New prospects for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Bibliography

• VAN DER HEIJDE DM, VAN LEEUVVEN MA, VAN RIEL PL et al.: Biannual radiographic assessments of hands and feet in a three-year prospective follow-up of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheum. (1992) 35:26–34.
   Google Scholar
• SCOTT DL, SYMMONS DP, COULTON BL, POPERT AJ: Long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years. Lancet (1987) 1:1108–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINCUS T, CALLAHAN LF: Taking mortality in rheuma-toid arthritis seriously - predictive markers, socioeco-nomic status and comorbidity. J. Rheumatol. (1986) 13:841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONSSON B, REHNBERG C, BORGQUIST L, LARSSON SE:Locomotion status and costs in destructive rheuma-toid arthritis. A comprehensive study of 82 patients from a population of 13000. Acta Orthop. Scand. (1992) 63:207–212.
   Google Scholar
• MCINTOSH E: The cost of rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1996) 35:781–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ISLER P, VEY E, ZHANG JH, DAYER JM: Cell surface glyco-proteins expressed on activated human T cells induce production of interleukin-1 beta by monocytic cells: a possible role of CD69. European Cytokine Network (1993) 4:15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAULNOCK DM: Macrophage activation by T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (1992) 4:344–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRENNAN FM, FELDMANN M: Cytokines in autoimmu-nity. Curr. Opin. Immunol (1992) 4:754–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRANNAN FM, CHANTRY D, JACKSON A, MAINI RN, FELDMANN M: Inhibitory effect of TNF-a antibodies on synovial cell interleukin-1 production in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1989) 2:244–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKIRA S, HIRANO T, TAGA T, KISHIMOTO T: Biology of multifunctional cytokines:IL6 and related molecules (IL1 and TNE). FASEB J (1990) 4:2860–2867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALVARO GRACIA JM, ZVAIFLER NJ, FIRESTEIN GS: Cytoki-nes in chronic inflammatory arthritis. V. Mutual an-tagonism between interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on HLA-DR expression, prolif-eration, collagenase production, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. J. Clin. Invest. (1990) 86:1790–1798.
   Google Scholar
• PANAYI GS, LANCHBURY JS, KINGSLEY GH: The impor-tance of the T cell in initiating and maintaining the chronic synovitis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheum. (1992) 35:729–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIRESTEIN GS, ZVAIFLER NJ: How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis? Arthrit. Rheum. (1990) 33:768–773.
   Google Scholar
• FELSON DT, ANDERSON JJ, MEENAN RF: The compara-tive efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheu-matoid arthritis. Results of two metaanalyses. Arthrit. Rheum. (1990) 33:1449–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMPIRE RHEUMATISM COUNCIL RS: Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a multi-centre con-trolled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1960) 19:95–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER HEIJDE DM, VAN RIEL PL, NUVER-ZWART IH et al.: Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthri-tis. Lancet (1989) 1:1036–1038.
   Google Scholar
• IANNUZZI L, DAWSON N, ZEIN N, KUSHNER I: Does drug therapy slow radiographic deterioration in rheuma-toid arthritis? New Engl. J. Med. (1983) 309:1023–1028.
   Google Scholar
• PASERO G, PRIOLO F, MARUBINI E et al: Slow progres-sion of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis treated with cyclosporin A. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39:1006–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH G, FRIES JF, WILLIAMS CA et al: Toxicity profilesof disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheuma-toid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1991) 18:188–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIJNANDS MJ, VAN'T HOF MA, VAN LEEUWEN MA et al.:Long-term second-line treatment: a prospective drug survival study. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1992) 31:253–258.
   Google Scholar
• HENCH PS, KENDALL EC, SLOCOMB CH et al: Effect of ahormone of the adrenal cortex (17 hydroxy-11 dehy-drocorticosterone, compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone on rheumatoid arthri-tis. Proc. Staff Meeting Mayo Clinic (1949) 24:181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMPIRE RHEUMATISM COUNCIL: Multicentre controlledtrial comparing cortisone acetate and acetylsalicylic acid in the long term treatment of rheumatoid arthri-tis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1957) 16:277–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRWAN JR: The effect of glucocorticoids on joint de-struction in rheumatoid arthritis. The Arthritis and Rheumatism Council Low-Dose Glucocorticoid Study Group. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:142–146.
   Google Scholar
• FRIES JF, SINGH G: Glucocorticoids and joint destruc-tion in rheumatoid arthritis. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFE F, MITCHELL DM, SIBLEY JT et al.: The mortalityof rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheum. (1994) 37:481–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARKHAM A, BRYSON HM: Deflazacort. A review of itspharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs (1995) 50:317–333.
   Google Scholar
• BOERS M, VERHOEVEN AC, MARKUSSE HM et al.: Ran-domised comparison of combined step-down predni-solone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1997) 350:309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCARTHY DJ: Treating intractable rheumatoid arthri-tis. New Engl. J. Med. (1981) 305:1009–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PORTER DR, CAPELL HA, HUNTER J: Combination ther-apy in rheumatoid arthritis - no benefit of addition of hydroxychloroquine to patients with a suboptimal re-sponse to intramuscular gold therapy. J. Rheumatol (1993) 20:645–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILLKENS RF, UROWITZ MB, STABLEIN DM et al.: Com-parison of azathioprine, methotrexate, and the combi-nation of both in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthrit. Rheum. (1992) 35:849–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELSON DT, ANDERSON JJ, MEENAN RF: The efficacy andtoxicity of combination therapy in rheumatoid arthri-tis. A meta-analysis. Arthrit. Rheum. (1994) 37:1487–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TUGWELL P, PINCUS T, YOCUM D et al: Combinationtherapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe rheumatoid arthritis. The Methotrexate-Cyclosporine Combination Study Group. New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'DELL JR, HAIRE CE, ERIKSON N et al.: Treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasa-lazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. New Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334:1287–1291.
   Google Scholar
• MAINI RN, BREEDVELD FC, KALDEN JR et al. Low dose methotrexate (MTX) suppresses anti-globulin re-sponses and potentiates efficacy of a chimeric mono-clonal anti-TNF-a antibody (cA2) given repeatedly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl ) S126 © Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1998) 7(7)
   Google Scholar
• PITZALIS C, CHOY E: Fourth international symposiumon the immunotherapy of the rheumatic diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1998). (In Press.)
   Google Scholar
• KAVANAUGH AF, SCHULZE-KOOPS H, DAVIS LS, LIPSKYPE: Repeat treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with a murine anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 monoclonal antibody. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40:849–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XIE W, CHIPMAN JG, ROBERTSON DL, ERIKSON RL, SIM-MONS DL: Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1991) 88:2692–2696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELDMANN M, BRENNAN FM, MAINI RN: Role of cytoki-nes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (1996) 14:397–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEFFER J, PROBERT L, CAZLARIS H et al: Transgenicmice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: a pre-dictive genetic model of arthritis. EMBO J. (1991) 10:4025–4031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS RO, FELDMANN M, MAINI RN: Anti-tumor ne-crosis factor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad ScL USA (1992) 89:9784–9788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELLIOTT MJ, MAINI RN, FELDMANN M et al.: Randomiseddouble-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal an-tibody to tumour necrosis factor-a (cA2) versus pla-cebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1 9 9 4) 344:1105-1110.
   Google Scholar
• RANKIN EC, CHOY EH, KASSIMOS D et al.: The therapeu-tic effects of an engineered human anti-tumour necro-sis factor alpha antibody (CDP571) in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1995) 34:334–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MAINI RN, ELLIOTT MJ, LONG-FOX A et al.: Clinical re-sponse to rheumatoid arthritis to anti-TNF-a mono-clonal antibody is related to administered dose and persistence of circulating antibody. Arthrit. Rheum. (1995) 38(Suppl.):5186.
   Google Scholar
• CHOY EHS, KASSIMOS D, KINGSLEY GH et al.: The effectof an engineered human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) antibody (Ab) on interleukin-6 (11–6) and bone markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pa-tients. Arthrit. Rheum. (1995) 38 (Suppl.) :S185.
   Google Scholar
• TAK PP, TAYLOR PC, BREEDVELD FC et al.: Decrease incellularity and expression of adhesion molecules by anti-tumour necrosis factor-a antibody treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39:1077–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LORENZ HM, ANTONI C, VALERIUS T et al.: In vivo block-ade of TNF-alpha by intravenous infusion of a chi-meric monoclonal TNF-alpha antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Short term cellular and mo-lecular effects. J. Immunol. (1996) 156:1646–1653.
   Google Scholar
• ELLIOTT MJ, MAINI RN, FELDMANN M et al.: Repeated therapy with monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor-a (cA2) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1994) 344:1125–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORELAND LW, BAUMGARTNER SW, SCHIFF MH et al: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-fc fusion protein. New Engl. J. Med. (1997) 33 7 :141–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINBLATT M, MORELAND LW, SCHIFF MH et al.: Long term and Phase III treatment of DMARD failing rheu-matoid arthritis patients with TNF receptor p75 Fc fu-sion protein (TNFR:Fc; Enbrel). Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl.):5126.
   Google Scholar
• CUTOLO M, KIRKHAM B, BOLOGNA C et al: Load-ing/maintenance doses approach to neutralization of TNF by Lenercept (TNER55-IgGl, Ro 45–2081) in pa-tients with rheumatoid arthritis treated for 3 months: results of a double-blind placebo controlled Phase II trial. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39(Suppl.):S243
   Google Scholar
• BRESNIHAN B, ON BEHALF OF THE COLLABORATING IN-VESTIGATORS, LOOKABAUGH J, WITT K, MUSIKIC P: Treatment with recombinant human interleukin-1 re-ceptor antagonist (rhIL-lra) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): results of a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39(Suppl):S73
   Google Scholar
• KATSIKIS PD, CHU CQ, BRENNAN FM, MAINI RN, FELD-MANN M: Immunoregulatory role of interleukin 10 in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Exp. Med. (1994) 179:1517–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAINI RN, PAULUS H, BREED VELD FC et al: rHUIL-10 in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a Phase I and cytokine response study. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl.):S224
   Google Scholar
• BENNETT CF, KORNBRUST D, HENRY S et al: An ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotide prevents and reverses dex-tran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J. Pharma-col. Exp. Ther. (1997) 280:988–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUO EA, HAMBLETON PT, KAY DP et al.: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibi-tors: 2-cyano-3-cyclopropy1-3-hydroxy-N-[3'-methyl -4- (trifluoromethyflphenyl] propenamide and related compounds. J. Med. Chem. (1996) 39:4608–4621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHERWINSKI HM, COHN RG, CHEUNG P et al.: The im-munosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) 275:1043–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MLADENOVIC V, DOMLJAN Z, ROZMAN B et al.: Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II study. Ar-thrit. Rheum. (1995) 38:1595–1603.
   Google Scholar
• SCHIFF M, STEIN G, LEISCHMAN B: Cellcept (Mycophe-nolate Mofetil - MMF) a new treatment for RA: a 9-month, randomized, double-blind trial comparing lg bid and 2g bid. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl.):5194
   Google Scholar
• VAN DEN BROEK MF, VAN DE LANGERIJT LG, VAN BRUG-GEN MC et al.: Treatment of rats with monoclonal anti-CD4 induces long-term resistance to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Eur. J. Immunol. (1992) 22:57–61.
   Google Scholar
• CARTERON NL, WOFSY D, SEAMAN WE: Induction of im-mune tolerance during administration of monoclonal © Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1998) 7(7) antibody to L3T4 does not depend on depletion of L3T4+ cells. J. Immunol. (1988) 140:713–716.
   Google Scholar
• PARISH NM, HUTCHINGS PR, WALDMANN H, COOKE A: Tolerance to IDDM induced by CD4 antibodies in nonobese diabetic mice is reversed by cyclophospha-mide. Diabetes (1993) 42: 1601-1605.
   Google Scholar
• COBBOLD SP, QIN SX, WALDMANN H: Reprogramming the immune system for tolerance with monoclonal an-tibodies. Semin. Immunol. (1990) 2:377–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANAYI GS, CHOY EHS, CONNOLLY DJA et al: T cell hy-pothesis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tested by hu-manised non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment I: suppression of disease ac-tivity and acute phase response. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39(Suppl.):S244
   Google Scholar
• CHOY EHS, CONNOLLY DJA, RAPSON N et al.: Effect of a humanised non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal anti-body (mAb) on synovial fluid (SF) in rheumatoid ar-thritis (RA). Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl.):S52
   Google Scholar
• SCHULZE-KOOPS H, DAVIS LS, HAVERTY P et al: Reduc-tion of Thl cell activity in patients with rheumatoid ar-thritis after treatment with a non-depleting monoclonal antibody to CD4. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40(Suppl.):S191.
   Google Scholar
• ST CLAIR EW, COHEN SB, FLEISCHMANN RM et al.: Vacci-nation of rheumatoid arthritis patients with DR4/1-peptide. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40:S96.
   Google Scholar
• T-cell regulation. In: Innovative treatment approaches for rheumatoid arthritis. Choy EHS, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS, Brooks PM, Furst DE (Eds.), Bailliere Tindall, London, UK (1995):653–671.
   Google Scholar
• HOWELL MD, DIVELEY JP, LUNDEEN KA et al. Limited T- cell receptor I3-chain heterogeneity among interleukin 2 receptor-positive synovial T cells suggests a role for superantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88:10921–10925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORELAND LW, HECK LW, JR., KOOPMAN WJ et al.: V617 T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid ar-thritis: results of Phase I dose escalation study. J. Rheu-matol. (1996) 23:1353–1362.
   Google Scholar
• MORELAND L, KOOPMAN WJ, ADAMSON T et al.: Results of Phase II rheumatoid arthritis clinical trial using T cell receptor peptides. Arthrit. Rheum. (1997) 40:S223
   Google Scholar
• WEINER HL, FRIEDMAN A, MILLER A et al.: Oral tolerance: immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune disease by oral administration of autoantigens. Ann. Rev. Immu-nol (1994) 12:809–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAINES NA: Oral tolerance and collagen arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1991) 30:40–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TRENTHAM DE, DYNESIUS-TRENTHAM RA, ORAV EJ et al.: Effects of oral administration of type II collagen on rheumatoid arthritis. Science (1993) 261:1727–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIEPER J, KARY S, SORENSEN H et al.: Oral type II colla-gen treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arthrit. Rheum. (1996) 39:41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNETT ML, KREMER JM, ST. CLAIR EW eta].: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with oral type II collagen: re-sults of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthrit. Rheum. (1998) 412:90-97. Ernest HS Choy
   Google Scholar