Role of oestrogen in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease

Bibliography

• NEILSEN J, HOMMA J, BJORN-HENRIKSEN T: Follow-up 15 years after a geronto-psychiatric prevalence study. Con-ditions concerning death, cause of death, and life ex-pectancy in relation to psychiatric diagnosis. J. Gerontol (1977) 32:554–561.
   Google Scholar
• ROGERS S, FRIEDHOFF L: The Donepezil Study Group: the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multicentre, ran-domized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. De-mentia (1996) 7:293–303.
   Google Scholar
• KNAPP M, KNOPMAN D, SOLOMON P et al.: A 30-weekrandomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1994)271 985 991.
   Google Scholar
• MCEWEN B, BIGEON A, FISCHETEE C et al: Toward a neurochemical basis of steroid hormone action. In: Frontiers in Neur °endocrinology. Martin L, Ganong W (Eds.), Raven Press, New York (1984) :153–176. A comprehensive review of the neuromodulatoty effects of oestro-gen.
   Google Scholar
• GIBBS R, WU D, HERSH L, PFAFF D: Effects of oestrogen replacement on the relative levels of choline acetyl-transferase, trkA, and nerve growth factor messenger RNAs in the basal forebrain and hippocampal forma-tion of adult rats. Exp. Neurol (1994) 129:70–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANEK D, DIXON W: Effect of continuous intraventricu-lar oestrogen or catechol oestrogen treatment on catecholamine turnover in various brain regions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1986) 236:646–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY C, MCEWEN B: Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the oestrous cycle in the adult. J. NeuroscL (1992) 12:2549–2554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH M, MEYER E, ISAACKSON P, SIMPKINS J: The effect of ovariectomy and oestradiol-replacement on brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endocrinology (1995) 136:2320–2324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FILLIT H, WEINER H, CHOLST I et al.: Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer's type. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1986) 11:337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HONJO H, OGINO Y, NAITOH K et al: In vivo effects by estrone sulfate on the central nervous system-senile dementia (Alzheimer's type). J. Steroid Biochem. (1989) 34:521–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HENDERSON V, WATT L, BUCKWALTER J: Cognitive skillsassociated with oestrogen replacement in women with Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1996) 21:421–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHKURA T, ISSE K, AKAZAWA K et al: Evaluation of oestrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Endocrine J. (1994) 41:361–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTHANA S, CRAFT S, BAKER L et al.: Transdermal oes-trogen improves memory in women with Alzheimer's disease [Abstract]. Soc. NeuroscL (1996).
   Google Scholar
• BAKER L, CRAFTS, AVERY E et al: Transdermal oestrogen improves attention in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease [Abstract]. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. (1997).
   Google Scholar
• HENDERSON V, PAGANINI-HILL A, EMANUEL C, DUNN M, BUCKWALTER J: Oestrogen replacement therapy in older women. Comparisons between Alzheimer's dis-ease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch. Neurol (1994) 51:896–900.
   Google Scholar
• TANG M, JACOBS D, STERN Y et al: Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzhe-imer's disease. Lancet (1996) 348:429–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWAS C, RESNICK S, MORRISON A et al.: A prospective study of oestrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore Longitu-dinal Study of Aging. Neurology (1997) 48:1517–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHKURA T, ISSE K, AKAZAWA K eta].: Long-term oestro-gen replacement therapy in female patients with de-mentia of the Alzheimer type: 7 case reports. Dementia (1995) 6:99–107.
   Google Scholar
• HONJO H, OGINO Y, TANAKA K: An effect of conjugated oestrogen to cognitive impairment in women with senile dementia-Alzheimer's type: a placebo-control-led, double-blind study. J. Jpn. Menopause Soc. (1993) 1:167–171.
   Google Scholar
• BASHIR Z, BORTOLOTTO Z et al: Induction of LTP in the hippocampus needs synaptic activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. Nature (1993) 363:347–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH S: Oestrogen administration increases neuronal responses to excitatory amino acids as a long-term effect. Brain Res. (1989) 503:354–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG M, MOSS R: Electrophysiological evidence for a rapid membrane action of the gonadal steroid, 17-13-es-tradiol, on CA1 pyramidal neurons ofthe rat hippocam-pus. Brain Res. (1991) S43:148–152.
   Google Scholar
• LOVINGER D, WONG K, MURAKAMI K, ROUTENBERG A: Protein kinase C inhibitors eliminate hippocampal long-term potentiation. Brain Res. (1987) 436:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALINOW R, SCHULMAN H, TSIEN R: Inhibition of post-synaptic PKC or CaMK II blocks induction but not expression of LTP. Science (1989) 245:862–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DECKER M, MCGAUGH J: The role of interactions be-tween the cholinergic system and other neuromodula-tory systems in learning and memory. Synapse (1991) 7:151–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUINE V, PARK D, JOH T, REIS D, MCEWEN B: Immuno-chemical demonstration of increased choline acetyl-transferase concentration in rat preoptic area after oestradiol administration. Brain Res. (1980) 191:273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH M, MEYER E, MILLARD W, SIMPKINS J: Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain Res. (1994) 644:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAINBOW T, DEGROFF V, LUINE V, MCEWEN B: Oestra-diol 1713 increases the number of muscarinic receptors in hypothalamic nuclei. Brain Res. (1980) 198:239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUINE V, KHYLCHEVSKAYA R, MCEWEN B: Effect of gonadal steroids on activities of monoamineoxidase and choline acetylase in rat brain. Brain Res. (1975) 86:293–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VACAS M, CARDINELLI D: Effect of oestradiol on alpha-and P-adrenoceptor density in medial basal hypothala-mus, cerebral cortex, and pineal gland of ovariectomized rats. Neurosci. Lett. (1980) 17:73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCEWEN B, ALVES S, BULLOCH K, WEILAND N: Ovarian steroids and the brain: implications for cognition andaging. Neurology (1997) 48\(Suppl. 7):S8-S15. A comprehensive review of the neurobiology of oestrogen.
   Google Scholar
• BIGEON A, MCEWEN B: Modulation by oestradiol of serotonin receptors in brain. J. Neurosci. (1982) 2:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SNOWDON D, GREINER L, MORTIMER J et al.: Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the NUN study. JAMA. (1997) 277:813-817. An interesting study evaluating the relationship between cerebrovas-cular disease and clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease.
   Google Scholar
• O'BRIEN M: How does cerebrovascular disease cause dementia? Dementia (1994) 5:133–136.
   Google Scholar
• FUNK J, MORTEL K, MEYER J: Effects of oestrogen re-placement therapy on cerebral perfusion and cognition among postmenopausal women. Dementia (1991) 2:268–272.
   Google Scholar
• OHKURA T, TESHIMA Y, ISSE K etal: Oestrogen increases cerebral and cerebellar blood flows in postmenopausal women. Menopause. (1995) 2:13–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAMPFER M, COLDITZ G, WILLETT W et al.: Post-menopausal oestrogen therapy and cardiovascular dis-ease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurse's Health Study. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:756–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FALKEBORN M, PERSSON I, TERENT A et al.: Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Sweden. Arch. Intern. Med. (1993) 153:1201–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENEILLY G, HILL A: Alterations in glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (1993) 41:710–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESSIER C, DESTRADE C: Improvement of memory for an operant response by post-training glucose in mice. Behav. Brain Res. (1988) 31:185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLD P: Glucose modulation of memory storage proc-essing. Behav. Neural. Biol. (1986) 45:342–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIMPSON I, KOTESWARA R, DAVIES-HILL T, HONER W, DAVIES P: Decreased concentration of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol (1994) 35:546–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KALARIA R, HARIK S: Abnormalities of the glucose trans- porter at the blood-brain barrier and in brain in Alzhe-imer's disease. Prog Clin. Biol. Res. (1989) 317:415–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIMS N, FINEGAN J, BLASS J: Altered metabolic properties of cultured skin fibroblasts in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol (1987) 21:451–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANNING C, RAGOINO M, GOLD P: Glucose enhance-ment of memory in patients with probable senile de-mentia of the Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol Aging (1993) 14:523–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAFTS, DAGOGO-JACK E, WIETHOP B et al.: The effects of hyperglycemia on memory and hormone levels in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a longitudinal study. Behav. Neurosci. (1993) 107:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• BISHOP J, SIMPKINS J: Role of oestrogens in peripheral and cerebral glucose utilization. Rev. Neurosci. (1992) 3:121–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PAGANINI-HILL A, HENDERSON V: Oestrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. Am. j Epidemic)]. (1994) 140:256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROE G, HENDERSON A, CREASEY H et al. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology (1990) 40:1698–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMADUCCI L, FRATIGLIONI L, ROCCA W et al Risk factorsfor clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-con-trol study of an Italian population. Neurology (1986) 36:922–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEYMAN A, WILKINSON W, STAFFORD J et al.: Alzhe-imer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann. Neurol (1984) 15:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAVES A, WHITE E, KOEPSELL T et al.: A case-controlstudy of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol (1990) 28:766–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRENNER D, KUKULL W, STERGACHIS A et al.: Post-menopausal oestrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemic)]. (1994) 140:262–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCEWEN B, WOOLLEY C: Oestradiol and progesteroneregulate neuronal structure and synaptic connectivity in adult as well as developing brain. Exp. Gerontol (1994) 29:431–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACOBSON M: Developmental neurobiology. Plenum,New York (1978).
   Google Scholar
• FAIVRE-BAUMAN A, ROSENBAUM E, PUYMIRAT J, GROUSELLE D, TIXIER-VIDAL A: Differentiation of fetal mouse hypothalamic cells in serum-free medium. Dev. Neurosci. (1981) 4:118–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY C, MCEWEN B: Roles of oestradiol and pro-gesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the estrous cycle in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol (1993) 336:293–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHY D, SEGAL M: Regulation of dendritic spinedensity in cultured rat hippocamp al neurons by steroid hormones. J. Neurosci. (1996) 16:4059–4068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY C, MCEWEN B: Oestradiol regulates hippo-campal dendritic spine density via an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. (1994) 14:7680–7687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEFTI F, HARTIKKA J, KNUSEL B: Function of neurotro-phic factors in the adult and aging brain and their possible use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol. Aging (1989) 10:515–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDENABEELE P, FIERS W: Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer's disease due to an IL-1/IL-6 mediated 'acute phase response' in the brain? Immunol Today (1992) 12:217–219.
   Google Scholar
• JOACHIM C, SELKOE D: The seminal role of P-amyloid inthe pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1992) 6:7–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAFFE A, TORAN-ALLERAND C, GREENGARD P, GANDY S: Oestrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid 13 precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:13065–13068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUESING R, MILLER V, LAROSA J, STOY D, PHILLIPS E: Effects of unopposed conjugated equine oestrogen on lipoprotein composition and apolipoprotein-E distri-bution. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1992) 75:1250–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRADY D, RUBIN S, PETITTI D et al.: Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausalwomen. Ann. Intern. Med. (1992) 117:1016–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An important review of the beneficial and adverse effects of oestro-gen replacement therapy.
   Google Scholar
• COLDITZ G, WILLETT W, STAMPFER M et al: Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New Engl. Med. (1987) 316:1105–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAMPFER M, COLDITZ G: Oestrogen replacement ther-apy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assess-ment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prey. Med. (1991) 20:47–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COL N, ECKMAN M, KARAS R et al.: Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. JAMA (1997) 277:1140-1147. An important study evaluating the risks and benefits of oestrogen replacement therapy.
   Google Scholar
• EVANS G, TURNER R: Tissue-selective actions of oestro- gen analogs. Bone (1995) 17:181S–190S.
   Google Scholar