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Review

Endothelin receptor antagonists: novel agents for the treatment of hypertension?

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Pages 1807-1821 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

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  • ••A landmark manuscript that reported the discovery ofendothelin and many of its biological actions.
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  • ••This manuscript presents an important heterogeneity of ETlevels in hypertensive patients. The results suggest that African Americans may benefit more importantly than Caucasians from ET-receptor antagonists.
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  • MOREAU P, D'USCIO LV, TAKASE H, SHAW S, BARTON M,LOSCHER TF: Angiotensin II increases tissue endothelin and induced vascular hypertrophy in vivo: reversal by ETA-receptor antagonist. Circulation (1997) 96:1593–1597.
  • •First direct demonstration of the in vivo involvement of ET mediating some of the responses attributed to angiotensin
  • HERIZI A, JOVER B, BOURIQUET N, MIMRAN A: Preven- tion of the cardiovascular and renal effects of angiotensin II by endothelin blockade. Hypertension (1998) 31:10–14.
  • LI JS, KNAFO L, TURGEON A, GARCIA R, SCHIFFRIN EL: Effect of endothelin antagonism on blood pressure and vascular structure in renovascular hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physic)]. (1996) 40:H88–H93.
  • EHMKE H, FAULHAER J, MUNTER K, KIRCHENGAST M, WIESNER RJ: Chronic ETA receptor blockade attenuates cardiac hypertrophy independently of blood pressure effects in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertension (1999) 33:954–960.
  • D'USCIO L, BARTON M, SHAW S, MOREAU P, LOSCHER TF: Structure and function of small arteries in salt-induced hypertension: Effects of chronic ETA-receptor blockade. Hypertension (1997) 30:905–911.
  • KASSAB S, MILLER MT, NOVAK J, RECKELHOFF J, CLOWER B, GRANGER JP: Endothelin-A receptor antagonism attenuates the hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension (1998) 31:397–402.
  • BARTON M, D'USCIO LV, SHAW S, MEYER P, MOREAU P, LOSCHER TF: ETA-receptor blockade prevents increased tissue endothelin-1, vascular hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension (1998) 31:499–504.
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  • ••First report showing an impressive effect of ET-receptorantagonists on small artery hypertrophy, despite modest antihypertensive efficacy.
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  • LI J-S, SCHIFFRIN EL: Effect of chronic treatment of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats with an endothelin receptor antagonist. Hypertension (1995) 25:495–500.
  • KARAM H, HEUDES D, BRUVENAL P et al: Endothelin antagonism in end-organ damage of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Comparison with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium antago-nism. Hypertension (1996) 28:379–385.
  • BLEZER ELA, NICOLAY K, GOLDSCHMEDING R et al.: Early, but not late-onset, endothelin A receptor blockade can modulate hypertension, cerebral edema and proteinuria in stroke-prone hypertensive rats. Hypertension (1999) 33:137–144.
  • •One of few reports that studied prevention and regression of cardiovascular alterations with an ET-receptor antagonist. In addition, the effect of the drug on mortality was also assessed in a model of hypertension-induced stroke (SHR-SP).
  • STASCH J-P, HIRTH-DIETRICH C, FROBEL K, WEGNER M: Prolonged endothelin blockade prevents hyperten-sion and cadiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone sponta-neously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Hypertens. (1995) 8:1128–1134.
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  • •The only report available documenting the type of remodel-ling occurring in several forms of human hypertension.
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  • RABELINK TJ, KAASJAGER KAH, STROES ESG: Endothelin in renal pathophysiology: From experimental to therapeutic application. Kidney Int. (1996) 50:1827–1833.
  • •Excellent recent review on the role of ET on the renal function in hypertension and renal failure models.
  • TAKAYANAGI R, HASHIGUCHI T, OHASHI M, NAWATA H: Regional distribution of endothelin receptor in porcine cardiovascular tissues. Regul. PepL (1990) 27:247–255.
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  • KASSAB S, NOVAK J, MILLER T, KIRCHER K, GRANGER J: Role of endothelin in mediating the attenuated renal hemodynamics in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension (1997) 30:682–686.
  • •Elegant study demonstrating a direct beneficial effect of ET-receptor antagonists on the renal function of Dahl-salt sensitive rats.
  • OHUCHI T, KUWAKI T, LING GY et al: Elevation of blood pressure by genetic and pharmacological disruption of the ETB receptor in mice. Am. J. Physiol (1999) 276:R1071–R1077.
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  • KRUM H, VISKOPER RV, LACOURCIERE Y, BUDDE M, CHARLON V: The effect of an endothelin-receptor antagonist, bosentan, on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:784–790.
  • ••First account of the potential effectiveness of ET-receptorantagonists to treat essential hypertension (proof of concept study).C
  • HAYNES WG, FERRO CJ, WEBB DJ: Bosentan in essential hypertension [letter; comment]. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:346–347.
  • WEBER C, SCHMITT R, BIRNBOECK H et al.: Pharmacoki-netics and pharmacodynamics of the endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in healthy human subjects. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. (1996) 60:124–137.
  • HAYNES WG, FERRO CJ, O'KANE KP, SOMMERVILLE D, LOMAX CC, WEBB DJ: Systemic endothelin receptor blockade decreases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure in humans. Circulation (1996) 93:1860–1870.
  • PLUMPTON C, FERRO CJ, HAYNES WG, WEBB DJ, DAVENPORT AP: The increase in human plasma immunoreactive endothelin but not big endothelin-1 or its C-terminal fragment induced by systemic administration of the endothelin antagonist TAK-044. Br. J. Pharmacol (1996) 119:311–314.
  • VERHAAR MC, STRACHAN FE, NEWBY DE et al.: Endothelin-A receptor antagonist-mediated vasodila-tation is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and by endothelin-B receptor blockade. Circulation (1998) 97:752–756.
  • •In vivo demonstration in humans of the potential haemody-namic advantage of blocking only ETA-receptors rather than both ETA- and ETB-receptors.
  • STRACHAN FE, SPRATT JC, WILKINSON IB, JOHNSTON NR, GRAY GA, WEBB DJ: Systemic blockade of the endothelin-B receptor increases peripheral vascular resistance in healthy men. Hypertension (1999) 33:581–585.
  • CARDILLO C, KILCOYNE CM, WACLAWIW M, CANNON RO, 3RD, PANZA JA: Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension (1999) 33:753–758.
  • •Forearm blood flow experiments suggesting an enhanced contribution of ETB-receptors to vasoconstriction in hypertensive patients.
  • CLOZEL M, RAMUZ H, CLOZEL J-P et al.: Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of tezosentan, a new endothelin receptor antagonsit designed for parental use. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Endothelin. Montreal, Canada (1999):Abstract 49.
  • SPEIKER LE, NOLL G, MITROVIC M et al. Acute hemody-namic and biochemical effects of selective ETA receptor blockade in patients with congestive heart failure. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Endothelin. Montreal, Canada (1999):Abstract 52.
  • Proceeding of the American Society of Nephrology. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1998):Abstracts.
  • HONING MLH, YANG F, PADLEY R, MORRISON PJ, RABELINK TJ: ABT-627, a selective ETA-receptor antago-nist, reduces albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus. Proceeding from the 6th International Conference on Endothelin. Montreal, Canada (1999):Abstract 46.
  • WEIR MR: Salt intake and hypertensive renal injuy in African Americans. Am. J. Hypertens. (1995) 8:635–644.
  • SEVER P: The heterogeneity of hypertension: whydoesn't every patient respond to every antihyperten-sive drug? J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1998) 31 (Suppl. 2):S1–54.
  • BOURIQUET N, DUPONT M, HERIZI A, MIMRAN A, CASSELAS D: Preglomerular sudanophilia in L-NAME hypertensive rats: involvement of endothelin. Hypertension (1996) 27:382–391.
  • KADDOURA S, FIRTH JD, BOHELER KR, SUGDEN PH, POOLE-WILSON PA: Endothelin-1 is involved in norepinephrine-induced ventricular hypertrophy in vivo: acute effects of bosentan, an orally active, mixed endothelin ETA and El'a receptor antagonist. Circula-tion (1996) 93:2068–2079.
  • FRACCAROLLO D, HU K, GALUPPO P, GAUDRON P, ERTLG: Chronic endothelin receptor blockade attenuates progressive ventricular dilation and improves cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction: Possible involvement of myocardial endothelin system in ventricular remodeling. Circulation (1 9 9 7) 96:3963-3973.
  • •Study comparing short and long-term administration of an ET-receptor antagonist after MI. The results demonstrate a beneficial role of ET-receptor blockade during prolonged therapy on heart remodelling and haemodynamic parameters.
  • ROCKEY DC, CHUNG JJ: Endothelin antagonism in experimental hepatic fibrosis. Implications for endothelin in the pathogenesis of wound healing. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 98:1381–1388.
  • STEWART DJ, KUBAC G, COSTELLO KB, CERNACEK P: Increased plasma endothelin-1 in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1991) 18:38–43.
  • RAVENSBERGEN J, RAVENSBERGEN JW, KRUGER JBK, HILLEN B, HOOGSTRATEN HW: Localizing role of hemodynamics in atherosclerosis in several human vertebrobasilar junction geometries. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:708–716.
  • TRAUB 0, BERK BC: Laminar shear stress: mechanisms by which endothelial cells transduce an atheroprotec-tive force. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:677–685.
  • •Well written and well illustrated review article on the signal transduction of a mechanical force (shear stress) to produce an endothelial response, and its relevance to atherosclerosis.
  • ZIEGLER T, BOUZOURENE K, HARRISON VJ, BRUNNER HR, HAYOZ D: Influence of oscillatory and unidirec-tional flow environments on the expression of endothelin and nitric oxide synthase in cultured endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:686–692.
  • ••Excellent study using a sophisticated system to try to isolatemechanical components of the normal circulation and measure their individual and combined impact on the endothelial production of nitric oxide and ET.
  • BOULANGER CM, TANNER FC, BEA ML, HAHN AWA, WERNER A, LeSCHER TF: Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from human and porcine endothelium. Circ. Res. (1992) 70:1191–1197.
  • KOWALA MC, ROSE PM, STEIN PD et al.: Selective blockade of the endothelin subtype A receptor decreases early atherosclerosis in hamsters fed cholesterol. Am. J. Pathol (1995) 146:819–826.
  • BARTON M, HAUDENSCHILD CC, D'USCIO LV, SHAW S, MUNTER K, LUSCHER TF: Endothelin ETA receptor blockade restores NO-mediated endothelial function and inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:14367–14372.
  • ••Convincing demonstration that ET-receptor antagonism canprevent atherosclerosis in a very severe animal model.
  • ZEIHER AM, IHLING C, PISTORIUS K, SCHACHINGER V, SCHAEFER HE: Increased tissue endothelin immunore-activity in atherosclerotic lesions associated with acute coronary syndromes. Lancet (1 9 9 4) 344:1405-1406.
  • OKADA M, KOBAYASHI M, MARUYAMA H et al.: Effects of a selective endothelin A-receptor antagonist, BQ-123, in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hyperten-sive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol Physiol (1995) 22:763–768.
  • •Elegant demonstration of the pressure-independent protec-tion of cerebrovascular lesions by an ET-receptor antagonist in SHR-SP.
  • MOREAU P, NAVA E, TAKASE H, LUSCHER TF: Local regulation of vascular function: focus on endothelium-dependent mechanisms in normoten-sion, hypertension and atherosclerosis. In: Pathophysi-ology of Hypertension. Zanchetti A, Mancia G (Eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam (1997) :975–1006.
  • ROSENDORFF C: Endothelin, vascular hypertrophy, and hypertension. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1997) 10:795–802.
  • •Good recent review on a subject very similar to that presented in this manuscript.
  • D'USCIO LV, MOREAU P, SHAW S, TAKASE H, BARTON M, LUSCHER TF: Effects of chronic ETA-receptor blockade in angiotensin ffinduced hypertension. Hypertension (1997) 29:435–441.
  • HORKY K, JINDRA A, PELESKA J et al.: Plasma concentra-tions of some cardiovascular humoral factors in essential hypertension and their changes during the treatment with converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Sb. Lek. (1993) 94:155–161.
  • GALATIUS-JENSEN S, WROBLEWSKI H, EMMELUTH C, BIE P, HAUNSO S, KASTRUP J: Plasma endothelin in conges-tive heart failure: effect of the ACE inhibitor, fosino-pril. Cardiovasc. Res. (1996) 32:1148–1154.
  • DIPASQUALE P, VALDES L, ALBANO V et al: Early captopril treatment reduces plasma endothelin concentrations in the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction: a pilot study. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1997) 29:202–208.
  • UEMASU J, MUNEMURA C, FUJIHARA M, KAWASAKI H: Inhibition of plasma endothelin-1 concentration by captopril in patients with essential hypertension. Clin. Nephrol. (1994) 41:150–152.
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