600.
  • LANDS AM, ARNOLD A, MCAULIFF JP, LUDUENA FP, BROWN TG: Differentiation of receptor systems acti-vated by sympathomimetic agents. Nature (1967) 214:597.
  • TAN S, CURTIS-PRIOR PB: Characterization of the beta-adrenoceptor of the adipose cell of the rat. Int. J. Obesity (1982) 7:409–414.
  • WILSON C, WILSON S, PIERCY V, SENNITT MV, ARCH JRS: The rat lipolytic B-adrenoceptor: Studies using novel B-adrenoceptor agonists. Eur,Pharmacol, (1984)100:309–319.
  • LOWELL BB, FLIER JS: Brown adipose tissue, 133-adrene-rgic receptors, and obesity. Ann. Rev. Med. (1997) 48:307–316.
  • ARCH JRS, AINS WORTH AT, CAWTHORNE MA et al.: Atypi-cal P-adrenoceptor on brown adipocytes as a target for anti-obesity drugs. Nature (1984) 309:163–165.
  • CARROLL MJ, LISTER CA, SENNITT MV, STEWART-LONG N, CAWTHORNE MA: Improved glycemic control in C57B/KsJ (db/db) mice after treatment with the ther-mogenic beta-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830. Diabetes (1985) 34:1198–1204.
  • HOWE R: 33-Adrenergic agonists. Drugs Fut. (1993) 18(6)529–549.
  • GOLDBERG DE, FRISHMAN WH: In: Beta3-Adrenergic Ago-nism: A New Concept In Human Pharmacology. Futura Pub-lishing Co., Armonk, New York (1995) Chapter 4 55–90.
  • SMITH SA, SENNITT MV, CAWTHORNE MA: BRL 35135: Anorally active antihyperglycaemic agent with weight re-ducing effects. In: New Antidiabetic Drugs. Bailey CJ, Flatt PR (Eds.), Smith-Gordon, London (1990):177–189.
  • EMORINE LJ, MARULLO S, BRIEND-SUTREN M-M et al.: Mo-lecular characterization of the human 33-adrenergic re-ceptor. Science (1989) 245:1118–1121.
  • GRANNEMAN JG, LAHNERS KN, RAO DD: Rodent and hu-man 33-adrenergic receptor genes contain an intron within the protein-coding block. Mol, PharmacoL (1992) 42:964–970.
  • MUNRO JF, CHAPMAN BJ, ROBB GH, ZED C: Clinical stud-ies with thermogenic drugs. In: Recent Advances in Obe-sity Research. V Berry EM, Blondheim SH, Eliahou HE, Shafrir E (Eds.), John Libbey, London (1987):155–159.
  • CHAPMAN BJ, FARQUAHAR DL, GALLOWAY S. SIMPSON GK, MUNRO GK: The effects of a new B-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A in refractory obesity. Int. J. Obesity (1988) 12:119–123.
  • CONNACHER AA, JUNG RT, MITCHELL PEG: Weight loss in obese subjects on a restricted diet given BRL 26830A, a new atypical B-adrenoceptor agonist. Br. Med. J. (1988) 296:1217–1220.
  • CONNACHER AA, BENNETT WM, JUNG RT: Clinical stud-ies with the B-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A. Am. J. Nutr, (1992) 55:258S–261S.
  • IMS - Market letter, October 22, 1990.
  • CAWTHORNE MA, SENNITT MV, ARCH JRS, SMITH SA: BRL35135, a potent and selective atypical 3-adrenoceptor agonist. Am. J. Din. Nutr, (1992) 55:252S–257S.
  • MITCHELL TH, ELLIS RDM, SMITH SA, ROBB G, CAW-THORNE MA: Effects of BRL 35135, a 3-adrenoceptor agonist with novel selectivity, on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese subjects. Int. J. Obesity (1989) 13:757–766.
  • Scrip (1992) 1745:6.
  • BLIN N, NAHMIAS C, DRUMARE MF, STROSBER AD: Media-tion of most atypical effects by species homologues of the 133-adrenoceptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 112:911–912.
  • STROSBERG AD: Structure and function of the I33-adre- nergic receptor. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol, Toxicol, (1997) 37:421–450.
  • WILSON S, CHAMBERS JK, PARK JE et al.: Agonist potency at the cloned human beta-3 adrenoceptor depends on receptor expression level and nature of assay. J. Phar-macol. Exp. Then (1996) 279(1):214–221.
  • HOLLENGA C, HAAS M, DEINUM JT, ZAAGSMA J: Discrep- ancies in lipolytic activities induced by 3-adrenoceptor agonists in human and rat adipocytes. Horm, Metab, Res. (1990) 22:17–21.
  • LIGGETT SB: Functional properties of the rat and hu- man 133-adrenergic receptors: differential agonist acti-vation of recombinant receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol, Pharmacol. (1992) 42:634–637.
  • RUFFOLO RR, BONDINELL W, HIEBLE JP: a- and I3-Adren- oceptors: from the gene to the clinic. 2. Structure-activity relationships and therapeutic applications. J. Med. Chem. (1995) 38(19):3681–3716.
  • HIEBLE P: Selective 133-adrenoceptor agonists for treat- ment of diabetes and obesity. 25th National Medicinal Chemists Symposium. Ann Arbor, USA (1996).
  • BEELEY LJ, BERGE JM, CHAPMAN H et al.: A simplified template approach towards the synthesis of a potent beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist at the human receptor. Bioorg, Med. Chem. Lett. (1997) 7(2):219–224.
  • CHAPMAN H, ARCH JRS, BEELEY LJ et al.: SB 226552, a po- tent and selective agonist for the human 33-adrenoce-ptor. Int. J. Obesity (1997) 21 (Suppl. 2):179.
  • BURGER A: Isosterism and bioisosterism in drug design. Fortsch, Arzn. (1991) 37:287–371.
  • SCARPACE PJ, MATHENY M: Adenylate cyclase agonist properties of CGP-12177A in brown fat: evidence for atypical P-adrenergic receptors. Am. J. PhysioL (1991) 260:E226–231.
  • MOHELL N, DICKER A: The P-adrenergic radioligand [311] CGP-12177, generally classified as an antagonist, is a thermogenic agonist in brown adipose tissue. Biochem, J. (1989) 261:401–405.
  • HOWE R, RAO BS, HOLLOWAY BR, STRIBLING D: Selec- tive 133-adrenergic agonist of brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis. 1. [4[2[(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxy pro-pyl) amino] ethoxy] phenoxy] acetates . J. Med. Chem. (1992) 35:1751–1759.
  • HOWE R, RAO BS, HOLLOWAY BR, STRIBLING D: Selec-tive 133-adrenergic agonist of brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis. 2. [4[2[(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxy pro-pyfiamino]ethoxylphenoxylacetamides. J. Med. Chem. (1992) 35:1759–1764.
  • GOLDBERG GR, PRENTICE AM, MURGATROYD PR, HAINES W, TUERSLEY MD: Effects on metabolic rate and fuel selection of a selective 133 agonist (ICI D7114) in healthy lean men. Int. I Obesity (1995) 19:625–631.
  • TOUBRO S, ASRUP A, HARDMAN M: The effect of a I33-ag-onist on 24 hour energy expenditure and lipid oxida-tion in obese patients. Int. J. Obesity (1993) 17 (Suppl. 2):73.
  • HOFFSTEDT J, LONNQVIST F, SHIMIZU M, BLAAK E, AR-NER P: Effects of several putative 133-adrenoceptor ago-nists on lipolysis in human ()mental adipocytes. Int. J. Obesity (1996) 20:428–434.
  • MAYERS RM, QUAYLE SP, THOMPSON AJ, GRANT TL, HOL-LOWAY BR: The acid metabolite of ZD7114 is a partial agonist of lipolysis mediated by the rat I33-adrenoce-ptor. Eur, I Pharmacol. (1996) 295:199–205.
  • TOUBRO S, ASTRUP A: The selective 133-agonist ZD2079 stimulates 24-hour energy expenditure through in-creased fidgeting. A 14 day, randomized placebo-controlled study in obese subjects. Int. J. Obesity (1995) 19\(Suppl. 2):41a.
  • PIETRI-ROUXEL F, STROSBERG AD: Pharmacological characteristics and species-related variations of I33-a-drenergic receptors. Fund. Din. Pharmacol, (1995) 9:211–218.
  • BLOOM JD, DUTIA MD, JOHNSON BD et al.: Disodium (R,R)-5-(24(2-(3-chloropheny1)-2-hydroxyethyl] amino]propy1]-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate (CL 316,243). A potent P-adrenergic agonist virtually spe-cific for 133 receptors. A promising antidiabetic and an-tiobesity agent. J. Med. Chem. (1992) 35:3081–3084.
  • LARGIS EE, BURNS MG, MEUNKEL HA, DOLAN JA, CLAUS TH: Antidiabetic and antiobesity effects of a highly se-lective I33-adrenergic agonist (CL 316,243). Drug Dev, Res. (1994) 32:69–76.
  • DOLAN JA, MUENKEL HA, BURNS MG et al.: Beta-3 adreno-ceptor selectivity of the dioxolane dicarboxylate phe-nethanolamines. J. Pharmacol, Exp. Ther, (1994) 269(3):1000–1006.
  • UMEKAWA T, YOSHIDA T, SAKANE N, KONDO M: Effect of CL316243, a highly specific I33-adrenoceptor agonist, on lipolysis of human an rat adipocytes. Norm. Metab, Res. (1996) 28:394–396.
  • EZZELL C: Fat times for obesity research: tons of new in-formation, but how does it all fit together. J. NI1-1 Res. (1995) 7:39–43.
  • BIANCHETTI A, MANARA L, CODEGONI AM, BIZZI A: Atypical P-adrenoceptors account for inhibition of rat colon motility and lipolytic action of phenylethanola-minotetralines. Eur, J. Pharmacol. (1990) 183:2196–2197.
  • MANARA L, BIANCHETT A: The phenylethanolamino-tetraline: new selective agonists for atypical beta-adrenoceptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci (1990) 11:229–230.
  • CECCHI R, CROCI T, BOIGEGRAIN R et al.: Synthesis and I3-adrenergic activity of atypical I3-adrenergic phenyle-thanolaminotetralin stereoisomers. Eur, J. Med. Chem. (1994) 29:259–267.
  • AL-QATARI M, TABERNER PV: Effects of SR 58611A, anovel atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist, on brown adipose tissue lipogenesis. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 106(Suppl.):65P.
  • SIMIAND J, KEANE PE, GUITARD J et al.: Antidepressantprofile in rodents of SR 58611A, a new selective agonist for atypical B-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 219:193–201.
  • BUN N, CAMOIN L, MAIGRET B, STROSBERG AD: Struc-tural and conformational features determining selec-tive signal transduction in the 33-adrenergic receptor. MoL Pharmacol. (1993) 44:1094–1104.
  • Sanofi enlarged R&D portfolio. Scrip (1995) 2022:8–9.
  • BARNETT PS, COSKERAN P, BOULOUX C, KRUSZYNSKA Y,BOULOUX P: Chronic administration of the new selec-tive P3 adrenergic agonist, SR 58611A. 10th International Congress on Endocrinology, San Francisco, USA (1996) P3–928.
  • BADONE D, GUZZI U: Synthesis of the potent and selec-tive atypical 3-adrenergic agonist SR 59062A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1994) 4(16):1921–1924.
  • MANARA L, BADONE D, BARONI M et al.: Functional iden-tification of rat atypical B-adrenoceptors by the first 133-selective antagonists, aryloxypropanolamino-tetralins. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 117:435–442.
  • NISOLI E, TONELLO C, LANDI M, CARRUBA MO: Func-tional studies of the first selective 33-adrenergic recep-tor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes. MoL Pharmacol. (1996) 49:7–14.
  • WEBER AE, MATHVINK RJ, HUTCHINS JE et al.: Arylsul-fonamide agonists of the human P3 adrenergic receptor for the treatment of obesity. 213th ACS Meeting. San Fran-cisco, USA (1997) Medi 168.
  • DEMONTIGNY P, DAVE KJ: Analytical method develop-ment and preformulation stability studies of L-665,871 (a 3-agonist) in swine. J. Pharm, Biomed Ann. (1993) 11(10947–954.
  • PELLEYMOUNTER MA, CULLEN MJ, BAKER MB et al.: Ef-fects of the obese gene product on body weight regula-tion in ob/ob mice. Science (1995) 269:540–543.
  • HALAAS JL, GAJIWALA KS, MAFFEI M et al.: Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science (1995) 269:543–546.
  • CAMPFIELD LA, SMITH FJ, GUISEZ Y, DEVOS R, BURN P:Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a periph-eral signal linking adiposity and central neural net-works. Science (1995) 269:546–549.
  • WILSON TC, BLACKWELL DK, NOCERINI MR, SCHAEFFERTL: Pharmacokinetics of the 33-agonist CP-114271 in rats, dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharm. Res. (1995) 12 (Suppl. 9): S343.
  • WILSON TC, SCHAEFFER TL, ALSTON M, HILLIGOSS DM:Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of the 33-ag-onist CP-114271 in healthy volunteers. North American ISSX Meeting, San Diego, USA (1996) Abstract 271.
  • DOW RL, CHOU TT, OLSON TV et al.: Progress towards se-lective agonists of the human 33-adrenergic receptor. 213th ACS Meeting. San Francisco, USA (1997) Medi 180.
  • FISHER LG, SHER PM, SKWISH S et al.: BMS-187257, a po-tent, selective, and novel heterocyclic P3 adrenergic re-ceptor agonist. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1996) 6(19)2253–2258.
  • SHER PM, MATHUR A, FISHER LG et al.: Carboxyl-promoted enhancement of selectivity for the P3 adren-ergic receptor. Negative charge of the sulfonic acid BMS-187413 introduces P3 binding selectivity. Bioorg. Med Chem. Lett. (1997) 7(12):1583–1588.
  • YAMAMOTO H, TAKAKURA S, YAMAMOTO T et al.: FR149175, a 33-adrenoceptor-selective agonist, is a pos-sible therapeutic agent for non-insulin-dependent dia-betes mellitus. Jpn, J. Pharmacol. (1997) 74:109–112.
  • HATTORI K, NAGANO M, KATO T et al.: Asymmetric syn-thesis of FR165914: a novel 33-adrenergic agonist with a benzocycloheptene structure. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1995) 5(23):2821–2824.
  • BELL MG, CUSICK TS, DANANBERG JA et al.: The develop-ment of a potent, selective P3 adrenergic receptor ago-nist using combinatorial chemistry. 214th ACS Meeting. Las Vegas, USA (1997) Medi 260.
  • SHUKER AJ, SIEGEL MG, BELL MG et al.: Selective P3 recep-tor agonists and 13 adrenergic modulators for the treat-ment of obesity and NIDDM. 214th ACS Meeting. Las Vegas, USA (1997) Medi 261.
  • BELL MG, WINTER MA, CROWELL TA et al.: SAR studies ofP3 adrenergic receptor agonists. 214th ACS Meeting. Las Vegas, USA (1997) Medi 080.
  • HARADA H, KATO S, KAWASHIMA H, FURUTANI Y: Anew33-adrenergic agonist: synthesis and biological activity of indole derivatives. 214th ACS Meeting. Las Vegas, USA (1997) Medi 208.
  • KRIEF S, LONNQVIST F, RAIMBAULT S et al.: Tissue distri-bution of the 33-adrenergic receptor mRNA in man. J. Din. Invest. (1993) 91:344–349.
  • THOMAS RF, LIGGETT SB: Lack of 33-adrenergic receptormRNA expression in adipose and other metabolic tis-sues in the adult human. Mol. Pharmacol. (1993) 43:343–348.
  • REVELLI J-P, MUZZIN P, PAOLONI A, MOINAT M, GI-ACOBINO J-P: Expression of the 33-adrenergic receptor in human white adipose tissue. J. MoL EndocrinoL (1993) 10:193–197.
  • BERKOWITZ DE, NARDONE NA, SMILEY RM et al.: Distri-bution of the 33-adrenoceptor mRNA in human tissues. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1995) 285:223–228.
  • GRANNEMAN JG, LAHNERS KN, CHAUDHRY A: Charac-terization of the human 33-adrenergic receptor gene. MoL Pharmacol. (1993) 44:264–270.
  • HIMMS-HAGEN J: Brown adipose tissue thermogenesisand obesity. Prog. Lipid Res. (1989) 28:67–115.
  • LOWELL BB, SUSULIC VS, HAMANN A et al.: Developmentof obesity in transgenic mice after genetic ablation of brown adipose tissue. Nature (1993) 366:740–742.
  • HAMANN A, FLIER JS, LOWELL BB: Decreased brown fatmarkedly enhances susceptibility to diet-induced obe-sity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Endocrinology (1996) 137:21–29.
  • LEAN MEJ: Brown adipose tissue and obesity. In: Obesity:Basic Concepts and Clinical Aspects. Belfiore F, Jeanrenaud B, Papalia D (Eds.), Karger, Basel (1992):37–49.
  • BUKOWIECKI L, COLLET AJ, FOLLEA N, GUAY G, JAHJAHL: Brown adipose tissue hyperplasia: a fundamental mechanism of adaptation to cold and hyperphagia. Am. J. Physiol, (1982) 242:E353–E359.
  • RICQUIER D, NECHAD M, MORY G: Ultrastructural andbiochemical characterization of human brown adipose tissue in pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. EndocrinoL Meta-bol, (1982) 54:805–807.
  • GHORBANI M, CLAUS TH, HIMMS-HAGEN J: Hypertrophyof brown adipocytes in brown and white adipose tis-sues and reversal of diet-induced obesity in rats treated with a 133-adrenoceptor agonist. Biochem, Pharmacol. (1997) 54:121–131.
  • CHAMPIGNY 0, RICQUIER D, BLONDEL 0 et al.: 133-Adre-nergic receptor stimulation restores message and ex-pression of brown-fat mitochondrial uncoupling protein in adult dogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA (1991) 88:10774–10777.
  • CHAMPIGNY 0, RICQUIER D: Evidence from in vitro dif-ferentiating cells that adrenoceptor agonists can in-crease uncoupling protein mRNA level in adipocytes of adult humans: an RT-PCR study. J. Lipid Res. (1996) 37:1907–1914.
  • STOCK MJ: Thermogenesis and brown fat: relevance tohuman obesity. Infusions Then (1989) 16:282–284.
  • LONNQVIST F, KRIEF S, STROSBERG AD et al.: Evidencefor a functional 133-adrenoceptor in man. Br. J. Pharma-col. (1993) 110:929–936.
  • ENOCKSSON S, SHIMIZU M, LONNQVIST F, NORDEN-STROM J, ARNER P: Demonstration of an in vivo func-tional 133-adrenoceptor in man. J. Din. Invest. (1995) 95:2239–2245.
  • TAVERNIER G, BARBE P, GALITZKY J et al.: Expression of133-adrenoceptors with low lipolytic action in human subcutaneous white adipocytes. J. Lipid Res. (1996) 37:87–97.
  • HOFFSTEDT J, LONNQVIST F, SHIMIZU M, BLAAK E, AR-NER P: Effects of several putative 133-adrenoceptor ago-nists on lipolysis in human omental adipocytes. Int. J. Obesity (1996) 20:428–434.
  • BARBE P, MILLET L, GALITZKY J, LAFONTAN M, BERLAN M: In situ assessment of the role of the 131-, 132-, and 133-adr-enoceptors in the control of lipolysis and nutritive blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Br. J. PharmacoL (1996) 117:907–913.
  • WHEELDON NM, MCDEVITT DG, LIPWORTH BJ: Do 133-a-drenoceptors mediate metabolic responses to isopre-naline. Quart. J. Med. (1993) 86:595–600.
  • LIU Y-L, TOUBRO S, ASTRUP A, STOCK MJ: Contribution of 133-adrenoceptor activation to ephedrine-induced thermogenesis in humans. Int. J. Obesity (1995) 19:678–685.
  • DOHLMAN HG, THORNER J, CARON MG, LEFKOWITZ RJ: Model systems for the study of seven-transmembrane-segment receptors. Ann. Rev. Biochem, (1991) 60:653–688.
  • BOUVIER M, HAUSDORFF WP, DE BLASI A et al.: Removal of phosphorylation sites from the 132-adrenergic recep-tor delays onset of agonist-promoted desensitization. Nature (1988) 333:370–373.
  • EMORINE LJ, FEVE B, PAIRAULT J et al.: Structural basis for functional diversity of 131-, 132- and 133-adrenergic re-ceptors. Biochem, PharmacoL (1991) 41 (6/7):853–859.
  • NANTEL F, BONIN H, EMORINE LJ et al.: The human 133-a-drenergic receptor is resistant to short term agonist-promoted desensitization. Mol, PharmacoL (1993) 43:548–555.
  • THOMAS RF, HOLT BD, SCHWINN DA, LIGGETT SB: Long-term agonist exposure induces upregulation of133-adre-nergic receptor expression via multiple cAMP re-sponse elements. Biochemistry (1992) 89:4490–4494.
  • CARPENE C, GALITZKY J, COLLONP et al Desensitization of beta-1 and beta-2, but not beta-3, adrenoceptor-mediated lipolytic responses of adipocytes after long-term norepinephrine infusion. J PharmacoL Exp. Ther. (1993) 265 (0 237–247
  • WALSTON J, SILVER K, BOGARDUS C et al.: Time of onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and genetic variation in the 133-adrenergic-receptor gene. New EngL J. Med. (1995) 333(6):343–347.
  • WIDEN E, LEHTO M, KANNINEN T et al Association of a polymorphism in the 133-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. New Engl. J Med (1995) 333(6):348–351.
  • CLEMENT K, VAISSE C, ST JOHN MANNING B et al.: Genetic variation in the 133-adrenergic receptor and an in-creased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333(6):352–354.
  • YUAN X, YAMADA K, KOYAMA K et al.: 133-Adrenergic re-ceptor gene polymorphism is not a major genetic de-terminant of obesity and diabetes in Japanese general population. Diabetes Res. Din. Pract, (1997) 37:1–7.
  • KADOWAKI H, YASUDA K, IWAMOTO K et al.: A mutation in the 133-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia in Japanese subjects. Biochem, Biophys, Res. Commun. (1995) 215(2):555–560.
  • KURABAYASHI T, CAREY DGP, MORRISON NA: The 133-a-drenergic receptor gene Trp64Arg mutation is overrep-resented in obese women-effects on weight, BMI, abdominal fat, blood-pressure, and reproductive his-tory in an elderly Australian population. Diabetes (1996) 45 (101358–1363.
  • FUJISAWA T, IKEGAMI H, YAMATO E et al.: Association of Trp64 rg amutation of the 133-adrenergic-receptor with NIDDM and body weight gain. Diabetologia (1996) 39:349–352.
  • SAKANE N, YOSHIDA T, UMEKAWA T et al.: I33-Adrenergic-receptor polymorphism: a genetic marker for visceral fat obesity and the insulin resis-tance syndrome. Diabetologia (1997) 40:200–204.
  • KIMMOTOYAMA H, YASUDA K, YMAGUCHI T et al.: A mu-tation of the 133-adrenergic receptor is associated with visceral obesity but decreased serum triglyceride. Dia-betologia (1997) 40:469–472.
  • SILVER K, WALSTON J, WANG Y et al.: Molecular scanning for mutations in the I33-adrenergic receptor gene in Nauruans with obesity and noninsulin-dependent dia- betes mellitus. J.Endocrin, Metabol, (1996)81 (11) :4155-4158. tation of the P3 adrenergic receptor gene has no effect on obesity phenotypes in the Quebec family study and Swedish obese subjects cohorts. J. Din. Invest, (1996)
  • SIPILAINEN R, UUSITUPA M, HEIKKINEN S RISSANEN A LAAKSO M: Polymorphism of the I33-adrenergic recep-tor gene affects basal metabolic rate in obese Finns. Diabetes (1997) 46:77–80.
  • FUJISAWA T, IKEGAMI H, YAMATO E et al.: Trp64Arg mu-tation of I33-adrenergic receptor in essential-hypertension, insulin-resistance and the adrenergic system. Am, I. Hypertens, (1997) 10:101–105.
  • UEDA K, TANIZAWA T, OOTA Y et al.: Prevalence of the Trp64Arg missense mutation of the I33-adrenergic re- ceptor gene in Japanese subjects. Metab,Exp. (1997)46:199–202.
  • LI LS, LONNQVIST F, LUTHMAN H, ARNER P: Phenotypic characterization of the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene in normal weight and obese subjects. Diabetologia (1996) 39:857–860.
  • CANDELORE MR, DENG L, TOTA LM et al.: Pharmacologi-cal characterization of a recently described human I33-adrenergic receptor mutant. Endocrinology (1996) 137(6):2638–2641.
  • PIETRI-ROUXEL F, ST JOHN MANNING B, GROS J, STROS-BERG AD: The biochemical effect of the naturally occur-ring Trp64-Arg mutation on human I33-adrenoceptor activity. Eur, J. Biochem, (1997) 247:1174–1179.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.