45
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Pages 1511-1520 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • CUMMINGS JL, VINTERS HV, COLE GM, KHACHATURIAN ZS: Alzheimer's disease. Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology (1998) 51 (Suppl. 1):S2–S17.
  • GEULA C: Abnormalities of neural circuitry in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 5 1 (Suppl. 1):S18–S29.
  • GAUTHIER S: Do we have a treatment for Alzheimer'sdisease - yes. Arch. Neurol (1999) 56:738–739.
  • GIACOBINI E: Cholinesterase inhibitors do more than inhibit cholinesterase. In: Alzheimer's disease: From Molecular Biology to Therapy. Becker R, Giacobini E (Eds.), Birkhauser, Boston, USA (1996):187–204.
  • •An overview of the mode of actions of CI from one of the pioneers in this field.
  • SUMMERS WK, MAJOVSKI LV, MARSH GM et al.: Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. New Engl. J. Merl. (1986) 315:1241–1245.
  • GAUTHIER S: Update on the diagnostic methods, natural history and outcome variables in Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1998) 9\(Suppl. 3):2–7.
  • MCKHANN G, DRACHMAN D, FOLSTEIN M et al: Clinicaldiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA workgroup. Neurology (1 98 4) 34:939–944.
  • FOLSTEIN MF, FOLSTEIN SE, MCHUGH PR: Mini MentalState: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res. (1975) 12:189–198.
  • SCLAN SG, REISBERG B: Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) in Alzheimer's disease: reliability, validity, and ordinality. Int. Psychogeriatr. (1992) 4\(Suppl. 0:55–69.
  • BARCLAY LL, ZEMCOV A, BLASS JP, SANSONE J: Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurology (1985) 35:834–840.
  • ROSEN WG, MOHS RC, DAVIS KL: A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiat. (1 9 8 4) 141:1356-1364.
  • SCHNEIDER LS, OLIN JT, DOODY RS et al.: Validity andreliability of the Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study: Clinical Global Impression of Change. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1997) 11\(Suppl. 2):S22–S32.
  • LEBER P: Guidelines for clinical evaluation of antidementia drugs. US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA (1990).
  • •For better or for worse, this discussion paper has driven the way CI have been tested in RCT for the past nine years.
  • GAUTHIER S, BOUCHARD R, LAMONTAGNE A et al: Tetrahydroaminoacridine-lecithin combination treatment in patients with intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease. New Engl. J. Med. (1 99 0) 322:1272-1276.
  • MOLLOY DW, GUYATT GH, WILSON DB, DUKE R, REES L, SINGER J: Effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine on cognition, function and behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Can. Merl. Assoc. J. (1991) 144:29–34.
  • DAVIS KL, THAL LJ, GAMZU ER et al: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. New Engl. J. Med. (1 99 2) 327:1253-1259.
  • FARLOW M, GRACON SI, HERSHEY LA et al.: A controlledtrial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1992) 268:2523–2529.
  • KNAP MJ, KNOPMAN DS, SOLOMON PR et al: A 30-weekrandomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1994) 2 71 :985–991.
  • KNOPMAN D, SCHNEIDER L, DAVIS K, THE TACRINE STUDY GROUP: Long-term tacrine (Cognex) treatment: effects on nursing home placement and mortality. Neurology (1996) 47:166–177.
  • POIRIER J, DELISLE MC, QUIRION R et al.: ApolipoproteinE4 allele as a predictor of cholinergic deficits and treatment outcome in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:12260–12264.
  • •This article set the stage for the concept of pharmacoge-netics in AD.
  • FARLOW MR, LAHIRI DK, POIRIER J, DAVIGNON J, SCHNEIDER L, HUI SL: Treatment outcome of tacrine therapy depends on apolipoprotein genotype and gender of the subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:669–677.
  • SANDS LP, KATZ I, SCHNEIDER L: Assessing individual patients for cognitive benefits from acetylcholines-terase inhibitors. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Dis. (1999). (In Press).
  • QIZILBASH N, WHITEHEAD A, HIGGINS J et al: Cholines-terase inhibition for Alzheimer's disease. A meta-analysis of the tacrine trials. JAMA (1998) 280:1777–1782.
  • •A very challenging meta-analysis of the numerous RCT with tacrine. Needs to be done with all CI to detect more subtle clinical benefits that can be useful to detect clinical effective-ness and to confirm dose-effects relationships.
  • KAUFER DI, CUMMINGS JL, CHRISTINE D: Effects of tacrine on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: an open label study. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol (1996) 9:1–6.
  • RASKIND MA, SADOVSKY CH, SIGMUND WR, BEITLER PJ, AUSTER SB: Effects of tacrine on language, praxis and concognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1997) 54:836–840.
  • ROGERS SL, FRIEDHOFF LT, THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dementia (1996) 7:293–303.
  • ROGERS SL, DOODY RS, MOHS RC, FRIEDHOFF LT, THEDONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer's disease. A 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158:1021–1031.
  • ROGERS SL, FARLOW MR, DOODY RS, MOHS R, FRIEDHOFF LT, THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:136–145.
  • BURNS A, ROSSOR M, HECKER J et al.: The effects ofdonepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord (1999) 10:237–244.
  • TEUNISSE S, DERIX M, VAN CREVEL H: Assessing theseverity of dementia, patient and caregiver. Arch. Neurol (1991) 48:274–277.
  • MORRIS JC: The clinical dementia rating (CDR): currentversion and scoring rules. Neurology (1 9 9 3) 43:2412-2413.
  • •The instrument that could prove to be the most useful in RCT for demonstration of slowing of disease progression, and can be used in clinical practice for monitoring response to treatment with CI for extended periods.
  • ROGERS SL, FRIEDHOFF LT: Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an interim analysis of the results of a US multicentre open label extension study. Eur. Neuropsy-chopharmacol (1998) 8:67–75.
  • •The first evidence for a sustained symptomatic benefit beyond the six-months duration of most RCT in AD.
  • DOODY RS: Clinical profile of donepezil in thetreatment of Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology (1999) 45 (Suppl. 0:23–32.
  • ANAND R, GHARABAWI G, ENZ A: Efficacy and safetyresults of the early phase studies with Exelon (ENA-713) in Alzheimer's disease: an overview. J. Drug Clin. Pract. (1996) 8: 1–8.
  • COREY-BLOOM J, ANAND R, VEACH J FOR THE ENA 713B352 STUDY GROUP: A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriat. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 1:55–65.
  • ROSLER M, ANAND R, CICIN-SAIN A et al.: Efficacy andsafety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of an international, 26-week, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br. Med. J. (1999) 318:633-638. © Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1999) 8(10)
  • DEJONG R, OSTERLUND 0, ROY G: Measurement of quality-of-life changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Ther. (1989) 1:545–554.
  • SCHNEIDER LS, ANAND R, FARLOW MR: Systematic review of the efficacy of rivastigmine for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatric Psychopharmacol (1998) 1 (Suppl. 1):S26–S34.
  • SCHMIDT BH, HEINIG R: The pharmacological basis formetrifonate's favourable tolerability in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1998) 9\(Suppl. 2):15–19.
  • CUMMINGS JL, CYRUS PA, BIEBER F et al.: Metrifonatetreatment of the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:1214–1221.
  • MORRIS JC, CYRUS PA, ORAZEM J et al.: Metrifonatebenefits cognitive, behavioral and global function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:1222–1230.
  • CYRUS PA, RUZICKA BB, GULANSKI B: The dose-relatedimprovement by metrifonate of the cognitive performance of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurology (1998) 50:A89.
  • GELINAS I, GAUTHIER S, CYRUS PA, RUZICKA BB,GULANSKI B: The efficacy of metrifonate in enhancing the ability of Alzheimer's disease patients to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Neurology (1998) 50:A91.
  • GELINAS I, GAUTHIER L, MCINTYRE M, GAUTHIER S:Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer's disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am. J. Occup. Ther. (1999). (In Press).
  • CUMMINGS JL, MEGA M, GRAY K, ROSENBERG-THOMPSON S, CARUSI DA, GORNBEIN J: The Neuropsy-chiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology of dementia. Neurology (1994) 44: 2308–2314.
  • CUMMINGS JL, CYRUS PA, RUZICKA BB, GULANSKI B:The efficacy of metrifonate in improving the behavioral disturbances of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:A251.
  • FARLOW MR, LAHIRI DK, BRASHEAR A, CYRUS PA, GULANSKI B: Metrifonate in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: influence of apolipo-protein E genotype. Neurology (1998) 50:A88.
  • PONTECORVO MJ: Clinical development of galantamine: evaluation of a compound with possible acetylcholinesterase inhibiting and nicotinic modula-tory activity. Neurobiol. Aging (1998) 19:57.
  • WILCOCK G, WILKINSON D: Galantamine hydrobro-mide: interim results of a group comparative, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety in patients with a diagnosis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. In: Alzheimer's Disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Iqbal K, Winblad B, Nishimura T, Takeda M, Wisniewski HM (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (1997):661–664.
  • MACGOWAN SH, WILCOCK GK, SCOTT M: Effect of gender and apolipoprotein E genotype on response to anticholinesterase therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Int. GeriaL PsychiaL (1998) 13:625–630.
  • HILLS, MCGETTIGAN P: Drug authorities' policy on theassessment of drugs for dementia. In: Health Economics of Dementia. Wimo A, Jänsson B, Karlsson G, Winblad B (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (1998):435–450.
  • MAX W: Cost of illness of dementia. In: Health Economics of Dementia. Wimo A, Jänsson B, Karlsson G, Winblad B (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (1998):197–206.
  • HUX MJ, O'BRIEN B, ISKEDJIAN M, GOEREE R, GAGNON M, GAUTHIER S: Relation between severity of Alzheimer's disease and costs of caring. Can. Med. Assoc. J. (1998) 159:457–465.
  • SMALL GW, DONOHUE JA, BROOKS RL: An economic evaluation of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Ther. (1998) 20:838–850.
  • NEWMANN PJ, HERMANN RC, KUNTZ KM et al.: Cost-effectiveness of donepezil in the treatment of mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1999) 52:1138–1145.
  • STEWART A, PHILLIPS R, DEMPSEY G: Pharmacotherapy for people with Alzheimer's disease: a Markov-cycle evaluation of five years' therapy using donepezil. Int. J. GeriaL PsychiaL (1998) 13:445–453.
  • O'BRIEN BJ, GOEREE R, HUX M et al.: Economic evalua-tion of donepezil for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Canada. JAGS (1999) 47:570–578.
  • LUBECK DP, MAZONSON PD, BOWE T: Potential effect of tacrine on expenditures for Alzheimer's disease. Med. Interface (1994) 7:130–138.
  • WIMO A, KARLSSON G, NORDBERG A, WINBLAD B: Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with tacrine: a cost-analysis model. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1997) 4:191–200.
  • WHITEHOUSE P, WINBLAD B, SHOSTAK D et al.: First International Pharmacoeconomic Conference on Alzheimer's disease: report and summary. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Dis. (1998) 12:266–280.
  • •The first conference dedicated to the phamacoeconomics of dementia. Next meeting in Stockholm, 2002.
  • WINBLAD B, KARLSSON G, JONSSON B, WIMO A: A proposed health economics research agenda for dementia. In: Health Economics of Dementia. Wimo A, Jänsson B, Karlsson G, Winblad B (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (1998):563–565.
  • KNOPMAN D, KAHN J, MILES S: Clinical research designs for emerging treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1998) 55:1425–1429.
  • KNAPP M, WILKINSON D, WIGGLESWORTH R: The economic consequences of Alzheimer's disease in the context of new drug development. Int. J. GeriaL PsychiaL (1998) 13:531–543.
  • GAUTHIER S: Managing expectations in the long-term treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology (1999) 45 (Suppl. 1):33–38. © Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1999) 8(10)
  • LOVESTONE S, GRAHASM N, HOWARD R: Guidelines on drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet (1997) 550:232–233.
  • HARVEY RJ: A review and commentary on a sample of 15 UK guidelines for the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiat. (1999) 14:249–256.
  • RABINS P, BLACKER D, BLAND W et al.: Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late-life. Am. J. Psychiat. (1997) 154 (Suppl.):1–39.
  • SMALL GW, RABINS PV, BARRY PP et al: Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. JAMA (1997) 278:1363–1371.
  • PATTERSON C, GAUTHIER S, BERGMAN H et al.: The recognition, assessment and management of dementing disorders: conclusions from the Canadian consensus conference on dementia. Can. Med. Assoc. J. (1999) 160\(Suppl. 12):S1–520.
  • BRODATY H: The family and drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease. In: Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Gauthier S (Ed.), Martin Dunitz, London, UK (1998):123–139.
  • ••The very important perspective of the patient and caregiversin what they expect from CI therapy.
  • CUTLER NR, SRAMEK JJ: Tolerability profiles of AChEIs: a critical component of care for Alzheimer's disease patients. Int. J. Geriat. Psychopharmacol (1998) 1 (Suppl. 1):S20–S25.
  • KNOPMAN DS, MORRIS JC: An update on primary drug therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol (1997) 54:1406–1140.
  • •A very good overview of the field.
  • GIACOBINI E: Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. In: Pharmaco-therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Gauthier S (Ed.), Martin Dunitz, London, UK (1998):75–92.
  • ROCKWOOD K, STOOLE P, HOWARD K, MALLERY L: Use of goal attainment scaling to measure treatment effects in an anti-dementia drug trial. Neuropepidemiology (1996) 15:330–338.
  • ALBERT SM, SANO M, MARDER K et al: Participation in clinical trials and long-term outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1997) 49:38–43.
  • POST SG: Societal and ethical considerations. In:Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Gauthier S (Ed.) Martin Dunitz, London, UK (1998):113–122.
  • KARLAWISH JHT, WHITEHOUSE P: Is the placebo control obsolete in a world after donepezil and vitamin E? Arch. Neurol (1998) 55:1420–1424.
  • MURALI DORAISWAM P, STEFFENS DC: Combination therapy for early Alzheimer's disease: what are we waiting for? JAGS (1998) 46:1322–1324.
  • SCHNEIDER LS, FARLOW MR, HENDERSON VW, POGODA JM: Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1996) 46:1580–1584.
  • RELKIN N, ORAZEM J, MCRAE T: The effect of concomi-tant donepezil and estrogen treatment on the cognitive performance of women with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1999) 52 (Suppl. 2):A397–A398.
  • SANO M, ERNESTO C, THOMAS RG et al.: A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. New Engl. J. Med. (1997) 326:1245–1247.
  • ••The first RCT in AD using the time to reach milestones'design. A landmark study.
  • MCCORMICK WC, ABRASS IB: Shifting thinking about memory impairment. Lancet (1998) 352 (Suppl.
  • PASINETTI GM: Cyclooxygenase and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: experimental approaches and clinical interventions. J. Neurosci. Res. (1998) 54:1–6.
  • MITTELMAN MS, FERRIS SH, SHULMAN E, STEINBERG G,LEVIN B: A family intervention to delay nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1996) 276:1725–1731.
  • •The most quoted study on the value of non-pharmacologic interventions in AD.
  • WENGEL SP, ROCCAFORTE WH, BURKE WJ: Donepezil improves symptoms of delirium in dementia: implica-tions for future research. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. Neurol (1998) 11:159–161.
  • AARSLAN D, BRONNICK K, KARLSEN K: Donepezil for Dementia with Lewy Bodies: a case study. Int. j Geriat. Psychiat. (1999) 14:69–74.
  • GAUTHIER S: Clinical trials and therapy. Curr. Opin. Neurol. (1998) 11:435–438.
  • FARLOW MR: New treatments in Alzheimer's disease and the continued need for placebo-controlled trials. Arch. Neurol (1998) 55:1396–1398.
  • ••A broad perspective on the future of RCT in AD, taking intoaccount the perspectives of patients, caregivers, clinicians, regulators, payers and ethicists.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.