Potential new therapies for the treatment of acute pancreatitis

Bibliography

• STEINBERG W, TENNER S: Acute pancreatitis. New Eng]. J. Med. (1994) 330:1198–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is a thorough review of the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of acute pancreatitis.
   Google Scholar
• STEER M, MELDOLESI J: The cell biology of experi- mental pancreatitis. New Engl. J. Med. (1987) 316:144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHSHIO G, SALUJA AK, LELI U et al.: Esterase inhibitors prevent lysosomal enzyme redistribution in two non-invasive models of experimental pancreatitis. Gastroenterology (1989) 96:853–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER JR, RENNER IG, GRENDELL JU et al.: Gabexate mesilate (FOY) protects against cerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat pancreas. Pancreas (1987) 2:181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOTZAMPASSI K, ELEFTHERIADIS E: Octreotide and pancreatic perfusion on the outcome of experimental acute pancreatitis. Dig. Surg. (1996) 13:460–464.
   Google Scholar
• LANKISCH PC, KOOP H, WINCKLER K etal.: Somatostatin therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis. Gut (1977) 18:713–716.
   Google Scholar
• BAXTER JN, JENKINS SA, COWELL DC et al: Effects ofsomatostatin and a long acting somatostatin analogue on the prevention and treatment of experimentally induced pancreatitis in the rat. Br. J. Surg. (1985) 72:382–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCUARLMAN DE, BEINGELD MC, ANDROS C et al.: Effectsof somatostatin on acute canine pancreatitis. Int. J. Pancreatol. (1987) 2:247–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHWADES U, ALTHOFF PH, KLEMPA I et al.: Effects ofsomatostatin on bile induced haemorrhagic pancrea-titis in the dog. Horm. Metab. Res. (1979) 11:655–661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DABROWSKI A, CHWIECKO M: Oxidative stress: anearly phenomenon characteristic of acute experi-mental pancreatitis. Int. J. Pancreatol (1992) 12:193–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NONAKA A, MANABE T, TOBE T: Effect of a new synthetic ascorbic acid derivative as a free radical scavenger on the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Gut (1991) 32:528–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRAGANZA JM, SCOTT P, BILTON et al: Evidence forearly oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis. Int. J. Pancreatol. (1995) 17:69–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WISNER J, RENNER IG: Allopurinol attenuates caeruleininduced acute pancreatitis in the rat. Gut (1988) 29:926–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEIDERAU C, NEIDERAU M, BORCHARD F et al.: Effects ofantioxidants and free radical scavengers in three different models of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas (1992) 7:486–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOTSUMOTO F, MANABE T, OHSHIO G: Bradykinin involvement in the aggravation of acute pancreatitis in rabbits. Digestion (1993) 54:224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOFFMAN TF, LEIDER R, WALDNER H et al: Bradykinin antagonist HOE-140 and CP-0597 diminish microcir-culatory injury after ischaemia-reperfusion of the pancreas. Br. J. Surg. (1996) 83:189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOFFMAN TF, WALDNER H, MESSMER K: The bradykinin antagonist CP-0597 can limit the progression of postis-chaemic pancreatitis. Immunopharmacology (1996) 33:243–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KANBE T, NARUSE S, KITAGAWA Y: Effects of a bradyki-nin receptor antagonist (HOE 140) on taurocholate induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas (1996) 13:283–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LERCH MM, WEIDENBACH H, GRESS TM et al.: Effect ofkinin inhibition in experimental acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Physic)]. (1995) 269:G490–G499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUOI TK, MOK F, ZUAN WH et al: Somatostatin in thetreatment of acute pancreatitis: a prospective random-ized controlled trial. Gut (1989) 30:223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAMILO D, FAVIA G, BIASIATO R et al.: The use ofsomatostatin in acute pancreatiti results of a multicentre trial. Hepatogastroenterology (1990) 37:92–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GJRUP I, ROIKJAER 0, AMDERVEN B et al.: A doubleblinded multicenter trial of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Surg. Gyn. Obs. (1992) 175:397–400.
   Google Scholar
• MESSORI A, RAMPALLO R, SCROLLARO G et al.: Effective-ness of Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. Dis. Sci. (1995) 40:734–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEDERLOUI P, GAVALLINI G, FALCONI M et al.: Gabexate mesilate versus aprotonin in human acute pancrea-titis (G.A.M.E.P.A.). Int. J. Pancreatol. (1993) 12:117–124.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN J: The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg. (1998) 175:76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This review focuses on the role of cytokines in experimentaland human pancreatitis with specific attention to pathogenesis.
   Google Scholar
• KINGSNORTH A: Role of cytokines and their inhibitors in acute pancreatitis. Gut (1997) 40:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Cytokines and their inhibitors during acute pancreatitis are reviewed.
   Google Scholar
• DENHAM W, NORMAN J: The potential role of therapeutic cytokine manipulation in acute pancrea-titis. Surg. Gun. N Am. In press.
   Google Scholar
• NEOPTOLEMOS JP: Acute pancreatitis: the substantial human and financial costs. Gut (1998) 42:886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An overview of the morbidity and mortality of this disease as well as financial implications for treating patients with severe pancreatitis are discussed.
   Google Scholar
• IMAIZUMI T-A, STAFFORINI KM, YAMADA Y et al.: Platelet-activating factor: a mediator for clinicians. J. Int. Med. (1995) 238:5–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FRANZ M, RIKER A, FABRI PJ, GOWER WR: Rapid elevation of systemic cytokines during acute pancreatitis and their origination within the pancreas. Surg. Forum (1994) 45:148–150.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FRANZ M, MESSINA J et al.: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases severity of experi-mental acute pancreatitis. Surgery (1995) 117:648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FRANZ MG, FINK GS et al.: Decreased mortality of severe acute pancreatitis after proximal cytokine blockade. Ann. Surg. (1995) 221:625–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is the first paper published linking cytokine blockade to decreased severity and improved survival in experimental pancreatitis.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FINK G, DENHAM W et al.: Tissue-specific cytokine production during experimental acute pancreatitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1997) 42:1783–1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FINK GW, FRANZ M: Acute pancreatitis induces intrapancreatic tumor necrosis factor gene expression. Arch. Surg. (1995) 130:966–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGHES CB, GREWAL HP, GABER LW et al.: Anti-TNFa therapy improves survival and ameliorates the pathophysiologic sequelae in acute pancreatitis in the rat. Am. J. Surg. (1996) 171:274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREWAL HP, MOHEY EL DIN A, GABER L, KOTB M, GABER AO: Amelioration of the physiologic and biochemical changes of acute pancreatitis using an anti-TNF-a polyclonal antibody. Am. J. Surg. (1994) 167:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, FINK GW, MESSINA J, CARTER G, FRANZ MG:Timing of tumor necrosis factor antagonism is critical in determining outcome in murine lethal acute pancreatitis. Surgery (1996) 120:515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DENHAM W, FINK G, DENHAM D et al. Gene targeting demonstrates additive detrimental effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor during pancreatitis. Gastroenterology (1997) 113: 1741-1746.
   Google Scholar
• DENHAM W, DENHAM D, YANG J et al.: Transient humangene therapy: a novel cytokine regulatory strategy for experimental pancreatitis. Ann. Surg. (1998) 227:812–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MONTRAVERS P, CHOLLET-MARTIN S, MARMUSE JP, GOUGE OUT-PECCADILLO AM, DEMONS JM: Lymphatic release of cytokines during acute lung injury compli-cating severe pancreatitis. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1995) 152:1527–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG J, DENHAM W, CARTER G, TRACEY KJ, NORMAN J:Macrophage pacification reduces rodent pancreatitis-induced hepatocellular injury through down-regulation of hepatic tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-18 in the rat. Hepatology (1998) 28:1282–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG J, DENHAM W, TRACEY KJ et al.: The physiologic consequences of macrophage pacification during severe acute pancreatitis. Shock (1998) 10:169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DENHAM W, FINK GW, YANG J, ULRICH P, TRACEY KJ, NORMAN J: Small molecule inhibition of tumor necrosis factor gene processing during acute pancrea-titis prevents cytokine cascade progression and attenuates pancreatitis severity. Am. Surg. (1997) 63:1045–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG J, MURPHY C, DENHAM W et al.: Evidence of a central role for the p38 MAP kinase induction of TNFa in pancreatitis-associated pulmonary injury. Surgery (1999) (In press).
   Google Scholar
• FINK G, NORMAN J: Intrapancreatic interleukin-1 beta gene expression by specific leukocyte populations during acute pancreatitis. j Surg. Res. (1996) 63:369–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINK G, NORMAN J: Specific changes in the pancreatic expression of the interleukin-1 family of genes during experimental pancreatitis. Cytokine (1997) 9:1023–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINK G, YANG J, NORMAN J: Acute pancreatitis induced enzyme release and necrosis are attenuated by IL-1 antagonism through an indirect mechanism. J. Surg. Res. (1997) 67:94–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANAKA N, MURATA A, UDA K et al.: Interleukin-1receptor antagonist modifies the changes in vital organs induced by acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a rat experimental model. Grit. Care Med. (1995) 23:901–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN J, YANG J, FINK G et al: Severity and mortalityof experimental pancreatitis are dependent upon interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE). J. Interfer. Cytokine Res. (1997) 17:113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANLAETHEM JL, MARCHANT A, DELVAUX A et al.: Interleukin 10 prevents necrosis in murine experi-mental acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology (1995) 108: 1917-1922.
   Google Scholar
• KUSSKE AM, RONGIONE AJ, ASHLEY SW et al.:Interleukin-10 prevent death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis in mice. Surgery (1996) 120:284–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RONGIONE AJ, KUSSKE AM, REBER HA et al.: Interleukin10 reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis in rats. Gastroenterology (1997) 112:960–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORMELA LJ, GALLWAY SW, KINGSNORTH AN: Inflam-matory mediators in acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1995) 82:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EXLEY AR, LEESE T, HOLLIDAY MP et al: Endotoxaemiaand serum tumour necrosis factor as prognostic markers in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut (1992) 33:1126–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAAJANEN H, LAATO M, JAAKKOLA M et al.: Serum tumour necrosis factour compared with c-reactive protein in the early assessment of severe acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1995) 82:271–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBEAUX AC, ROSS JA, MAINGAY JP et al.: Proinflamma-tory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononu-clear cells from patients with acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1996) 83:1071–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCKAY CH, GALLAGHER G, BROOKS B et al.: Increasedmonocyte cytokine production in association with systemic complications in acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1996) 83:919–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMANUELLI G, MONTRUCCHIO G, GAIA E, DUGHERA L,CORVETTI G, GUBETTA L: Experimental acute pancrea-titis induced by platelet activating factor in rabbits. Am. J. Pathol. (1989) 134:315–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMANUELLI G, MONTRUCCHIO G, DUGHERA L et al:Role of platelet activating factor in acute pancreatitis induced by lipopolysaccharides in rabbits. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 261:265–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOTSUMOTO F, MANABE T, KYOGOKU T et al.: Platelet-activating factor involvement in the aggravation of acute pancreatitis in rabbits. Digestion (1994) 55:260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KALD B, KALD A, IHSE I, TAGESSON C: Release ofplatelet-activating factor in acute experimental pancreatitis. Pancreas (1993) 8:440–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONHARDT U, FAYYAZZI A, SEIDENSTICKER F et al:Influence of a platelet-activating factor antagonist on severe pancreatitis in two experimental models. Int. J. Pancreatol. (1992) 12:161–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZHOU W, MCCOLLUM MO, LEVINE BA, OLSON MS: Roleof platelet-activating factor in pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury in the rat. Am. J. Path. (1992) 140:971–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORMELA LJ, WOOD LM, WHITTAKER M, KINGSNORTHAN: Amelioration of experimental acute pancreatitis with a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist. Br. J. Surg. (1994) 81:1783–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIS G, LOPEZ-FARRE A, GOMEZ-GARRE et al: Role of platelet-activating factor in hemodynamic derange-ments in an acute rodent pancreatitis model. Gastroen-terology (1992) 102:181–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANE JS, TODD KE, GLOOR B et al.: Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonism reduces the systemic inflammatory response in a murine model of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology (1997) 112 :A1454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONTUREK SJ, DEMBINSKI A, KONTUREK PJ et al.: Role of platelet activating factor in pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in rats. Gut (1992) 33:1268–1274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANDOVAL D, GUKOVSKAYA A, REAVEY P et al.: The role of neutrophils and platelet-activating factor in mediating experimental pancreatitis. Gastroenterology (1996) 111:1081–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLOWAY SW, KINGSNORTH AN: Lung injury in the microembolic model of acute pancreatitis and amelio-ration by Lexipafant (BB-882), a platelet-activating factor antagonist. Pancreas (1996) 13:140–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOMAZEWSKA R, DEMBINSKI A, WARZECHA Z, BANAS M, KONTUREK SJ, STACHURA J: Platelet activating factor (PAF) inhibitor (TCV-309) reduces caerulin- and PAF-induced pancreatitis: a morphologic and functional study in the rat. J. Physic)]. Pharmacol (1992) 4:345–352.
   Google Scholar
• DABROWSKI A, GABRYLELEWICZ A, CHYCZEWSKI L: The effect of platelet activating factor antagonist (BN 52021) on acute experimental pancreatitis with reference to multiorgan oxidative stress. Int. J. Pancreatol. (1995) 17:173–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FUJIMURA, KUBOTA Y, OGURA et al: Role of endoge-nous platelet-activating factor in caerulin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: protective effects for PAF-antagonist. J. GastroenteroL Hepatol. (1992) 7:199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRACEY KJ: Suppression of TNF and other proinflam- matory cytokines by the tetravalent guanylhydrazone CNI-1493. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. (1998) 397:335–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •In addition, the use of CNI-1493 in numerous models of inflammation other than pancreatitis are discussed.
   Google Scholar
• BIANCHI M, BLOOM 0, RAABE T et al: Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes by a tetrava-lent guanylhydrazone. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 183:927–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN PS, NAKSHATRI H, DENNIS J et al.: CNI-1493 inhibits monocyte/macrophage tumor necrosis factor by suppression of translation efficiency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:3967–3971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN PS, SCHMIDTMAYEROVA H, DENNIS J et al.: The critical role of p38 MAP kinase in T cell 111V-1 replica-tion. Mol. Med. (1997) 3:339–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JC, LAYDON JT, MCDONNELL PC et al.: A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature (1995) 372:739–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DENHAM W, TRACEY KJ, NORMAN J et al.: Inhibition of p38 mitogen activate (map) kinase attenuates the severity of pancreatitis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. Grit. Care. Med. (1999). In press.
   Google Scholar
• VILLA P, MEAZZA C, SIRONI M et al: Inhibition of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF IL-6 and NO) abrogate lethality in a murine model of polymi-crobial sepsis. J. Endotoxin Res. (1997) 4:197–204.
   Google Scholar
• WHITTAKER M: PAF receptor antagonists: recent advances. Curr. Opin. Therap Patents (1992) 2:583–595.
   Google Scholar
• KINGSNORTH AN, GALLOWAY SW, FORMELA LJ: Randomized, double-blind Phase II trial of Lexipafant, a platelet-activating factor antagonist, in human acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1995) 82:1414–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The results of the Phase II trial of lexipafant in pancreatitis are presented.
   Google Scholar
• MCKAY CJ, CURRAN F, SHARPLES C et al: Prospective placebo-controlled randomized trial of Lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. (1997) 84:1239–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The results of the second Phase II trial of lexipafant in acute pancreatitis are presented.
   Google Scholar
• KINGSNORTH AN for the British Acute Pancreatitis Study Group: Early treatment with Lexipafant, a platelet activating factor antagonist, reduces mortality in acute pancreatitis: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Gastroenterology (1997) 112:A453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The results and conclusions of the European Phase III trial are presented in abstract form.
   Google Scholar
• TJOELKER LW, WILDER C, EVERHARDT C et al.: Anti-inflammatory properties of a platelet-activating factor acetyl-hydrolase. Nature (1995) 374:549–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOFBAUER B, SALUJA AK, BHATIA M et al.: Effect of recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydro-lase on two models of experimental acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol. (1998) 115:1238–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar