14
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Tachykinin receptor modulators: novel therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis

Pages 1873-1891 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • REGOLI D, BOUDON A, FAUCHERE JL: Receptors andantagonists for substance P and related peptides. Pharmacol. Rev. (1994) 46:551–599.
  • GAO Z, PEET NP: Recent advances in neurokininreceptor antagonists. Curr. Med. Chem. (1999) 6:375–388.
  • FOREMAN JC: Peptides and neurogenic inflammation. Br. Med. Bull. (1987) 43:386–400.
  • HARRIS ED: Rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl. J. Med. (1990) 322:1277–1289.
  • ••A detailed review on rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology.
  • FELDMANN M, BRENNAN FM, MAINI RN: Rheumatoid arthritis. Cell (1996) 85:307–310.
  • •A brief and complete review on rheumatoid arthritis
  • GREGERSEN PK, SILVER J, WINCHESTER RJ: The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (1987) 30:1205–1213.
  • JACKSON CG, WILLIAMS HJ Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Using their clinical pharmacological effects as a guide to their selection. Drugs (1998) 56:337–344.
  • WINCHESTER RJ, GREGERSEN PK: The molecular basis of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: the confor-mational equivalence hypothesis. Springer Semin. Immunopathol (1988) 10:119–139.
  • GREGERSEN PK, SILVER J, WINCHESTER RJ.: Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and human leukocyte antigen class II polymorphism. The role of shared conformational determinants. Am. J. Med. (1988) 85 (6A):17–19.
  • ALBANI S, CARSON DA: A multistep molecular mimicry hypothesis for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Today (1996) 17:466–470.
  • BREEDVELD FC: New insights in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (1998) 53 (Suppl):3–7.
  • LASKY HP, BAUER K, POPE RM: Increased helper inducer and decreased suppressor phenotypes in the rheumatoid joints. Arthritis Rheum. (1988) 31:52–59.
  • LIPSKY PE: The control of antibody production by immunomodulatory molecules. Arthritis Rheum. (1989) 32:1345–1355.
  • GAY S, GAY RE, KOOPMAN W: Molecular and cellularmechanisms of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis: two cellular mechanisms explain joint destruction? Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1993) 52:S39–S47.
  • •A clear appraisal of mechanisms involved in joint destruction.
  • FIRESTEIN GS: Invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Passive responders or transformed aggressors? Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39:1781–1790.
  • •A detailed review on the role of synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis
  • MOSMANN TR, COFFMAN RL: Thl and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann. Rev. Immunol (1989) 7:145–173.
  • FIRESTEIN GS, XU WD, TOWNSEND K eta].: Cytokines inchronic inflammatory arthritis.I. Failure to detect T cell lymphokines (interleukin 2 and interleukin 3) and presence of macrophages colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and a novel mast cell growth factor in rheuma-toid synovitis. J Exp. Med. (1988) 168:1573–1586.
  • XU WD, FIRESTEIN GS, TAETLE R, KAUSHANSKY K, ZVAIFLER NJ: Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis.II. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rheumatoid synovial effusions. J. Clin. Invest. (1989) 83:876–882.
  • FIRESTEIN GS, ALVARO-GRACIA JM, MAKI R: Quantita-tive analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheuma-toid arthritis. J. Immunol. (1990) 144:3347–3353.
  • HOLLINGSWORTH JW, SIEGEL ER, CREASEY VA: Granulocyte survival in synovial exudate of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases. Yale J. Biol. Med. (1967) 39:289–296.
  • BRESNIHAN B: Pathogenesis of joint damage inrheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol (1999) 26:717–719.
  • LEMBECK F, DONNERER J, COLPAERT FC: Increase ofsubstance P in primary afferent nerves during chronic pain. Neuropeptides (1981) 1:175–180.
  • •A mainstay for tachykinin involvement in pain modulation.
  • COLPAERT FC, DONNERE J, LEMBECK F: Effects of capsaicin on inflammation and on substance P content of nervous tissues in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Life Sci. (1983) 32:1827–1834.
  • ••A mainstay for the 'tachykinin hypothesis' of experimetalarthritis.
  • LEVINE JD, CLARK R, DEVOR M, HELMS C, MOSKOWITZ MA, BASBAUM Al: Intraneuronal substance P contrib-utes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science (1984) 226:547–549.
  • ••See reference [23] for annotation.
  • LEVINE JD, MOSKOWITZ MA, BASBAUM Al: The contri-bution of neurogenic inflammation in experimental arthritis. J. Immunol. (1985) 135 (Suppl. 2):843s–847s.
  • FELTEN DL, FELTEN SY, BELLINGER DL, LORTON D: Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of secondary lymphoid organs: role in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Eur.J. Olin. Invest. (1992) 22 (Suppl. 1):37–41.
  • MINAMI M, KURAISHI Y, KAWAMURA M et al.: Enhance-ment of preprotachykinin A gene expression by adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat spinal cord: possible involvement of substance P-containing spinal neurons in nociception. Neurosci. Lett. (1989) 98:105–110.
  • MAPP PI, TERENGHI G, WALSH DA et al: Monoarthritisin the rat knee induces bilateral and time-dependent changes in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. NeuroscL Lett. (1993) 57:1091–1096.
  • AHMED M, BJURHOLM A, SCHULTZBERG M, THEODORSSON E, KREICSBERG A: Increased levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat adjuvant arthritis. A combined immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay analysis. Arthritis Rheum. (1995) 5:699–709.
  • LOUIS SM, JOHNSTONE D, MILLEST AJ, RUSSEL NJW,DOCKRAY GJ: Immunization with calcitonin gene-related peptide reduces the inflammatory response to adjuvant arthritis in the rat. Neuroscience (1990) 39:727–731.
  • WEIHE E, NOHR D, SCHAFER MK et al.: Calcitonin generelated peptide gene expression in collagen-induced arthritis. Can] Physiol. Pharmacol. (1995) 73:1015–1019.
  • LINDSAY RM, LOKETT C, STERNBERG J, WINTER J:Neuropeptide expression in cultures of adult rat sensory neurons: modulation of SP and CGRP levels. Neuroscience (1989) 33:53–65.
  • OTTEN U: Nerve growth factor and peptidergic sensoryneurons. Trends Pharmacol. ScL (1984) 5:307–310.
  • LESLIE TA, EMSON PC, DOWD PM, WOOLF CJ: Nerve growth factor contributes to the up-regulation of growth-associated protein 43 and preprotachykinin A messenger RNAs in primary sensory neurons following peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience (1995) 67:753–761.
  • ALOE L, PROBERT L, KOLLIAS G, MICERA A, TIRASSA P:Effect of NGF antibodies on mast cell distribution, histamine and substance P levels in the knee joint of TNF-arthritic transgenic mice. Rheumatol Int. (1995) 14:249–252.
  • GARRETT NE, KIDD BL, CRUWYS SC, TOMLISON DR: Changes in preprotachykinin mRNA expression and substance P levels in dorsal root ganglia of monoar-thritic rats: comparison with changes in synovial substance P levels. Brain Res. (1995) 675:203–207.
  • •A detailed evaluation of substance P involvement in experi-mental arthritis.
  • KONTTINEN YT, REES R, HUKKANEN M et al.: Nerves ininflammatory synovium: immunohistochemical observations on the adjuvant arthritic rat model. J. Rheumatol. (1990) 17:1586–1591.
  • SCHWAB W, BILGICYILDIRIM A, FUNK RH: Microto-pography of the autonomic nerves in the rat knee: a fluorescence microscopic study. Anat. Rec. (1997) 247:109–118.
  • GRONBLAD M, KONTTINEN YT, KORKALA D, LIESI P, JUKKANEN M, POLAK JM: Neuropeptides in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoar-thritis. j Rheumatol. (1988) 15:1807–1810.
  • MAPP PI, KIDD BL, GIBSON SJ et al.: Substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres are present in normal synovium but depleted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroscience (1990) 37:143–153.
  • ••A careful immunohistochemical examination of neuropep-tide effects on synovium from normal and rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • DEVILLIER P, WEILL B, RENOUX M, MENKES C, PRADELLES P: Elevated levels of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in joint fluids from patients with rheumatic inflammatory diseases. N Engl. J. Med. (1986) 314:1323.
  • •A mainstay for the 'tachykinin hypothesis' of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • MARSHALL KW, CHIU B, INMAN RD: Substance P and arthritis: analysis of plasma and synovial fluid levels. Arthritis Rheum. (1990) 33:87–90.
  • HERNANZ A, DE MIGUEL E, ROMERA N, PEREZ-AYALA C, GIJON J, ARNALICH F: Calcitonin gene-related peptide II, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in plasma and synovial fluid from patients with inflam-matory joint disease. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1993) 32:31–35.
  • MENKES CJ, RENOUX M, LAOUSSADI S, MAUBORGNE A, BRUXELLE J, CESSELIN F: Substance P levels in the synovium and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J. Rheumatol (1993) 20:714–717.
  • ARNALICH F, DE MIGUEL E, PEREZ-AYALA C et al: Neuropeptides and interleukin-6 in human joint inflammation: relationship between intraarticular substance P and interleukin-6 concentrations. NeuroscL Lett. (1994) 170:251–254.
  • ANICHINI M, CESARETTI S, LEPORI M, MADDALI BONGI S, MARESCA M, ZOPPI M: Substance P in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev. Rhum. Engl. Ed. (1997) 64:18–21.
  • PEREIRA DA SILVA JA, CARMO-FONSECA M: Peptide containing nerves in human synovium: immunohisto-chemical evidence for decreased innervation in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol (1990) 17:1592–1599.
  • MAPP PI, WALSH DA, KIDD BL, CRUWYS SC, POLAK JM, BLAKE DR: Localization of the enzyme neutral endopeptidase to the human synovium. J. Rheumatol. (1992) 19:1838–1844.
  • MATUCCI-CERINIC M, LOMBARDI A, LEONCINI G et al: Neutral endopeptidase in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A marker of disease activity or a regulator of pain and inflamma-tion? Rheumatol. InL (1993) 13:1–4.
  • WALSH DA, MAPP PI, WHARTON J eta].: Localization and characterization of substance P binding to human synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1992) 51:313–317.
  • WALSH DA, SALMON M, MAPP PI et al.: Microvascular substance P binding to normal and inflamed rat and human synovium. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 267:951–960.
  • ••A detailed evaluation of tachykinin receptor agonists andantagonists in synovium.
  • YOKOYAMA MM, FUJIMOTO K: Role of lymphocyte activation by substance P in rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Tissue React. (1990) 12:1–9.
  • AGRE A, STANISZ AM: Are lymphocytes a target for substance P modulation in arthritis? Semin. Arthritis Rheum. (1992) 21:252–258.
  • COVAS MJ, PINTO LA, PEREIRA DA SILVA JA, VICTORINO RM: Effects of the neuropeptide substance P on lymphocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Int. Med. Res. (1995) 23:431–438.
  • PAYAN DG, BREWSTER DR, GOETZL EJ: Specific stimula-tion of human T lymphocytes by substance P. J. Immunol. (1983) 131:1613–1615.
  • •An historical evaluation of substance P-lymphocyte interaction.
  • PAYAN DG, MC GILLIS JP, ORGANIST ML: Binding characteristics and affinity labeling of protein constituents of the human IM-9 lymphoblast receptor for substance P.1 Biol. Chem. (1986) 261:14321–14329.
  • LAI JP, DOUGLAS SD, HO WZ: Human lymphocytes express substance P and its receptor. J. Neuroimmunol. (1998) 86:80–86.
  • MC CORMACK RJ, HART RP, GANEA D: Expression ofNK-1 receptor mRNA in murine T lymphocytes. Neuroimmunomodulation (1996) 3:35–46.
  • SCHRATZBERGER P, REINISCH N, PRODINGER WM et al.:Differential chemotactic activities of sensory neuropeptides for human peripheral blood mononu-clear cells. J. Immunol. (1997) 158:3895–3901.
  • •An evaluation of chemotactic activity of sensory neuropep-tide and selective tachykinin agonists on human blood mononuclears.
  • RAMESHWAR P, GASCON P, GANEA D: Stimulation ofIL-2 production in murine lymphocytes by substance P and related tachykinins. J. Immunol. (1993) 151:2484–2496.
  • SANTONI G, PERFUMI MC, SPRENGHINI E, ROMAGNOLIS, PICCOLI M: Neurokinin type-1 receptor antagonist inhibits enhancement of T cell functions by substance P in normal and neuromanipulated capsaicin-treated rats. J. Neuroimmunol (1999) 93:15–25.
  • LEVITE M, CAHALON L, HERSHKOVIZ R, STEINMAN L, LIDER 0: Neuropeptides, via specific receptors, regulate T cell adhesion to fibronectin. J. Immunol (1998) 160:993–1000.
  • LEVITE M: Neuropeptides, by direct interaction with Tcells, induce cytokine secretion and break the commit-ment to a distinct T helper phenotype. Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA (1998) 95:12544–12549.
  • •A suggestive proposal on neruroimmunology.
  • KAWAMURA N, TAMURA H, OBANA S et al: Differential effects of neuropeptides on cytokine production by mouse helper T cell subsets. Neuroimmunomodulation (1998) 5:9–15.
  • BOST KL, PASCUAL DW: Substance P: a late-acting B lymphocyte differentiation cofactor. Am. J. Physiol (1992) 262:C537–0545.
  • •A detailed review on substance P effects on B-lymphocytes.
  • LAURENZI MA, PERSSON MA, DALSGAARD CJ, RINGDEN 0: Stimulation of human B lymphocyte differentiation by the neuropeptides substance P and neurokinin A. Scand. J. Immunol. (1989) 30:695–701.
  • PASCUAL DW, XU-AMANO JC, KIYONO H, MC GHEE JR, BOST KL: Substance P acts directly upon cloned B lymphoma cells to enhance IgA and IgM production. J. Immunol. (1991) 146:2130–2136.
  • BLUM A, METWALI A, ELLIOTT D, SANDOR M, LYNCH R,WEINSTOCK JV: Substance P receptor antagonist inhibits murine IgM expression in developing schisto-some granulomas by blocking the terminal differen-tiation of intragranuloma B cells. J. Neuroimmunol (1996) 66:1–10.
  • LOMBARDI MS, KAVELAARS A, SCHEDLOWSKI M et al.:Decreased expression and activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. FASEB J (1999) 13:715–725.
  • •A suggestive biochemical proposal for rheumatoid arthritis.
  • BARAK LS, WARABI K, FENG X, CARON MG, KWATRA MM: Real-time visualization of the cellular redistribution of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and beta-arrestin 2 during homologous desensitization of the substance P receptor. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:7565–7569.
  • BAR-SHAVIT Z, GOLDMAN R, STABINSKY Y et al.: Enhancement of phagocytosis - a newly found activity of substance P residing in its N-terminal tetrapeptide sequence. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1980) 94:1445–1451.
  • •An historical work on substance P effects on human neutrophils.
  • BRUNELLESCHI S., TARLI S, GIOTTI A, FANTOZZI R: Priming effects of mammalian tachykinins on human neutrophils. Life Sci. (1991) 48:PL1-PL5.
  • •An appraisal of tachykinin priming effects on neutrophils.
  • WOZNIAK A, BETTS WH, MC LENNAN G, SCICCHITANO R: Activation of human neutrophils by tachyki- nins:effectonformyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine- and platelet-activating factor-stimulated superoxide anion production and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunology (1993) 78:629–634.
  • LLOYDS D, BRINDLE NP, HALLETT MB: Priming of human neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and substance P is associated with tyrosine phospho-rylation. Immunology (1995) 84:220–226.
  • •A further evaluation of substance P priming effects.
  • SACERDOTE P, PANERAI AE: Effect of tenoxicam andindomethacin on the chemotaxis induced by substance P and interleukin-8 on human monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Int. J. Tissue React. (1993) 15: 175–180.
  • SABAN MR, SABAN R, BJORLING D, HAAK-FRENDSCHO M: Involvement of leukotrienes, TNF-alpha, and the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction in substance P-induced granulocyte infiltration. J. Leuko. Biol. (1997) 61: 445–451.
  • DE GIORGIO R, TAZZARI PF, BARBARA G, STANGHELLINI V, CORINALDESI R: Detection of substance P immuno-reactivity in human peripheral leukocytes. J. Neuroim-munol (1998) 82: 175–181.
  • AHLUWALIA A, DE FELIPE C, O'BRIEN J, HUNT SP,PERRETTI M: Impaired IL-lbeta-induced neutrophil accumulation in tachykinin NK-1 receptor knockout mice. Br. J. Pharmacol (1998) 124: 1013–1015.
  • BOZIC CR, LU B, HOPKEN UE, GERARD C, GERARD NP:Neurogenic amplification of immune complex inflam-mation. Science (1996) 273: 1722–1725.
  • FEWTRELL CMS, FOREMAN JC, JORDAN CC, OEHME P,RENNER H, STEWART JM: The effects of substance P on histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat. Physiol. (1982) 330: 393–411.
  • •An historical evaluation of substance P effects on rat mast cells.
  • MOUSLI M, BUEB JL, BRONNER C, ROUOT B, LANDRY Y:G-protein activation: a receptor-independent mode of action for cationic amphiphilic neuropeptides and venom peptides. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1990) 11:358–362.
  • LOWMAN MA, BENYON RC, CHURCH MK: Characteriza-tion of neuropeptide-induced histamine release from human dispersed skin mast cells. Br. J. Pharmacol (1988) 95:121–130.
  • FOREMAN JC, JORDAN CC, OEHME P, RENNER H: Structure-activity relationships for some substance P-related peptides that cause wheal and flare reactions in human skin. J. Physiol. (1983) 335:449–465.
  • ANDOH T, NAGASAWA T, SATOH M, KURAISHI Y: Substance P induction of itch-associated response mediated by cutaneous NK-1 tachykinin receptors in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 286:1140–1145.
  • DE PAULIS A, MARINO I, CICCARELLI A et al.: Human synovial mast cells. I. Ultrastructural in situ and in vitro immunologic characterization. Arthritis Rheum. (1996) 39:1222–1233.
  • LOTZ M, VAUGHAN JH, CARSON DA: Effect of neuropep-tide on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science (1988) 241:1218–1221.
  • ••A mainstay for 'tachykinin hypothesis' or rheumatoidarthritis.
  • WAGNER F, FINK R, HART R, DANCYGIER H: Substance Penhances interferon-gamma production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Regul. Pept. (1987) 19:355–364.
  • HO WZ, KAUFMAN D, UVAYDOVA M, DOUGLAS SD: Substance P augments interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human cord blood monocytes and macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. (1996) 71:73–80.
  • JEURISSEN F, KAVELAARS A, KORSTJENS M et al.:Monocytes express a non-neurokinin substance P receptor that is functionally coupled to MAP kinase. J. Immunol. (1994) 152:2987–2994.
  • LUCEY DR, NOVAK JM, POLONIS VR, LIU Y, GARTNER S:Characterization of substance P binding to human monocytes/macrophages. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol (1994) 1:330–335.
  • HO WZ, LAI JP, ZHU XH, UVAYADOVA M, DOUGLAS SD:Human monocytes and macrophages express substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor. J. Immunol (1997) 159:5654–5660.
  • •A clear evidence of tachykinin receptors on human monocytes and macrophages.
  • LAI JP, DOUGLAS SD, RAPPAPORT E, WU JM, HO WZ:Identification of a delta isoform of preprotachykinin mRNA in human mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. J. Neuroimmunol (1998) 91:121–128.
  • BRUNELLESCHI S, BORDIN G, COLANGELO D, VIANO I:Tachykinin receptors on human monocytes: their involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Neuropeptides (1998) 32:215–223.
  • •An evaluation of tachykinin effects on human monocytes from control and rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • LIOTE F, BOVAL-BOIZARD B, WEILL D, KUNTZ D, WAUTIER JL: Blood monocyte activation in rheumatoid arthritis: increased monocyte adhesiveness, integrin expression and cytokine release. Clin. Exp. Immunol (1996) 106:13–19.
  • HIGHTON J, CARLISLE B, PALMER DG: Changes in the phenotype of monocyte/macrophages and expres-sion of cytokine mRNA in peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (1995) 102:541–546.
  • MIESEL R, HARTUNG R, KROEGER H: Priming of NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Inflammation (1996) 20:427–438.
  • HARTUNG HP, WOLTERS K, TOYKA KV: Substance P:binding properties and studies on cellular responses in guinea-pig macrophages. J. Immunol. (1986) 136:3856–3863.
  • •An historical evaluation of substance P effects on rodent macrophages.
  • BRUNELLESCHI S, VANNI L, LEDDA F, GIOTTI A, MAGGICA, FANTOZZI R: Tachykinins activate guinea-pig alveolar macrophages: involvement of NK-2 and NK-1 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol (1990) 100:417–420.
  • BRUNELLESCHI S., PARENTI A, CENT E, GIOTTI A,FANTOZZI R: Enhanced responsiveness of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pig alveolar macrophages to tachykinins. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 107:964–969.
  • •A demonstration of tachykinin receptor modulation in pathological situations.
  • MURRIS-ESPIN M, PINELLI E, PIPY B, LEOPHONTE P, DIDIER A: Substance P and alveolar macrophages: effects on oxidative metabolism and eicosanoid production. Allergy (1995) 50:334–339.
  • D'ORTHO MP, JARREAU PH, DELACOUURT C et al: Tachykinins induce gelatinase production by guinea pig alveolar macrophages: involvement of NK-2 receptors. Am. J. Physiol (1995) 269:L631–L636.
  • BRUNELLESCHI S, GUIDOTTO S, VIANO I et al.: Tachyki-nin activation of human alveolar macrophages in tobacco smoke and sarcoidosis: a phenotypical and functional study. Neuropeptides (1996) 30:456–464.
  • •Evaluation of tachykinin effects on alveolar macrophages from smokers and sarcoid patients.
  • KILLINGSWORTH CR, SHORE SA, ALESSANDRINI F, DEY RD, PAULAUSKIS JD: Rat alveolar macrophages express preprotachykinin gene-I mRNA-encoding tachyki-nins. Am. J. Physiol (1997) 273:L1073–1081.
  • ••A clear evaluation of tachykinin expression in macrophages.
  • BERMAN AS, CHANCELLOR-FREELAND C, ZHU G, BLACK PH: Substance P primes murine peritoneal macrophages for an augmented proinflammatory cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide. Neuroimmu-nomodulation (1996) 3:141–149.
  • CHANCELLOR-FREELAND C, ZHU GF, KAGE R, BELLER DI, LEEMAN SE, BLACK PH: Substance P and stress-induced changes in macrophages. Ann. NY. Acad. ScL (1995) 771:472–484.
  • HO WZ, STAVROPOULOS G, LAI JP et al.: Substance P C-terminal octapeptide analogues augment tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by human blood monocytes and macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol (1998) 82:126–132.
  • KIMBALL ES, PERSICO FJ, VAUGHT JL: Substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B induce generation of IL-1-like activity in P388D1 cells. Possible relevance to arthritic disease. J Immunol. (1988) 141:3564–3569.
  • PASCUAL DW, BOST KL: Substance P production by P388D1 macrophages: a possible autocrine function for this neuropeptide. Immunology (1990) 71:52–56.
  • NILSSON J, VON EULER AM, DALSGAARD CJ: Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K. Nature (1985) 315:61–63.
  • •An historical evaluation of tachykinin effects on cell growth.
  • ZICHE M, MORBIDELLI L, PACINI M, DOLARA P, MAGGI CA: NK1-receptors mediate the proliferative response of human fibroblasts to tachykinins. Br. J. Pharmacol (1990) 100:11–14.
  • •A clear evaluation of tachykinin receptors on human fibroblasts.
  • PARENTI A, AMERINI A, LEDDA F, MAGGI CA, ZICHE M: The tachykinin NK-1 receptor mediates the migration-promoting effect of substance P on human skin fibroblasts in culture. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1996) 353:475–481.
  • HARRISON NK, DAWES KE, KWON 0J, BARNES PJ, LAURENT GJ, CHUNG KF: Effects of neuropeptides on human lung fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis. Am. J. Physiol (1995) 268:L278–L283.
  • KONDEPUDI A, JOHNSON A: Cytokines increase neutral endopeptidase activity in lung fibroblasts. Am. J. Respir. Mol. Biol. (1993) 8:43–49.
  • BATHON JM, PROUD D, MIZUTANI S, WARD PE: Cultured human synovial fibroblasts rapidly metabolize kinins and neuropeptides. j Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:981–991.
  • RAMESHWAR P, PODDAR A, ZHU G, GASCON P: Receptor induction regulates the synergistic effects of substance P with IL-1 and platelet-derived growth factor on the proliferation of bone marrow fibroblasts. J. Immunol. (1997) 158:3417–3424.
  • HECKER-KIA A, KOLKENBROCK H, ORGEL D, ZIMMER-MANN B, SPARMANN M, ULBRICH N: Substance P induces the secretion of gelatinase A from human synovial fibroblasts. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. (1997) 35:655–660.
  • HASHIMOTO S, YAMANAKA K, INOUE A, NOGUCHI K, SENBA E: Preprotachykinin mRNA expression in the synovial tissue of chronic arthritis. Regul. PepL (1993) 46:193–194.
  • LOTZ M, CARSON DA, VAUGHAN JH: Substance P activa-tion of rheumatoid synoviocytes: neural pathway in pathogenesis of arthritis. Science (1987) 235:893–895.
  • ••A mainstay for the 'tachykinin hypothesis' of rheumatoidarthritis.
  • MATUCCI-CERINIC M, MARABINI S, JANTSCH S, CAGNONI M, PARTSCH G: Effects of capsaicin on the metabolism of rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes in vitro. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1990) 49:598–602.
  • PARTSCH G, MATUCCI-CERINIC M, MARABINI S, JANTSCH S, PIGNONE A, CAGNONI M: Collagenase synthesis ofarheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes: dose-dependent stimulation by substance P and capsaicin. Scand. Rheumatol. (1991) 20:98–103.
  • TANABE T, OTANI H, MISHIMA K, OGAWA R, INAGAKI C: Mechanisms of oxyradical production in substance P stimulated rheumatoid synovial cells. Rheumatol. Int. (1996) 16:159–167.
  • KRAUSE JE, DI MAGGIO DA, MC CARSON KE: Alterations of neurokinin-1 receptor gene expression in models of pain and inflammation. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1995) 73:854–859.
  • ••A clear demonstration of NIci receptor involvement in painand inflammation.
  • LAMBERT N, LESCOULIE PL, YASSINE-DIAB B et al: Substance P enhances cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression on cultured rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (1998) 113:269–275.
  • ZICHE M, MORBIDELLI L, MASINI E et al.: Nitric oxide mediates angiogenesis in vivo and endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro promoted by substance P.1 Clin. Invest. (1994) 94:2036–2044.
  • FAN TP, HU DE, GUARD S, GRESHAM GA, WATLING KJ: Stimulation of angiogenesis by substance P and interleukin-1 in the rat and its inhibition by NK-1 or interleukin-1 receptor antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 110:43–49.
  • BOWDEN JJ, BALUK P, LEFEVRE PM, SCHOEB TR, LINDSEY JR, MC DONALD DM: Sensory denervation by neonatal capsaicin treatment exacerbates Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in rat airways. Am. J. Physiol. (1996) 270:L393–L403.
  • BALUK P, BOWDEN JJ, LEFEVRE PM, MC DONALD DM: Up-regulation of substance P receptors in angiogene-sis associated with chronic airway inflammation in rats. Am. J. Physiol. (1997) 273:L565–L571.
  • WALSH DA, HU DE, MAPP PI, POLAK JM, BLAKE DR, FAN TP: Innervation and neurokinin receptors during angiogenesis in the rat sponge granuloma. Histochem. J. (1996) 28:759–769.
  • WALSH DA, RODWAY HA, CLAXSON A: Vascular turnover during carrageenan synovitis in the rat. Lab. Invest. (1998) 78:1513–1521.
  • O'BYRNE EM, BLANCUZZI V, WILSON DE, WONG M, JENG AY: Elevated substance P and accelerated cartilage degradation in rabbit knees injected with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Rheum. (1990) 33:1023–1028.
  • O'BYRNE EM, BLANCUZZI V, WILSON D et al.: Effects of indomethacin, triamcinolone and dexamethasone on recombinant human interleukin-l-induced substance P and prostaglandin E2 levels in rabbit knee joints. Agents Actions (1991) 34:46–48.
  • HALLIDAY DA, MC NEIL JD, BETTS WH, SCICCHITANO R: The substance P fragment SP(7-11) increases prosta-glandin E2, intracellular Ca2+ and collagenase produc-tion in bovine articular chondrocytes. Biochem. (1993) 292:57–62.
  • ASHTON IK, EISENSTEIN SM: The effect of substance P on proliferation and proteoglycan deposition of cells derived from rabbit intervertebral disc. Spine (1996) 21:421–426.
  • FORTIER LA, NIXON AJ: Distributional changes in substance P nociceptive fiber patterns in natural osteoarthritic articulations. J. Rheumatol. (1997) 24 :524-530. MARKENSON JA: Mechanisms of chronic pain. Am. J. Med. (1996) 101 (1A) :65-18S. A clear review on mechanisms of chronic pain. LEMBECK F, FOLKERS K, DONNERER J: Analgesic effect of antagonists of substance P. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1981) 103:1318-1321. An historical evaluation of analgesic effects of substance P antagonists.
  • LIU H, MANTYH PW, BAUSBAUM Al: NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature (1997) 386:721–724.
  • ••A clear and interesting demonstration on pain modulation.
  • LARSON AA, KITTO KF: Mutual antagonism between nerve growth factor and substance P N-terminal activity on nociceptive activity in mice. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1997) 282:1345–1350.
  • CAO YQ, MANTYH PW, CARLSON EJ, GILLESPIE AM, EPSTEIN CJ, BAUSBAUM Al: Primary afferent tachyki-nins are required to experience moderate to intense pain. Nature (1998) 392:390–394.
  • ••An interesting demonstration of substance P involvement inpain modulation.
  • ZIMMER A, ZIMMER AM, BAFFI J, USDIN T, REYNOLDS K, KONIG M, PALKOVITS M, MEZEY E: Hypoalgesia in mice with a targeted deletion of the tachykinin 1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:2630–2635.
  • ••See reference [139] for annotation.
  • DE FELIPE C, HERRERO JF, O'BRIEN JA et al.: Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature (1998) 392:394–397.
  • ••See reference [139] for annotation.
  • OKU R, SATOH M, TAGAKI H: Release of substance P from the spinal dorsal horn is enhanced in polyar-thritic rats. Neurosci. Lett. (1987) 74:315–319.
  • NEUGEBAUER V, RUMENAPP P, SCHAIBLE HG: The role of spinal neurokinin-2 receptors in the processing of nociceptive information from the joint and in the generation and maintenance of inflammation-evoked hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Eur. j Neurosci. (1996) 8:249–260.
  • •An interesting evaluation on the role of NK2 receptors in pain modulation.
  • SLUKA KA, WILLIS WD, WESTLUND KN: Differential roles of neurokinin 1 and neurokinin 2 receptors in the development and maintenance of heat hyperal-gesia induced by acute inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol (1997) 120:1263–1273.
  • ••A clear evaluation on the role of NK2 receptors in painmodulation.
  • RADHAKRISHNAN V, HENRY JL: Electrophysiological evidence that neurokinin A acts via NK-1 receptors in the cat dorsal horn. Eur. j Neurosci. (1997) 9:1977–1985.
  • RADHAKRISHNAN V, IYENGAR S, HENRY JL: The nonpeptide NK-1 receptor antagonists LY303870 and LY306740 block the responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to substance P and to peripheral noxious stimuli. Neuroscience (1998) 83:1251–1260.
  • SLUKA KA, WESTLUND KN: Spinal cord amino acid release and content in an arthritis model: the effects of pretreatment with non-NMDA, NMDA and NK-1 receptor antagonists. Brain Res. (1993) 627:89–103.
  • JURANEK I, LEMBECK F: Afferent C-fibres release substance P and glutamate. Can. J. Physiol Pharmacol. (1997) 75:661–664.
  • DE MIGUEL E, ARNALICH F, TATO E, VASQUEZ JJ, GIJON-BANOS J, HERNANZ A: The effect of gold salts on substance P levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Neurosci. Lett. (1994) 174:185–187.
  • SACERDOTE P, CARRABBA M, GALANTE A, PISATI R, MANFREDI B, PANERAI AE: Plasma and synovial fluid interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and substance P concen-trations in rheumatoid arthritis patients: effect of the nonsteroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, diclofenac and naproxen. Inflamm. Res. (1995) 44:486–490.
  • MALMBERG AB, YAKSH TL: Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cycloxygenase inhibition. Science (1992) 257:1276–1279.
  • ••An interesting demonstration on the mechanismsunderlying analgesic properties of NSAIDs.
  • SCHAIBLE HG, NEUGEBAUER V, GEISSLINGER G, BECK U: The effects of S- and R-flurbiprofen on the inflammation-evoked intraspinal release of immuno-reactive substance P. A study with antibody microprobes. Brain Res. (1998) 798:287–293.
  • MAGGI CA: Therapeutic potential of capsaicin-like molecules: studies in animals and humans. Life Sci. (1992) 51:1777–1781.
  • •A detailed review on capsaicin-like molecules as therapeutics.
  • PHYSICIAN DESK REFERENCE 52 Edition, Medical Economic Company (1998).
  • RAINS C, BRYSON HM: Topical capsaicin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthritis. Drugs Aging (1995) 7:317–328.
  • •A detailed review on topical capsaicin.
  • SCHNITZER TJ: Non-NSAID pharmacological treatment options for the management of chronic pain. Am. J. Med. (1998) 105:45S–52S.
  • CRUWYS SC, GARRETT NE, KIDD BL: Sensory denerva-tion with capsaicin attenuates inflammation and nociception in arthritic rats. Neurosci. Lett. (1995) 193:205–207.
  • DEAL CL, SCNITZER TJ, LIPSTEIN E et al: Treatment of arthritis with topical capsaicin: a double-bind trial. Ther. (1991) 13:383–395.
  • ALTMAN RD, AVEN A, HOLMBURG CE et al.: Capsaicin cream 0.025% as monotherapy for osteoarthritis: a double-bind study. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. (1994) 23 (Suppl/) :25–33.
  • ZHANG WY, LI WAN PO A: The effectiveness of topically applied capsaicin. A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1994) 46:517–522.
  • MC CARTHY GM, MC CARTHY DJ: Effect of topical capsaicin in the therapy of painful osteoarthritis of the hands. J. Rheumatol. (1992) 19:604–607.
  • •A clear documentation on capsaicin efficacy in osteoarthritis.
  • HAUTKAPPE M, ROIZEN MF, TOLEDANO A, ROTH S, JEFFRIES JA, OSTERMEIER AM: Review of the effective-ness of capsaicin for painful cutaneous disorders of neural dysfunction. Clin. J. Pain (1998) 14:97–106.
  • •A clear evaluation of analgesic effects of capsaicin.
  • MORRIS VH, CRUWYS SC, KIDD BL: Characterisation of capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as a marker for altered nociceptive processing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain (1997) 71:179–186.
  • SZALLASI A, FARKAS-SZALLASI T, TUCKER JB, LUNDBERG JM, HOKFELT T, KRAUSE JE: Effects of systemic resiniferatoxin treatment on substance P mRNA in rat dorsal root ganglia and substance P receptor mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. (1999) 815:177–184.
  • BINDER W, SCOTT C, WALKER JS: Involvement of substance P in the anti-inflammatory effects of the peripherally selective kappa-opiod asimadoline and the NK-1 antagonist GR205171. Eur. J. Neurosci. (1999) 11:2065–2072.
  • SEGUIN L, LE MAROUILLE-GIRARDON S, MILLAN MJ: Antinociceptive profiles of non-peptidergic neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonists: a comparison to other classes of antinociceptive agent. Pain (1995) 61:325–343.
  • ••A clear evaluation of analgesic effects of a NKI receptorantagonist.
  • IYENGAR S, HIPSKIND PA, GEHLERT DR et al.: LY303870, a centrally active neurokinin-1 antagonist with a long duration of action. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1997) 280:774–785.
  • ••See reference [166] for annotation.
  • WALPOLE C, KO SY, BROWN M et al.: 2-Nitrophenylcarbamoy1-(S)-proly1-(S)-3-(2-nephthyl )alanyl-N-benzyl-N-methylamide (SDZ NKT 343), a potent human NK-1 tachykinin receptor antagonist with good oral analgesic activity in chronic pain models. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:3159–3173.
  • •A clear evaluation of analgesic effects of NKi receptor antagonists.
  • CAMPBELL EA, GENTRY CT, PATEL S, PANESAR MS, WALPOLE CS, URBAN L: Selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists are anti-hyperalgesic in a model of neuropathic pain in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience (1998) 87:527–532.
  • •See reference [168] for annotation.
  • GONZALES MI, FIELD MJ, HOLLOMAN EF, HUGHES J, OLES RJ, SINGH L: Evaluation of PD 154075, a tachyki-nin NK-1 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of postop-erative pain. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1998) 344:115–120.
  • •See reference [168] for annotation.
  • DIONNE RA, MAX MB, GORDON SM et al.: The substance P receptor antagonist CP-99,994 reduces acute postop-erative pain. Olin. Pharmacol Ther. (1998) 64:562–568.
  • •An interesting demonstration of analgesic efficacy of a NKi receptor antagonist in humans.
  • HUA XY, CHEN P, POLGAR E et al.: Spinal neurokinin NK-1 receptor down-regulation and antinociception: effects of spinal NK-1 receptor antisense oligonucleo-tides and NK-1 receptor occupancy. J. Neurochem. (1998) 70:688–698.
  • •An interesting demonstration of NKi receptor involvement in pain.
  • MORELAND LW, BAUMGARTNER SW, SCHIFF MH et al: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:141–147.
  • CAMUSSI G, LUPIA E: The future role of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) products in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs (1998) 55:613–620.
  • DICKERSON C, UNDEM B, BULLOCK B, WINCHURCH RA: Neuropeptide regulation of proinflammatory cytokine responses. J. Leuko. Biol. (1998) 63:602–605.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.