The role of cytokines in unstable angina

Bibliography

• LIUZZO G, BIASUCCI LM, GALLIMORE JR et al.: The prog- nostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. New Engl. J. Med. (1994) 331:417–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Main paper.
   Google Scholar
• TOSS H, LINDAHL B, SIEGBAHN A, WALLENTIN L: Prog- nostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery dis-ease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation (1997) 96:4204–4210.
   Google Scholar
• •A weaker paper confirming the results of [1].
   Google Scholar
• HAVERKATE F, THOMPSON SG, PYKE SDM, GALLIMORE JR, PEPYS MB: Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. Lan-cet (1997) 349:462–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Provides strong evidence of the acute phase protein re-sponse in angina.
   Google Scholar
• LIUZZO G, BIASUCCI LM, REBUZZI AG: Plasma protein acute-phase response in unstable angina is not in-duced by ischaemic injury. Circulation (1996) 94:2373–2380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates that ischaemia has no effect.
   Google Scholar
• BIASUCCI LM, LIUZZO G, CALIGIURI G: Episodic activa- tion of the coagulation system in unstable angina does not elicit an acute phase reaction. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 77:85–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates that thrombosis has no effect.
   Google Scholar
• SUMMARIA F, LIUZZO G, PETRONE E: Increased levels of C-reactive protein and serum Amyloid A proteinare re-lated to a raised risk of new coronary events within one year in patients with unstable angina. Circulation (1997) 96(8) :I-146. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates that CRP may remain elevated for months.
   Google Scholar
• RIDKER PM, CUSHMAN M, STAMPFER MJ, TRACY RP, HEN- NEKENS CH: Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of car-diovascular disease in apparently healthy men. New Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:973–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Pivotal paper.
   Google Scholar
• NERI SERNERI GG, ABBATE R, GORI AM: Transient inter- mittent lymphocyte activation is responsible for the instability of angina. Circulation (1992) 86:790–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••One of the first papers to address the issue.
   Google Scholar
• LIBBY P: Molecular bases of the acute coronary syn-dromes. Circulation (1995) 91:2844–2850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review.
   Google Scholar
• LIUZZO G, FANTAUZZI G, GINNETTI F: Increase of interleukin- 1Ra andinterleukin-6 levels during the first two days of hospitalization is associated with raised risk of in-hospital coronary events in unstable angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (Suppl. A) Feb. 1998. (Ab-stract.)
   Google Scholar
• ••The first data on IL-1 and TNF-a in unstable angina.
   Google Scholar
• BIASUCCI LM, VITELLI A, LIUZZO G: Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation (1996) 94:874–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The first data on IL-6 in unstable angina.
   Google Scholar
• DINARELLO CA: Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in dis-ease. Blood (1996) 87:2095–2147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comrehensive review.
   Google Scholar
• LEMAY LG, OTTERNESS IG, VANDER AJ, KLUGER MJ: In vivo evidence that the rise in plasma IL-6 follow injec-tion of a fever-reducing dose of LPS is mediated by IL-lbeta. Cytokine (1990) 2:199–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Pathophysiological mechanisms.
   Google Scholar
• TASHIRO H, SHIMOKAWA H, YAMAMOTO K: Monocyte- related cytokines in acute myocardial infarction. Am. Hearth J. (1995) 130:446–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Important, but related to acute mycardial infarction.
   Google Scholar
• TAKESHITA S, ISSHIKI T, OCHIAI M: Systemic inflamma- tory responses in acute coronary syndrome: increased activity observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes but not T lymphocytes. Atherosclerosis (1997) 135:187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Important observation, but it disagrees with [8].
   Google Scholar
• ROMAGNANI S: Induction of Thl and Th2 responses: a key role for the "natural" immune response? Immunol. Today (1992) 13:379–380.
   Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review.
   Google Scholar
• COLIZZI C, LIUZZO G, GINNETTI F: Ruolo predominante della risposta infiammatoria innata nella fase acuta dell'angina instabile. Giornale Italian° di Cardiologia (1998) 28 (s2) :65. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• •Preliminary data.
   Google Scholar
• LIUZZO G, KOPECKY SL, GORONZY JJ: Disease specific patterns of cytokine production by T-lymphocytes in coronary atherosclerosis: evidence for a role of infec-tious agents in the pathogenesis of unstable angina? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 31:187A. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• ••First demonstration of possible Th 1 pattern in unstableangina.
   Google Scholar
• PATEL P, MENDALL MA, CARRINGTON D: Association of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae in-fections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascu-lar risk factors. Br. Med. J. (1995) 311:711–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Pivotal paper.
   Google Scholar
• MENDALL M, GOGGIN P, LEVY J eta].: Relation of Helico- barter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Br. Hearth J. (1994) 71:437–439.
   Google Scholar
• ••Pivotal paper.
   Google Scholar
• SAIKKU P, LEINONEN M, TENKANEN L et al.: Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Ann. Intern. Med. (1992) 116:273–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Pivotal paper.
   Google Scholar
• KAI H, IKEDA H, YASUKAWA H et al.: Peripheral blood levels of matrix metalloproteases-2 and -9 are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 32:368–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Interesting evidence.
   Google Scholar
• LIUZZO G, ANGIOLILLO DJ, GINNETTI F et al.: Monocytes of patients with recurrent unstable angina are hyper-responsive to lypopolysaccaride challenge. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 31 (A) :272A.
   Google Scholar
• ••Potentially a very explosive observation.
   Google Scholar
• FELDMANN M, ELLIOTT MJ, WOODY JN, MAINI RN: Anti- tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy of rheumatoid ar-thritis. Adv. Immunol (1997) 64:283–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Pivotal paper.
   Google Scholar
• VON DER MOHLEN MA, VAN DEVENTER SJ, LEVI M et al.: Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of the co-agulation and fibrinolytic pathways using a recombi-nant endotoxin-binding protein (rBPI23). Blood (1995) 85:3437–3443.
   Google Scholar
• •Pathophysiological observation.
   Google Scholar
• SCHONBECK U, MACH F, SUKHOVA GK eta].: Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human vas-cular smooth muscle cells by T lymphocytes: a role for CD40 signaling in plaque rupture? Circ. Res. (1997) 81:448–454.
   Google Scholar
• •Pathophysiological observation.
   Google Scholar
• ELHAGE R, MARET A, PIERAGGI MT eta].: Differential ef- fects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding protein on fatty-streak forma-tion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. (1998) 97:242–244.
   Google Scholar
• ••A very intriguing observation.
   Google Scholar
• GUPTA S, LEATHAM EW, CARRINGTON D et al: Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocar-dial infarction. Circulation (1997) 96:404–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Opening new avenues.
   Google Scholar
• GURFINKEL E, BOZOVICH G, DAROCA A, BECK E, MAUT- NER B: Randomised trial of roxithromicin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS pilot study. Lancet (1997) 350:404–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Opening new avenues.
   Google Scholar
• GURFINKEL E, BOZOVICH G, MEJAIL I, BECK E, MAUT- NER B: Roxithromycin in the Non-Q-Wave coronary events: final results of the Roxis Study at 6 months follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1998) 31:208A. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• •Preliminary data.
   Google Scholar
• GURFINKEL E, BOZOVICH G, DAROCA A: Relationship between clinical efficacy of oral Roxithromycin and IgG titers for Chlamydia pneumoniae in the ROXIS pi-lot study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1998) 31:450A. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• •Preliminary data.
   Google Scholar
• ROSENSON RS, TANGNEY CC: Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA (1998) 279:1643–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review.
   Google Scholar
• VERHEGGEN P, DE MAAT M, HAVERKATE F, CATS VM: Use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is associated with lower plasma interleukin-6 levels and favourable cardiac course in unstable angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 31:318A. (Abstract.)
   Google Scholar
• •Preliminary review.
   Google Scholar