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Review

Myeloid growth factors in oncology

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Pages 1955-1976 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

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  • ••Standard guidelines for the present use of growth factors.
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  • ••Early trial showing the advantages of mobilised stem cellsover bone marow transplant.
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  • •Important cost analysis of relative transplant procedures.
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  • TO LB, HAYLOCK DN, DOWSE T et al.: A comparative study of the phenotype and proliferative capacity of peripheral blood (PB) CD34 cells mobilized by four different protocols and those of steady-phase PB and bone marrow CD34+ cells. Blood (1994) 84:2930–2939.
  • •Detailed comparison of different mobilisation regimens.
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  • TO LB, SHEPPARD KM, HAYLOCK DN et al.: Single highdose of cyclophosphamide enables the collection of high numbers of haematopoietic stem cells from the peripheral blood. Exp Hematol (1989) 18:442–447.
  • •Basic refereence for most common mobilisation regimen.
  • SIMMONS PJ, LEAVESLEY DI, LEVESQUE J-P et al.: The mo- bilization of primitive haemopoietic progenitors into the peripheral blood. Polyfunctionality of haemopoie-tic regulators. Stem Cells (1994) 12 (Suppl. 0:187–201.
  • •Current reference for mobilisation of peripheral blood stem cells.
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  • TO LB, DYSON PG, BRANFORD AL et al: Peripheralblood stem cells collected in very early remission pro-duce rapid and sustained autologous haematopoietic reconstitution in acute non lymphoblastic leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant (1987) 2:103–108.
  • REIFFERS J, BERNARD P, DAVID B et al.: Successfulautologous transplantation with peripheral blood haematopoietic cells in a patients with acute leukae-mia. Exp. Hematol. (1986) 14:312–315.
  • ROWLINGS PA, RAWLING CA, TO LB, BAYLY JL, JUTTNERCA: A comparison of peripheral blood stem cell mobi-lization after chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide as a single agent in doses of 4g/m2 in patients with ad-vanced cancer. Aust NZ J Med (1992) 22:660–664.
  • •Important reference for mobilisation of peripheral blood stem cells.
  • SCHVVARTZBERG LS, BIRCH R, HAZELTON B et al.: Pe- ripheral blood stem cell mobilization by chemother-apy with and without recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J. Hematother. (1992) 1:317–327.
  • •Basic text for chemotherapy-induced mobilisation.
  • KNUDSEN LM, GAARSDAL E, JENSEN L et al.: Improvedpriming for mobilisation of and optimal timing for harvest of peripheral blood stem cells. J. Hematother. (1996) 5:399–406.
  • BENSINGER W, APPELBAUM F, ROWLEY S et al.: Factorsthat influence collection and engraftment of autolo-gous peripheral blood stem cells. J Clin Oncol (1995) 13:2547–2555.
  • •Basic text on mobilisation.
  • GIANNI AM, BREGNI M, SIENA S et al.: Recombinant hu- man granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating fac-tor reduces hematologic toxicity and widens clinical applicability of high dose cyclophosphamide treat-ment in breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin. Oncol (1990) 8:768–778.
  • •Important early paper on the use of growth factors.
  • SHERIDAN WP, BEGLEY CG, JUTTNER CA et al.: Effect ofperipheral blood progenitor cells mobilized by filgras-tim (G-CSF) on platelet recovery after high dose che-motherapy. Lancet (1992) 339:640–644.
  • DEMUYNCK H, PETTENGELL R, DE CAMPOS E, DEXTERTM, TESTA NG: The capacity of peripheral blood stem cells mobilised with chemotherapy plus G-CSF to re-populate irradiated marrow stroma in vitro is similar to that of bone marrow. Eur. J. Cancer (1992) 28:381–386.
  • SHERIDAN WP, BEGLEY CG, TO LB et al: Phase II studyof autologous filgrastim (G-CSF) -mobilised peripheral blood progenitor cells to restore hematopoiesis after high-dose chemotherapy for lymphoid malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant (1994) 14:105–111.
  • BENDER JG, TO LB, WILLIAMS S, SCHWARTZBERG LS: De-fining a therapeutic dose of peripheral blood stem cells. J. Hematother. (1992) 1:329–335.
  • BENTLEY SA, BRECHER ME, POWELL E, SERODY JS, WILEY JM, SHEA TC. Long-term engraftment failure af-ter marrow ablation and autologous haematopoietic reconstitution: differences between peripheral blood stem cell and bone marrow recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant (1997) 19:557–563.
  • •Further text showing advantage of peripheral blood stem cell transplants.
  • DREGER P, KLOSS M, PETERSEN B et al: Autologous pro- genitor cell transplantation: prior exposure to stem-cell toxic drugs determines yield and engraftment of peripheral blood progenitor cells but not of bone mar-row grafts. Blood (1995) 86:3970–3978.
  • •Excellent description of factors asociated with poor mobili-sation and engraftment.
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  • •Further paper on factor determining progenitor cell harvest.
  • SINGHAL S, POWLES R, TRELEAVEN J, HORTON C, MEHTA J: Long-term safety of GM-CSF (molgramostim) ad-ministration after allogeneic bone marrow transplan-tation for hematologic malignancies: five-year follow-up of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Leukaemia and Lymphoma (1997) 24:301–307.
  • •Recent paper showing no long-term toxicity with GM-CSF.
  • AGLIETTA M, PIACIBELLO W, SANAVIO F et al.: Kineticsof human haematopoietic cells after in vivo admini-stration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 83:551–554.
  • HAAS R, HO AD, BREDTHAUER U et al.: Successfulautologous transplantation of blood stem cells mobi-lised with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Exp. Hematol (1990) 18:94–99.
  • RAGNHAMMER P: Antitumoral effect of GM-CSF with orwithout cytokines and monoclonal antibodies in solid tumours. Medical Oncol. (1996) 13:167–176.
  • FAGERBERG J: Granulocyte macrophage colony stimu-lating factor as an adjuvant in tumour mmunotherapy. Medical Oncol.(1996) 13:155–160.
  • SI Z, HERSEY P, COATES AS: Clinical responses and lym-phoid infiltrates in metastatic melanoma following treatment with intralesional GM-CSF. Melanoma Re-search (1996) 6:247–255.
  • KISHITA M, MOTOJIMA H, OH-EDA M et al.: Stability ofgranulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in se-rum. Clin. Res (1992) 26:221–224.
  • WELLS M: Influence of glycosylation on the activity ofrG-CSFs in vivo studies. Activity in animal models: biological potency of different rG-CSFs in CD rats. Int. Haem. (1996) 64\(Suppl. 1):27–28.
  • LINCH D: Activity in clinical setting: Comparison ofPBPC mobilization with different rG-CSFs in patients with lymphoma. Int. J. Haem. (1996) 64\(Suppl. 2):29.
  • ORTUNO-GINER F, DE ARRIBA F: Comparison of PBPCmobilization with different rG-CSFs in cancer patients. Int. J. Haem. (1996) 64\(Suppl. 2):31–32.
  • •Paper showing equivalent efficacy of growth factors.
  • HOLUND M, BENGESSON M, COUR-CHABERNAUD Y et al. Glycosylated rHuG-CSF is more potent than non-glycosylated rHuG-CSF in mobilisation of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) in healthy volunteers. Blood (1995) 86(Suppl 1):465A.
  • BEYER J, SCHVVELLA N, ZIGSEN J et al.: Haematopoietic rescue after high-dose chemotherapy using autolo-gous peripheral-blood progenitor cells or bone mar-row: A randomized comparison. J. Clin. Oncol. (1995) 13:1328–1334.
  • •Randomised trial of peripheral blood or bone marrow stem cells.
  • BROXMEYER HE, BENNINGER L, PATEL SR, BENJAMIN RS, VADHAN-RAJ S: Kinetic response of human marrow myeloid progenitor cells to in vivo treatment of pa-tients with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is different from the response to treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Exp. Hematol (1994) 22:100–107.
  • •Randomised study of G-CSF compared to GM-CSF.
  • JANSSEN WE, SMILEE RC, ELFENBEIN GJ: A prospective randomised trial comparing blood- and marrow-derived stem cells for haematopoietic replacement fol-lowing high-dose chemotherapy. J. Hematother. (1995) 4:139–145.
  • ••Randomised trial of peripheral blood or bone marrow stemcells.
  • DAMIANI D, FANIN R, SILVESTRI F eta]. Randomised trial of autologous filgrastim-primed bone marrow trans-plantation versus filgrastim-mobilised peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in lymphoma patients. Blood (1997) 90:36–42.
  • ••Seminal paper comparing bone marrow to peripheral bloodstem cells.
  • HOLDEN SA, TEICHER BA, AYASH LJ, FREI E: A preclini-cal model for sequential high-dose chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol (1995) 36:61–64.
  • GIANNI AM, SIENA S, BREGNI M et al.: Efficacy toxicityand applicability of high-dose sequential chemother-apy as adjuvant treatment in operable breast cancer with 10 or more involved axillary nodes: five year re-sults. J. Clin. Oncol. (1997) 15:2312–2321.
  • •Introduction to high dose sequential chemotherapy.
  • DREGER P, VON NEUHOFF N, KUSE R et al.: Sequential high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplan-tation for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. (1997) 8:401–403.
  • •Further introduction to high dose sequential chemotherapy.
  • GIANNI AM, TARELLA C, BREGNI M et al.: High-dose se- quential chemoradiotherapy, a widely applicable regi-men, confers survival benefit to patients with high-risk multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (1994) 12:503–509.
  • •High dose sequential chemotherapy with growth factor support.
  • KERN W, SCHLEYER E, UNTERHALT M, WORMANN B, BUCHNER T, HIDDEMANN W: High antileukemic activ-ity of sequential high dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in patients with refractory acute leuke-mias. Results of a clinical Phase II study. Cancer (1997) 79:59–68.
  • •Improved efficacy from high dose chemotherapy supported by growth factors.
  • LAVER J, AMYLON M, DESAI S et al.: Randomized trial of r-metHu granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in an intensive treatment for T-cell leukaemia and advanced-stage lymphoblastic lymphoma of child-hood: a Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16:522–526.
  • •Application of high dose chemotherapy to paediatric lymphomas.
  • JAKACKI RI, JAMISON C, HEIFETZ SA et al.: Feasibility ofsequential high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell support for pediatric central nervous system malignancies. Med. Paed. Oncol. (1997) 29:553–559.
  • HAAS R, SCHMID H, HAHN U et al. Tandem high-dosetherapy with ifosfamide, epirubicin, carboplatin and peripheral blood stem cell support is an effective ad-junct tretment for high-risk primary breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (1997) 33:372–378.
  • •Improved efficacy of high dose sequential chemotherapy.
  • PEREY L, ROSTI G, LANGE A et al. Sequential high-dose ICE chemotherapy with circulating progenitor cells (CPC) in small cell lung cancer: an EBMT study. Bone Marrow Transplant (1996) 18(Suppl 1):40–43.
  • •Further example of high dose sequential chemotherapy.
  • GRENMAN SE, RANTANEN VT, SALMI TA. High-dose che-motherapy with autologous stem cell support in ad-vanced ovarian cancer. Annals of Medicine (1996) 28:151–158.
  • BENSINGER W, WEAVER FR, APPELBAUM FR et al. Trans-plantation of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells mobilized by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood (1995) 85:1655–1658.
  • SCHMITZ N, DREGER P, SUTTORP M et al.: Primary trans-plantation of allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilized by filgrastim (granulocyte colony stimulating factor). Blood (1995) 85:1666–1672.
  • •Early experience with allogeneic mobilisation of peripheral blood progenitor cells.
  • SICA S, RUTELLA S, DI MARIO A et al. rhG-CSF in healthy donors: mobilisation of peripheral haematopoietic progenitors and effect on peripheral blood leuko-cytes. J Hematol (1996) 5:391–397.
  • •Safety of allogeneic harvesting from healthy donors.
  • BASSER RL, TO LB, BEGLEY CG et al: Adjuvant treatment of women with high risk breast cancer using multiple cycles of high dose chemotherapy supported by Fil-grastim (G-CSF) mobilised peripheral blood progeni-tor cells. Clin. Cancer Res. (1995) 1:715.
  • WALLER CF, BERTZ H, WENGER MK et al.: Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells for allogeneic trans-plantation: Efficacy and toxicity of a high-dose rhG-CSF regmen. Bone Marrow Transplant (1996) 18:279–283.
  • •Use of G-CSF for mobilisation of peripheral blood progeni-tor cells from allogeneic donors.
  • ANDERLINI P, KORBLING M, DALE D et al.: Allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation: considerations for do-nors. Blood (1997) 90:903–908.
  • ••Ethical considerations in allogeneic stem celltransplantation.
  • SCHMITZ N, BACIGALUPO A, LABOPIN M et al.: Trans- plantation of peripheral blood progenitor cells from HLA-identical sibling donors. European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBM1). Br. J. Haematol. (1996) 95:715–723.
  • ••European experience of allogeneic stem cell tranplantation.
  • GLASS B, UHAREK L, ZEIS M et al.: Allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in a murine model: evidence for an improved graft-versus leukae-mia effect. Blood (1997) 90:1694–1700.
  • SPITZER TR. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. J. Infusional Chemother. (1996) 6:33–38.
  • KUSNIERZ-GLAZ CR, STILL BJ, AMANO M et al.: Granulo-cyte colony-stimulating factor-induced comobiliza-tion of CD34-CD8- T cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34-) in the blood of normal do-nors. Blood (1997) 89:2586–2595.
  • ••Identification of different stem cell subtypes with G-CSF mo-bilised stem cells from healthy donors.
  • EMERSON G: Ex vivo expansion of haematopoietic pre- cursor, progenitors, and stem cells: the next genera-tion of cellular therapeutics. Blood (1996) 87:3082–3087.
  • •Introduction to the use of ex vivo expansion of stem cells.
  • SCHIMAZAKI C, OKU N, UCHIYAMA H et al.: Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on haemato-poietic recovery after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1994) 13:271–278.
  • CHANG J, MORGENSTERN G, DEAKIN D et al.: Reconsti-tution of haematopoietic system with autologous mar-row taken during relapse of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and grown in long-term culture. Lancet (1986) i:294–296.
  • HAYLOCK DN, TO LB, DOWSE TL, JUTTNER CA, SIMMONS PJ: Ex vivo expansion and maturation of peripheral blood CD34+ cells into the myeloid lineage. Blood (1992) 89:1405–1414.
  • BRUGGER W, HEIMFELD S, BERENSON RJ, MERTELS-MANN R, KANZ L: Reconstitution of hematopoiesis af-ter high-dose chemotherapy by autologous progenitor cells generated ex-vivo. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:283–285.
  • BROXMEYER HE, DOUGLAS GW, HANGOC G et al.: Hu-man umbilical cord blood as a potential source of transplantable hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:3828–3833.
  • •Description of an important source of allogeneic stem cells.
  • DE BRUYN C, DELFORGE A, BRON D et al.: Ex vivo ex- pansion of CD34+ CD38- cord blood cells. J. Hematol (1997) 6:93–102.
  • •Introduction to the concept of ex vivo customised stem cell expansion.
  • GEHLING UM, RYDER JW, HOGAN CJ et al.: Ex vivo ex- pansion of megakaryocyte progenitors: effect of vari-ous growth factor combinations on CD34+ progenitor cells from bone marrow and G-CSF- mobilised periph-eral blood. Exp. Hematol. (1997) 25:1125–1139.
  • •Conditions to produce megakaryocyte precursors in ex vivo culture.
  • MAKINO S, HAYLOCK DN, DOWSE T et al.: Ex vivo cul- ture of peripheral blood CD34+ cells: effects of hemato-poietic growth factors on production of neutrophilic precursors. J. Hematol. (1997) 6:475–489.
  • •Conditions to produce neutrophil progenitors in ex vivo culture.
  • PIACIBELLO W, SANAVIO F, GARETTO L et al.: Extensive amplification and self-renewal of human primitive he-matopoietic stem cells from cord blood. Blood (1997) 89:2644–2653.
  • •Condition for culture of cord blood.
  • BHATIA R, MCGLAVE PB, MILLER JS et al.: A clinically suitable ex vivo expansion culture system for LTC-IC and CFC using stroma-conditioned medium. Exp. He-matol. (1997) 25:980–991.
  • •Identification of early stem cells from ex vivo culture.
  • BRIDDELL RA, KERN BP, ZILM KL, STONEY GB, MCNIECEIK: Purification of CD34+ cells is essential for optimal ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood cells. J. He-matol. (1997) 6:145–150.
  • KELLER MR, EMERSON SG, PALSSON BO: Large-scale ex-pansion of human stem and progenitor cells from bone marrow mononuclear cells in continuous perfu-sion cultures. Blood (1993) 82:378–384.
  • TRAYCOFF CM, KOSAK ST, GRIGSBY S, SROUR EF: Evaluation of ex vivo expansion potential of cord blood and bone marrow haemopoietic progenitor cells using cell tracking and limiting dilution analysis. Blood (1995) 85:2059–2068.
  • VERFAILLIE CM: Soluble factor (s) produced by humanbone marrow stroma increase cytokine-induced pro-liferation and maturation of primitive haemopoietic progenitors while preventing their terminal differen-tiation. Blood (1993) 82:2045–2053.
  • BARNETT MJ, EAVES CJ, PHILLIPS GL et al.: Autograftingwith cultured marrow in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Results of a pilot study. Blood (1994) 84:724–732.
  • KOLLER MR, MANCHEI I, PALSSON BO: Importance of parenchymal: stromal cells ratio for the ex vivo recon-struction of human haemopoiesis. Stem Cells (1997) 15:305–313.
  • •Introduction to stroma in the ex vivo expansion of progenitors.
  • KOLLER MR, MANCHEI I, BROFF DA, PALSSON BO: Donorto donor variability in the expansion potential of hu-man bone marrow cells is reducing by accessory cells but not by soluble growth factors. Exp. Haematol. (1996) 24:1484–1493.
  • SUNDMAN-ENGBERG B, TIDEFELT U, PAUL C. Effect ofcytokines on the toxicity of cytostatic drugs on leukae-mic cells in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Haematol. (1996) 56:1–6.
  • GORE SD, WENG LJ, BURKE PJ: Biologic and clinical im-pact of growth factor (GF) augmentation of post-remission chemotherapy for myeloid leukaemia. Blood (1994) 84:582A.
  • BUCHNER T, HIDDLEMANN W, WORMANN R et al.: GM-CSF multiple course priming and long-term admini-stration in newly diagnosed AML. Hematologic and therapeutic effects. Blood (1994) 84:27A.
  • HEIL G, HOELZER D, SANZ MA et al.: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III study of fil-grastim in remission induction and consolidation therapy for adults with de novo acute myeloid leukae-mia. The International Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Study Group. Blood (1997) 90:4710–4718.
  • •Class I evidence for use of G-CSF in myeloid leukaemia.
  • DOMBRET H, CHASTANG C, FENAUX P et al.: A con-trolled study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients after treatment for acute myelogenous leukaemia AML Co-operative Study Group. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332:1678–1683.
  • •Class I evidence for use of G-CSF in myelogenous leukaemia.
  • ROWE JM, ANDERSEN JW, MAZZA JJ et al.: A randomised placebo controlled Phase ill study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult pa-tients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukaemia. A study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncol-ogy Group (E1490). Blood (1995) 86:457–462.
  • •Class I evidence for use of G-CSF in myelogenous leukaemia.
  • STONE RM, BERG DT, GEORGE SL et al.: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukaemia. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332:1671–1677.
  • ZITTOUN R, SUCIU S, MANDELLI F et al.: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor associated with induction treatment of acute myelogenous leukaemia: a randomized trial by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukaemia Coop-erative Group. J. Clin. Oncol (1996) 14:2150–2159.
  • ••Class I evidence for use of G-CSF in myelogenousleukaemia.
  • GELLER RB. Use of cytokines in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukaemia: a critical review. J. Clin. Oncol (1996) 14:1371–1382.
  • ••Excellent overview of growth factors in AML.
  • BRUGGER W, BROSS K, FRISCH J et al.: Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells by sequential ad-ministration of interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor following poly-chemotherapy with etoposide, ifosfamide and cis-platin. Blood (1992) 70:1193–1200.
  • TO LB, RAWLING C, ANDARY C et al.: The efficacy of se-quential/combined IL-3/GM-CSF administration in pe-ripheral blood (PB) progenitor mobilization. Blood (1993) 82(Suppl 1):319A.
  • •Early evidence for the combination of IL-3 with GM-CSF.
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  • ••Background evidence for the use of IL-3 with GM-CSF.
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