27
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Therapeutic advances in idiopathic Parkinsonism

Pages 1565-1588 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • EHRINGER H, HORNYKIEWICZ 0: Verteilung von noradrenalin und dopamin (3-Hydroxytyramin)im Gehirn des Menschen und. Kiln. Woch. (1960) 38:1236–1239.
  • SANO I: Biochemistry of the extrapyramidal system. Prog. Neurol Sci. (1960) 5:42–48.
  • TOLOSA E, MARTI MJ, VALLDEORIOLA F, MOLINUEVO JL: History of levodopa and dopamine agonists in Parkin-son's disease treatment. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 6):S2–S10.
  • KOLLER WC, RUEDA MG: Mechanism of action ofdopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 6):S11–S14.
  • BIRKMAYER W, HORNYKIEWICZ 0: Der L-Dioxyphenylalanin. Wien. Kiln. Wochenschr. (1961) 73:787–788.
  • COTZIAS GC, VAN WOERT MH, SCHIFFER LM: Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. New Engl. J. (1967) 276:374–379.
  • CALNE DB. TEYCHENNE PF. LEIGH PN. BAMJI AN. GREENACRE JK: Treatment of parkinsonism with bromocriptine. Lancet (1974) 2:1355–1356.
  • KURTH MC. ADLER CH: COMT inhibition: a new treatment strategy for Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 5):S3–14.
  • PARKINSON'S STUDY GROUP: Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl. J. Med. (1989) 321:1364–1367.
  • SAMII A, LETWIN SR, CALNE DB: Prospects for new drug treatment in idiopathic parkinsonism. Ther. Focus (1998) 3:131–140.
  • LANG AE, LOZANO AM: Parkinson's disease. N Engl. J. Merl. (1998) 339:1132–1143.
  • MELAMED E, OFFEN D, SHIRVAN A, DIALDETTI R, BARZILAI A, ZIV I: Levodopa toxicity and apoptosis. Ann. Neurol (1998) 44:S149–S154.
  • HORNE MK, CHENG CH, WOOTEN FG: The cerebral metabolism of L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine. Pharma-cology (1984) 28:12–26.
  • HORNYKIEWICZ 0: The mechanism of action of L-dopa in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci. (1974) 15:1249–1259
  • FAHN S: Welcome news about levodopa, but uncertainty remains. Ann. Neurol. (1998) 43:551–554.
  • RODRIGUEZ MC. OBESO JA. OLANOW CW: Subthalamic nucleus-mediated excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: a target for neuroprotection. Ann. Neurol (1998) 44( Suppl. 1):S175–88.
  • SAGE JI. MARK MH: The rationale for continuous dopaminergic stimulation in patients with Parkin-son's disease. Neurology (1992) 42(Suppl.
  • QUINN N. MARSDEN CD. PARKES JD: Complicated response fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: response to intravenous infusion of levodopa. Lancet (1982) 2(8295):412–5.
  • CAPILDEO R: Implications of the 5-year CR FIRST trial. Sinemet CR five-year international response fluctua-tion study. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 6):S15–517.
  • TANAKA M, SOTOMATSU A, KANAI H, HIRAI S: Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron. J. Neurol. Sci. (1991) 101:198–203.
  • WICK MM, BYERS L, FREI E: L-Dopa: selective toxicity for melanoma cells in vitro. Science (1977) 197:468–469.
  • YOSHIKUNI M, IKEBA S, HATTORI N et al.: Etiology of Parkinson's disease. In: Movement Disorders, Neurologic Principles and Practice. Watts RL, Koller WC (Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York (1997):161–183.
  • JENNER P, DEXTER DT, SIAN J, SCHAPIRA AHV, MARSDEN CD: Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Ann. Neurol. (1992) 32:S82–S87.
  • PRZEDBORSKI S, JACKSON-LEWIS V, MUTHANE U et al: Chronic levodopa administration alters cerebral mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Ann. Neurol (1993) 34(5):715–723.
  • SPENCER JP, JENNER A, ARUMOA OI, MARSDEN CD, HALLIWELL B: Intense oxidative DNA damage promoted by L-dopa and its metabolites: implications for neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Lett (1994) ?:246–250.
  • LI CL, WERNER P, COHEN G: Lipid peroxidation in brain: interactions of L-dopa/dopamine with ascorbate andiron. Neurodegeneration (1995) 4:147–153.
  • PARDO B, MENA MA, DE YEBENES JG: L-dopa inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain in catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma NB69 cells. Neurochem. (1995) 64:576–582.
  • PRZEDBORSKI S, JACKSON-LEWIS V, FAHN S: Antipark-insonian therapies and brain mitochondrial complex I activity. Mov. Disord. (1995) 10:312–317.
  • STEECE-COLLIER K, COLLIER TJ, SLADEK CD, SLADEK JRJR: Chronic levodopa impairs morphological development of grafted embryonic dopamine neurones. Exp. Neurol. (1990) 110(2):201–208.
  • OLANOW CW, JENNER P, BROOKS D: Dopamine agonists and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol (1998) 44\(Suppl. 1):S167–174.
  • WALKINSHAW G, WATERS CM: Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-DOPA: Implica-tions for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95(6):2458–2464.
  • FUKUDA T, WATABE K, TANAKA J: Effects of bromocriptine and/or L-DOPA on neurones in substantia nigra of MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res. (1996) 728(2):274–276.
  • BLUNT SB, JENNER P, MARSDEN CD: Suppressive effect of L-dopa on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov. Disord. (1993) 8(2):129–133.
  • MURER MG, DZIEWCZAPOLSKI G, MENALLED LB et al: Chronic levodopa is not toxic for remaining dopamine neurones, but instead promotes their recovery, in rats with moderate nigrostriatal lesions. Ann. Neurol (1998) 43(5):561–575.
  • HAN SK, MYTILINEOU C, COHEN G: L-DOPA up-regulates glutathione and protects mesencephalic cultures against oxidative stress. J. Neurochem. (1996) 66(2):501–510.
  • MYTILINEOU C, HAN SK, COHEN G: Toxic and protec-tive effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures. J. Neurochem. (1993) 61(4):1470–1478.
  • MENA MA, DAVILA V, SULZER D: Neurotrophic effects of L-DOPA in postnatal midbrain dopamine neuron/cortical astrocyte cocultures. j Neurochem. (1997) 69(4):1398–1408.
  • CALNE DB: The free radical hypothesis in idiopathic parkinsonism: evidence against it. Ann. Neurol (1992) 32(6)799–803
  • RAJPUT AH, FENTON ME, BIRDI S, MACAULAY R: Is levodopa toxic to human substantia nigra? Mov. Disord. (1997) 12(5):634–638.
  • MENA MA, CASAREJOS MJ, CARAZO A, PAINO CL, GARCIA DE YEBENES J: Glia protect fetal midbrain dopamine neurones in culture from L-DOPA toxicity through multiple mechanisms. J. Neural Transm. (1997) 104(4–5)317–328.
  • RASCOL A, MONTASTRUC JL, GUIRAUD-CHAUMEIL B, CLANET M: Bromocriptine as the 1st treatment of Parkinson's disease. Long term results. Rev. Neurol. (1982) 138(5):401–408,.
  • POEWE W: Adjuncts to levodopa therapy: dopamine agonists. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 6):S23–S26.
  • YAMAMOTO M: Do dopamine agonists provide neuroprotection?Neurology (1998) 51 (Suppl. 2):S10–S12.
  • OGAWA N: Early introduction of dopamine agonists in the long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 51\(Suppl. 2):S13–S20.
  • ROBERTSON GS, ROBERTSON HA: Synergistic effects of D(1) and D(2) dopamine agonists on turning behaviour in rats. Brain Res. (1986) 384:387–390.
  • GRONDIN R, DOAN VD, GREGOIRE L, BEDARD PJ: DI receptor blockade improves L-dopa-induced dyskinesia but worsens parkinsonism in MPTP monkeys. Neurology (1999) 52(4)771–776.
  • LEES AJ: Dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease; a look at apomorphine. Fund. Clin. Pharmacol. (1993) 7(3–4):121'–128.
  • ONDO W, HUNTER C, ALMAGUER M, GANCHER S, JANKOVIC J: Efficacy and tolerability of a novel sublin-gual apomorphine preparation in patients with fluctu-ating Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. (1999) 22:1–4.
  • JANKOVIC J: New and emerging therapies for Parkin-son's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1999) 56:785–790.
  • HUTTON JT, CHASE T, VERHAGEN L et al.: Transdermal Dopamine D2 receptor agonist therapy with N-0923 TDS in Parkinson's disease (PD): a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov. Disord. (1998) 13\(Suppl. 2):62.
  • MONTASTRUC JL, RASCOL 0, SENARD JM, RASCOL A: A randomised controlled study comparing bromocriptine to which levodopa was later added, with levodopa alone in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease: a five year follow up. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1994) 57(9):1034–1038.
  • HELY MA, MORRIS JG, REID WG et al.: The Sydney Multicentre Study of Parkinson's disease: a random-ised, prospective five year study comparing low dose bromocriptine with low dose levodopa-carbidopa. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1994) 57(8):903–910.
  • RINNE UK: Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a 5-year follow-up. Neurology (1987) 37(5):826–828.
  • GIMENEZ-ROLDAN S, TOLOSA E, BURGUERA JA, CHACON J, LIANO H, FORCADELL F: Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: a prospective randomized study of two parallel groups over a total follow-up period of 44 months including an initial 8-month double-blind stage. Clin. Neuropharmacol. (1997) 20(1):67–76.
  • WOOTEN GF: Progress in understanding the pathophysiology of treatment-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol (1988) 24(3)363–365.
  • FACTOR SA, WEINER WJ: Early combination therapy with bromocrptine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (1993) 8:257–262.
  • SHANNON KM, BENNETT JP JR, FRIEDMAN JH: Efficacy of pramipexole, a novel dopamine agonist, as monotherapy in mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. The Pramipexole Study Group. Neurology (1997) 49(3):724–728.
  • RASCOL 0, BROOKS DJ, KORCZYN AD ON BEHALF OF THE 056 STUDY GROUP: Ropinerole reduces risk of dyskinesia when used in early PD. Park. Related Disord. Abstracts of the XIII International Congress on Parkinson's disease. Vancouver, Canada (1999):S83.
  • SETHY VH, WU H, OOSTVEEN JA, HALL ED: Neuropro-tective effects of the dopamine agonists pramipexole and bromocriptine in 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats. Brain Res. (1997) 754:181–186.
  • GASSEN M, PINCHASI B, YOUDIM MB: Apomorphine is apotent radical scavenger and protects cultured pheochromocytoma cells from 6-0HDA and 11202-induced cell death. Adv. Pharmacol. (1998) 42:320–324.
  • FELTEN DL, FELTEN SY, FULLER RW et al: Chronicdietary pergolide preserves nigrostriatal neuronal integrity in aged-Fischer-344 rats. Neurobiol. Aging (1992) 13(2):339–351.
  • MARTTILA RJ, RINNE UK: Disability and progression inParkinson's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. (1977) 56(2):159–69.
  • MARTINEZ-MARTIN P, O'BRIEN CF: Extending levodopaaction: COMT inhibition. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 6):S27–32.
  • PEPPE A, DAMBROSIA JM, CHASE TN: Risk factors formotor response complications in L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Adv. Neurology (1 99 3) 60:698–702.
  • DAPRADA M, ZURDHER G, KETTLER R, DINGEMANSE H,JORGA K, DUBUIS R: Remodeling the kinetics of dynamics of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease by inhibiting MAO-B with lazabemide and COMT with tolcapone. In: Levodopa-the first 25 years. Poewe W, Lees AJ (Eds.) Basel: Editions Roche (1993):99–117.
  • NISSINEN E, LINDEN IB, SCHULTZ E, POHTO P:Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1992) 346(3):262–266.
  • MANNISTO PT: Clinical potential of catechol-0-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitors as adjuvants in Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs (1994) 1:172–179.
  • RUOTTINEN HM, RINNE UK: Entacapone prolongs levodopa response in a one month double blind study in Parkinsonian patients with levodopa related fluctuations. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1996) 60:36–40.
  • KIEBURTZ K, COMTAN BF: Safety and efficacy profile ofa new COMT inhibitor, clinical efficacy review. Abstract of the satellite symposium organised by Novartis Pharma AG. XIII International Congress on Parkinson's disease. Vancouver, Canada. (1999):8.
  • WATERS CH, KURTH M, BAILEY P et al.: Tolcapone in stable Parkinson's disease: efficacy and safety of long-term treatment. Neurology (1997) 49:665–671.
  • OBESO JA, RODRIGUEZ MC, DELONG MR: Basal ganglia pathophysiology. A critical review. Adv. Neurology (1997) 74:3–18.
  • HOLLMANN M, HEINEMANN S: Cloned glutamate receptors. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1994) 17:31–108.
  • STANDAERT DG, TESTA CM, YOUNG AB, PENNEY JB JR:Organization of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor gene expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. (1994) 343(1):1–16.
  • GURIDI J, HERRERO MT, LUQUIN MR et al.: Subthala-motomy in parkinsonian monkeys. Behavioural and biochemical analysis. Brain (1996) 119:1717–1727.
  • BERGMAN H, WICHMANN T, KARMON B, DELONG MR:The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J. Neurophysiol (1994) 72(2):507–520.
  • POLLAK P, BENABID AL, LIMOUSIN P, BENAZZOUZ A: Chronic intracerebral stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. (1997) 74:213–220.
  • LIMOUSIN P, GREENE J, POLLAK P, ROTHWELL J, BENABID AL, FRACKOWIAK R Changes in cerebral activity pattern due to subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidum stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. (1997) 42(3):283–291.
  • FILION M, TREMBLAY L: Abnormal spontaneous activityof globus pallidus neurones in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res. (1991) 547 (1):142–151.
  • LEIGH PN, MELDRUM BS: Excitotoxicity in ALS.Neurology (1996) 47 (Suppl. 4):S221–S227.
  • MARCHETTI P, CASTEDO M, SUSIN SA et al. Mitochon- drial permeability transition is a central coordinating event of apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 184(3) 1155–1160
  • MATTSON MP, ZHANG Y, BOSE S: Growth factors prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of calcium homeostasis, and cell injury, but not ATP depletion in hippocampal neurones deprived of glucose. Exp. Neurol. (1993) 12 1 (1):1–13.
  • PRZEDBORSKI S, JACKSON-LEWIS V, YOKOYAMA R, SHIBATA T, DAWSON VL, DAWSON TM: Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTI) -induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93(10):4565–4571.
  • BECKMAN JS, BECKMAN TW, CHEN J, MARSHALL PA, FREEMAN BA: Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87(4):1620–1624.
  • ISCHIROPOULOS H, ZHU L, CHEN J et al: Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration catalyzed by superoxide dismutase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1 9 9 2) 298(2):431–437.
  • NAKAO N, FRODL EM, WIDNER H et al.: OverexpressingCu/Zn superoxide dismutase enhances survival of transplanted neurones in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Nature Med. (1995) 1(3)226–231.
  • ZHANG J, DAWSON VL, DAWSON TM, SNYDER SH: Nitricoxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity. Science (1994) 263(5147):687–689.
  • ORRENIUS S, BURKITT MJ, KASS GE, DYPBUKT JM, NICOTERA P: Calcium ions and oxidative cell injury. Ann. Neurology (1992) 32(Suppl):533–542.
  • NOVELLI A, REILLY JA, LYSKO PG, HENNEBERRY RC: Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellular energy levels are reduced. Brain Res. (1988) 451(1-2):205–212.
  • MAREY-SEMPER I, GELMAN M, LEVI-STRAUSS M: A selective toxicity toward cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones is induced by the synergistic effects of energetic metabolism impairment and NMDA receptor activation. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15 (9):5912–5918.
  • SHINOTOH H, VINGERHOETS FJ, LEE CS et al.: Lamotrigine trial in idiopathic parkinsonism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neurology (1997) 48(5):1282–1285.
  • JONES-HUMBLE SA, MORGAN PF, COOPER BR:The novel anticonvulsant lamotrigine prevents dopamine depletion in C57 black mice in the MPTP animal model of Parkinson's disease. Life ScL (1994) 54(4):245–252.
  • BOIREAU A, DUBEDAT P, BORDIER F et al.: Riluzole andexperimental parkinsonism: antagonism of MPTP-induced decrease in central dopamine levels in mice. Neuroreport (1994) 5(18):2657–2660.
  • BARNEOUD P, MAZADIER M, MIQUET JM et al.: Neuroprotective effects of riluzole on a model of Parkinson's disease in the rat. Neuroscience (1996) 74 (4):971–983.
  • TURSKI L, BRESSLER K, RETTIG KJ, LOSCHMANN PA,WACHTEL H: Protection of substantia nigra from MPP+ neurotoxicity by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. Nature (1991) 349(6308):414–418.
  • ZUDDAS A, OBERTO G, VAGLINI F, FASCETTI F, FORNAIF, CORSINI GU: MK-801 prevents 1-methy1-4-pheny1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkin-sonism in primates. J. Neurochem. (1992) 59(2)733–739.
  • SONSALLA PK, ZEEVALK GD, MANZINO L et al: MK-801 fails to protect against the dopaminergic neuropa-thology produced by systemic 1-methy1-4-pheny1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice or intrani-gral 1-methyl-r-phenylpyridium in rats. J. Neurochem. (1992) 58:1979–1982.
  • GOETZ CG: New lessons from old drugs: amantadine andParkinson's disease. Neurology (1 9 9 8)50(5):1211–1212.
  • WOOTEN GF: Neurochemistry and neuropharma-cology of Parkinson's disease. In: Movement Disorders, Neurologic Principles and Practice. Watts RL, Koller WC (Eds.) McGraw-Hill, New York (1997):153–160.
  • LLOYD KG, HORNYKIEWICZ 0: L-glutamic acid decarboxylase in Parkinson's disease: effect of L-dopa therapy. Nature (1973) 243(5409):521–523.
  • CILIAX BJ, GREENAMYRE JT, LEVEY Al: Functional biochemistry and molecular neuropharmacology of the basal ganglia and motor systems. In: Movement Disorders, Neurologic Principles and Practice. Watts RL, Koller WC (Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York (1997):99–116.
  • SCHNEIDER JS, VAN VELSON M, MENZAGHI F, LLOYD GK: Effects of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist SIB-1508Y on object retrieval performance in MPTP-treated monkeys: comparison with levodopa treatment. Ann. Neurol (1998) 43(3):311–317.
  • PAULUS W, JELLINGER K: The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (1991) 50(6):743–755.
  • KUHL DE, MINOSHIMA S, FESSLER JA et al.: In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. (1996) 40(3):399–410.
  • SHULTS CW: Neurotrophic factors. In: Movement Disorders, Neurologic Principles and Practice. Watts RL, Koller WC (Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York (1997):117–124.
  • GASH DM, ZHANG Z, GERHARDT G: Neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of GDNF. Ann. Neurol 44 (Suppl. 1):S121–S125.
  • TOMAC A. LINDQVIST E. LIN LF et al.: Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo. Nature (1995) 373(6512):335–339.
  • LAPCHAK PA, MILLER PJ, COLLINS F, RAO S: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor attenuates behavioural deficits and regulates nigrostriatal dopaminergic and peptidergic markers in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned adult rats: comparison of intraventricular and intranigral delivery. Neurosci-ence (1997) 78(0:61–72.
  • MIYOSHI Y, ZHANG Z, OVADIA A et al.: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-levodopa interac-tions and reduction of side effects in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann. Neurol (1997) 42(2):208–214.
  • TSENG JL, BAETGE EE, ZURN AD, AEBISCHER P: GDNF reduces drug-induced rotational behavior after medial forebrain bundle transection by a mechanism not involving striatal dopamine. J. Neurosci. (1997) 17 (1):325–333.
  • BILANG-BLEUEL A, REVAH F, COLIN P: Intrastriatal injection of an adenoviral vector expressing glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents dopamin-ergic neuron degeneration and behavioral impair-ment in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1997) 94(16):8818–8823.
  • GRONDIN R, BEDARD PJ, HADJ TAHAR A, GREGOIRE L, MORI A, KASE H: Antiparkinsonian effect of a new selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist in MPTP-treated monkeys. Neurology (1 9 9 9) 52 (8):1673–1677.
  • PETERFREUND RA, MACCOLLIN M, GUSELLA J, FINK JS: Characterization and expression of the human A2A adenosine receptor gene. J. Neurochem. (1996) 66(1)362-368. © Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1999) 8(10)
  • VAN CALKER D, MULLER M, HAMPRECHT B: Adenosine regulates via two different types of receptors, the accumulation of cyclic AMP in cultured brain cells. J. Neurochem. (1979) 33 (5) :999–1005.
  • MARTINEZ-MIR MI, PROBST A, PALACIOS JM: Adenosine A2 receptors: selective localization in the human basal ganglia and alterations with disease. Neuroscience (1991) 42(3):697–706.
  • KANDA T, JACKSON MJ, SMITH LA et al.: Adenosine A2A antagonist: a novel antiparkinsonian agent that does not provoke dyskinesia in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann. Neurol (1998) 43(4):507–513.
  • FERRE S, FUXE K: Dopamine denervation leads to an increase in the intramembrane interaction between adenosine Ay and dopamine D2 receptors in the neostriatum. Brain Res. (1992) 594(0:124–130.
  • KEBABIAN JW, CALNE DB: Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature (1979) 277(5692):93–96.
  • RAJPUT AH, UITTI RJ, OFFORD KP: Timely levodopa (LD) administration prolongs survival in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. (1997) 3:159–65.
  • MARTIN JB: Mechanisms of Disease: molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorders. New Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1970–1980.
  • GASSER T, MULLER-MYHSOK B, WSZOLEK ZK et al: A susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease maps to chromosome 2p13. Nature Genet. (1998) 18(3):262–265.

Websites

  • http://iddb.com:80/idintranet/p1sql/Rpt RHONE-POULENC SA: Riluzole [Drug Report]. (22/06/1999).
  • http://iddb.com:80/idintranet/p1sql/Rpt KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO. LTD.: KW-6002 [Drug Report]. (22/06/1999).
  • http://iddb.com:80/idintranet/p1sql/Rpt SIBIA NEUROSCIENCES, INC.: SIB-1508Y [Drug Report]. (22/06/1999).
  • http://iddb.com:80/idintranet/p1sql/Rpt AMGEN/MEDTRONIC AMGEN BOULDER, INC.: GDNF [Drug Report]. (22/06/1999).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.