91
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Levobupivacaine: a new safer long acting local anaesthetic agent

&
Pages 861-876 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • ALBRIGHT GA: Cardiac arrest following regionalanesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaine. Anesthesi-ology (1979) 51: 285–291.
  • HEATH ML: Deaths after intravenous regionalanaesthesia. BMJ (1982) 285:913–914.
  • MARKHAM A, FAULDS D: Ropivacaine. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in regional anaesthesia. Drugs (1996) 52:429–449.
  • MCCLURE JH: Ropivacaine. Br. J. Anaesth. (1996) 76:300–307.
  • DE JONG RH: Ropivacaine, white knight or dark horse? Reg. Anesth. (1995) 20:474–481.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030428: A randomised, single centre, double blind, parallel group study to compare the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of 0.25% levobupivacaine (S-enantiomer) with 0.25% bupivacaine (racemic mixture) given as infiltration anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY CS001: Doubleblind randomised controlled trial for 0.5% levobupi-vacaine compared to 0.5% bupivacaine for epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing elective Cesarean section.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY LCRC/EA/035 Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine and bupiva-caine after intravenous administration.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY IRI 163701: In vitro binding of [14C]-levobupivacaine and [14C]-bupiv-acaine to the plasma proteins of dog, pig, sheep and man.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249-152-DM: Comparative studies on the fate of [14C]-racemic bupivacaine and [14C]-levobupivacaine in the rat.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY IRI 163235: Configu-ration of the site(s) of hydroxylation of the major sulphate and glucuronide conjugates of [14C]-levobup-ivacaine in human urine.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY IRI 163256: Identifi-cation of the metabolites formed following incubation of [14C]-levobupivacaine and [14C]-bupivacaine with human liver microsomes and the tentative identifica-tion of the cytochrome P450 isozymes mediating their formation.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 011756 The excretion and plasma kinetics of [14-C]-levobupiv-acaine in man following a single intravenous admini-stration.
  • VALENZUELA C, SNYDERS D, BENNETT P, TAMARGO J, HONDEGHEM L: Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation (1995) 92:3014–3024.
  • •Study of primary mechanism of cardiotoxicity with bupiva-caine enantiomers.
  • VANHOUTTE F, VEREECKE J, VERBEKE N, CARMELIET E: Stereoselective effects of the enantiomers of bupiva-caine on the electrophysiological properties of the guinea-pig papillary muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol (1991) 103:1275–1281.
  • •Study of primary mechanism of cardiotoxicity with bupiva-caine enantiomers.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249-025-PH: The electrophysiological effects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine (Marcain®) and ropivacaine (Narophe): Studies on the action potential and developed force of guinea-pig isolated ventricular cardiac muscle.
  • MAZOIT JX, BOICO 0, SAMII K: Myocardial uptake of bupivacaine II. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics of bupivacaine enantiomers in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Anesth. Analg. (1993) 77:477–482.
  • •Study of enantioselective cardiotoxicty in vitro with bupivacaine.
  • VALENZUELA C, DELPON E, TAMKUN M, TAMARGO J, SNYDERS D: Stereoselective block of a human cardiac potassium channel [Kv1.5] by bupivacaine enanti-omers. Biophys. J. (1995) 69:418–427.
  • •Study of primary mechanism of cardiotoxicity with bupiva-caine enantiomers.
  • SANCHEZ-CHAPULA J: Effects of bupivacaine on membrane currents of guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1988) 156:303–308.
  • COYLE DE, SPERELAKIS N: Bupivacaine and lidocaine blockade of calcium-mediated slow action potentials in guinea pig ventricular muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1987) 242:1001–1005.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249-024-PH Contractile effects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine (Marcain®) and ropivacaine (Naropin®): Studies in human (atrial) guinea-pig (ventricular) cardiac muscle.
  • GRAF BM, MARTIN E, BOSNJAK Z, STOWE D: Stereospe-cific effect of bupivacaine isomers on atrioventricular conduction in the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart. Anesthesiology (1997) 86:410–419.
  • DENSON DD, BEHBEHANI MM, GREGG RV: Enantiomer-specific effects of an intravenously administered arrhythmogenic dose of bupivacaine on neurones of the nucleus tractus solitarius and the cardiovascular system in the anesthetized rat. Reg. Anesthes. (1992) 17:311–316
  • ••First in vivo cardiotoxicity study with bupivacaineenantiomers.
  • MORRISON S, DOMINGUEZ J, FRASCAROLO P, REIZ S: Acomparison of the electrocardiographic cardiotoxic effects of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in anesthetized swine. Anesth. Analg. (In Press).
  • HUANG YF, PRYOR ME, MATHER LE, VEERING BT: Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep. Anesth. Analg. (1998) 86:797–804.
  • ••First in vivo study of bupivacaine enantiomers in awakelarge animal model.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249-055-PH Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies with intraveous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249–107-PH: Effects of high doses of levobupivacaine on the cardio-vascular and central nervous systems of the sheep.
  • GRISTWOOD R, BARDSLEY H, BAKER H, DICKENS J: Reduced cardiotoxicity of levobupivacaine compared with racemic bupivacaine (Marcaine): New clinical evidence. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1994) 3:1209–1212.
  • •First review of levobupivacaine development.
  • BARDSLEY H, GRISTWOOD R, BAKER H, WATSON N, NIMMO W: A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and rac-bupivacaine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. Br. j Gun. Pharmacol. (1998) 46:245–249.
  • ••Clinical cardiotoxicity study with levobupivacaine.
  • SCOTT DB, LEE A, FAGAN D, BOWLER GMR, BLOOMFIELD P, LUNDH R: Acute toxicity of ropivacaine compared with that of bupivacaine. Anesth. Analg. (1989) 69:563–569.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 004801 A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of racemic bupivacaine and 5-bupivacaine in 14 male healthy volunteers.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 012105: A comparison of the effects of levobupivacaine and racemic bupivacaine on QT dispersion and signal averaged ECG in healthy male volunteers.
  • ABERG G: Toxicological and local anesthetic effects ofoptically active isomers of two local anesthetic compounds. Acta. pharmacol toxicol. (1972) 31: 273–286.
  • •Early animal data indicating superiority of levobupivacaine.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249–040-PH PART I: The effects of pregnancy on the systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine in sheep following repeated cumulative intravenous bolus administration.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ME0400: A two phase, double blind, three-way cross-over study to compare the effects of racemic bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on the spectral components of the EEG.
  • LUDUENA FP, BOGANDO EF, TULLAR BF: Optical isomers of mepivacaine and bupivacaine. Arch. mt. Pharmacodyn. (1972) 200:359–369
  • •Early animal data indicating superiority of levobupivacaine.
  • DHYRE H, LANG M, WALLIN R, RENCK H: The duration ofaction of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and pethidine in peripheral nerve block in the rat. Acta. Anaesth. Scand. (1997) 41:1346–1352.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY D1249–149-PH:Neuropharmacological investigations of levobupiva-caine I. Actions on peripheral nerve function and cutaneous nociception of the rat in vivo.
  • KANAI Y, TATEYAMA S, KASABA T, TAKASAKI M:Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of epidural levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine in the rat. Anesth. Analg. (In Press).
  • APS C, REYNOLDS F: An intradermal study of the localanaesthetic and vascular effects of the isomers of bupivacaine. Br. J. Clin. Pharm. (1978) 6:63–68.
  • •First clinical study with levobupivacaine.
  • BARDSLEY H, GRISTWOOD R, WATSON N, NIMMO W: The local anaesthetic activity of levobupivacaine does not differ from racemic bupivacaine (Marcain): First clinical evidence. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1997) 6:1883–1885.
  • •First clinical study to compare levobupivacaine potency with bupivacaine.
  • LYONS G, COLUMB M, WILSON RC, JOHNSON RV: Epidural pain relief in labour: potencies of levobupiva-caine and racemic bupivacaine. Br. J. Anaesth. (1998) 81:899–901.
  • ••First study to compare levobupivacaine potency withbupivacaine in patients.
  • CAPOGNA G, CELLENO D, FUSCO P, LYONS G, COLUMB M: Relative potencies of bupivacaine and ropivacaine for analgesia in labour. Br. J. Anaesth. (1999) 82:371–373.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030700: A study to compare the efficacy and safety of levobupivacaine (0.75%), lignocaine (2% with adrenaline) and placebo as post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral impacted third molar extrac-tions.
  • COX CR, FACCENDA KA, GILHOOLY C, BANNISTER J, SCOTT NB, MORRISON LMM: Extradural S(-)-bupiv-acaine: comparison with racemic RS-bupivacaine. Br. Anaesth. (1998) 80:289–293.
  • ••First clinical study to demonstrate equal efficacy of levobu-pivacaine compared to bupivacaine.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY C5005: A double blind randomised controlled trial of 0.75% levobupi-vacaine compared to 0.75% bupivacaine for epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030412: A studyto determine the efficacy and safety of 0.5% levobupi-vacaine administered as a subarachnoid injection to patients undergoing elective lower limb surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030632: A double blind randomised controlled trial of 0.5% levobupivacaine compared to 0.5% bupivacaine for extradural anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective Caesarean section.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030276: A randomised, multicentre, double blind, parallel group study to compare the efficacy, safety and kinetics of 0.25% levobupivacaine (S-enantiomer) with 0.25% bupivacaine (racemic mixture) in obstetric patients receiving extradural analgesia for labour.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY CS004: Double blind randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of 0.25% levobupivacaine combined with 0.005% morphine, 0.25% levobupivacaine alone or 0.005% morphine alone for post-operative pain in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY C5006: Double blind randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of 0.125% levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl, 0.125% levobupivacaine alone or fentanyl alone using patient controlled epidural anesthesia for post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030742: A studyto assess the efficacy and safety of 0.125% levobupiva-caine, 0.125% levobupivacaine plus 50 lig/h clonidine and 50 lig/h clonidine alone administered as a continuous extradural infusion for post-operative pain in patients undergoing elective hip replacement surgery.
  • COX CR, CHECKETTS MR, MACKENZIE N, SCOTT NB, BANNISTER J: Comparison of SO-bupivacaine with racemic (RS)-bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Br. J. Anaesth. (1998) 80:594–598.
  • •Study to demonstrate equal efficacy of levobupivacaine compared to bupivacaine.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030721: A randomised, single centre, double blind, parallel group study to compare the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of 0.25% levobupivacaine (S-enantiomer) with 0.25% bupivacaine (racemic mixture) given as infiltration anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030543: A study to compare the efficacy and safety of 0.75% levobupi-vacaine with 0.75% bupivacaine in peribulbar block for ophthalmic anterior segment surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY ICR 030737: A study to compare the efficacy and safety of 0.75% levobupi-vacaine with 0.75% bupivacaine in peribulbar block for ophthalmic anterior segment surgery.
  • CHIROSCIENCE SPONSORED STUDY C5007: Double blind randomised controlled trial of 0.5% levobupiva-caine for post-operative pain control on paediatric patients following hernia repair surgery. Robert W Gristwoodlt & Jane L Greaves2 tAuthor for correspondence lArachnova Ltd., St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, CB4 OWS, UK Tel.: +44 1438 368006; Fax: +44 1438 365051; Email: [email protected]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.