79
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Novel therapy for asthma

, , &
Pages 25-42 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

References

  • SEARS MR: Descriptive epidemiology of asthma. Lancet(1997) 350:1–4.
  • SMITH DH, MALONE DC, LAWSON KA et al.: A nationalestimate of the economic costs of asthma. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 156:787–793.
  • BARNES PJ, JONSSON B, KLIM JB: The costs of asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1996) 9:636–642.
  • BARNES PJ: Pathophysiology of asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1996) 42:3–10.
  • BARNES PJ, CHUNG KF, PAGE CP: Inflammatory mediators and asthma. Pharmacol. Rev. (1998) 50:515–596.
  • O'BYRNE PM: Pathogenesis of asthma. In: Allergy, and Allergic diseases: The New Mechanisms and Therapeutics. Denburg JAE (Ed.), Humana Press, Inc., New Jersey, US (1998):493–508.
  • GIEMBYCZ MA, LINDSAY MA: Pharmacology of the eosinophil. Pharmacol. Rev. (1999) 51:216–309.
  • ••Comprehensive review of eosinophil biology andpharmacology.
  • FICK RB: Anti-IgE as novel therapy for the treatment of asthma. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. (1999) 5:76–80.
  • UMETSU DT, DEKRUYFF RH:Update on cells and cytokines. Thl and Th2 CD4+ cells in human allergic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (1997) 100:1–6.
  • BORISH L: Genetics of allergy and asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. (1999) 82:413–424.
  • BARNES KC, MARSH DG: The genetics and complexityof allergy and asthma. Immunol. Today (1998) 19:325–333.
  • THOMAS NS, HOLGATE ST: Genes for asthma on chromosome 11: an update. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28:387–391.
  • CRIMI E, SPANVELLO A, NERI M et al.: Dissociationbetween airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in allergic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1998) 157:4–9.
  • •Interesting findings for the relation of AHR and airway inflammation.
  • ODDERA S, SILVESTRI M, PENNA R et al.: Airway eosino-philic inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness after allergen inhalation challenge in asthma. Lung (1998) 176:247.
  • SAKULA A: A history of asthma The FitzPatrick lecture 1987. J. R. Coll Physicians Lund. (1988) 22:36–44.
  • BIELORY L, LUPOLI K: Herbal interventions in asthma and allergy. J. Asthma (1999) 36:1–65.
  • BOUSQUET J, DEMOLY P, CHANEZ P, GODARD P: Unmet needs in the pharmacological treatment of asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (1999) 12:63–65.
  • TATTERSFIELD AE: Limitations of current treatment. Lancet (1997) 350(Suppl.
  • BARNES PJ, WOOLCOCK AJ: Difficult asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:1209–1218.
  • MCFADDEN ER, HEJAL R: Asthma. Lancet (1995) 345:1215–1220.
  • NORMAN PS: Immunotherapy: past and present. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1998) 102:1–10.
  • REDINGTON AE, HOWARTH PH: Airway wall remodel-ling in asthma. Thorax (1997) 52:310–312.
  • FOLKERTS G, NIJKAMP FP: Airway epithelium: more than just a barrier! Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1998) 19:334–341.
  • DURHAM S: Long acting inhaled beta-agonists:anti-inflammatory effects not evident during treatment of day to day asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14:249–250.
  • BARNES PJ: Current issues for establishing inhaledcorticosteroids as the antiinflammatory agents of choice in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1998) 101:S427–S433.
  • WOOLCOCK A, LUNDBACK B, RINGDAL N, JACQUES LA: Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroids. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 153:1481–1488.
  • BATEMAN ED, BRITTON M, CARRILLO J, ALMEIDA J, WIXON C: Salmeterol/fluticasone (50/100 micrograms). Combination inhaler. UM. Drug Invest. (1998) 16:193–201.
  • DRAZEN JM, ISRAEL E, O'BYRNE PM: Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:197–206.
  • ••Excellent review of anti-leukotriene therapy.
  • HORWITZ RJ, MCGILL KA, BUSSE WW: The role of leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of asthma. Am. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1998) 157:1363–1371.
  • DAHLEN SE: Lipid mediator pathways in the lung: leukotrienes as a new target for the treatment of asthma. UM. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28 (Suppl. 5):141–146.
  • FISH JE, KEMP JP, LOCKEY RF et al.: Zafirlukast for symptomatic mild-to-moderate asthma: A 13-week multicentre study. Clin. Ther. (1997) 19:675–690.
  • CALHOUN WJ, LAVINS BJ, MINKWITZ MC et al.: Effect of zafirlukast (accolate) on cellular mediators of inflam-mation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings after segmental antigen challenge. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1998) 157:1381–1389.
  • ADKINS JC, BROGDEN RN: Zafirlukast: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of asthma. Drugs (1998) 55:121–144.
  • NOONAN MJ, CHERVINSKY P, BRANDON M et al.: Montelukast, a potent leukotriene receptor antago-nist, causes dose-related improvements in chronic asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 11:1232–1239.
  • PIZZICHINI E, LEFF JA, REISS TF et al: Montelukast reduces airway eosinophilic inflammation in asthma:a randomized, controlled trial. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14:12–18.
  • DIAMANT Z, GROOTENDORST DC, VESELIC-CHARVAT M et al.: The effect of montelukast (MK-0476), a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, on allergen-induced airway responses and sputum cell counts in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) 29:42–51.
  • TAMAOKI J, KONDO M, SAKAI N et al.: Leukotriene antagonist prevents exacerbation of asthma during reduction of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 155:1235–1240.
  • NAKAMURA Y, HOSHINO M, SIM JJ et al.: Effect of the leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast on cellular infiltration in the bronchial mucosa of patients with asthma. Thorax (1998) 53:835–841.
  • MUNOZ NM, DOUGLAS I, MAYER D et al.: Eosinophil chemotaxis inhibited by 5-lipoxygenase blockade and leukotriene receptor antagonism. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 155:1398–1403.
  • LIU MC, DUBE L, LANCASTER J: Acute and chronic effectsof a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor in asthma:A 6-month randomized multicenter trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (1996) 98:859–871.
  • LIPWORTH BJ: Leukotriene-receptor antagonists.Lancet (1999) 353:57–62.
  • MISSON J, CLARK W, KENDALL MJ: Therapeuticadvances: leukotriene antagonists for the treatment of asthma. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. (1999) 24:17–22.
  • DAHLEN B, NIZANKOWSKA E, SZCZEKLIK A et al: Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1998) 157:1187–1194.
  • LEFF JA, BUSSE WW, PEARLMAN D et al.: Montelukast, aleukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstric-tion. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:147–152.
  • SMITH LJ: The prospects for long-term intervention inasthma with antileukotrienes. UM. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28\(Suppl. 5):154–163.
  • STIRLING RG, CHUNG KF: Leukotriene antagonists andChurg-Strauss syndrome: the smoking gun. Thorax (1999) 54:865–866.
  • NELSON HS, BENSCH G, PLESKOW WW et al.: Improvedbronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma. J. Allergy Immunol. (1998) 102:943–952.
  • GAWCHIK SM, SACCAR CL, NOONAN M, REASNER DS,DEGRAW SS: The safety and efficacy of nebulized levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol and placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (1999) 103:615–621.
  • COCKCROFT DW, DAVIS BE, SWYSTUN VA, MARCINIUKDD: Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of beta2-agonists:comparison of the enantiomers of salbutamol with racemic salbutamol and placebo. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1999) 103:1049–1053.
  • YOUNG A, DOUGALL IG, HARPER ST et al.: DopamineD2-receptor agonism inhibits reflex processes in the lung: Investigations with AR-C68397AA, a novel dual D2-receptor and beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist for COPD. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) (Supp1.14) 30:A1950.
  • BUCHHEIT KH, FOZARD JR: K ATP channel openers forthe treatment of airways hyperreactivity. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (1999) 12:103–105.
  • BARNES PJ: New drugs for asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy(1996) 26:738–745.
  • KRAAN J, VINK-KLOOSTER H, POSTMA DS: The NK-2 receptor antagonist SR 48968C does not improve AMP-hyper-responsiveness and FEVi in allergic asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14:288s.
  • KUDLACZ EM: Combined tachykinin receptor antago-nists for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1998) 7:1055–1062.
  • BARNES PJ: Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (1997) 10:3–19. •
  • TAYLOR DA, JENSEN MW, KANABAR V et al.: A dose-dependent effect of the novel inhaled corticos-teroid ciclesonide on airway responsiveness to adenosine-5'-monophosphate in asthmatic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 160:237–243.
  • VAYSSIERE BM, DUPONT S, CHOQUART A et al.: Synthetic glucocorticoids that dissociate transactiva-tion and AP-1 transrepression exhibit antiinflamma-tory activity in vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. (1 99 7) 11:1245-1255.
  • ••Steroid mechanism to potentially reduce side effects.
  • LOCK SH, KAY AB, BARNES NC: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cyclosporin A as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 153:509–514.
  • REDINGTON AE, HARDINGE FM, MADDEN J, HOLGATE ST, HOWARTH PH: Cyclosporin A treatment and airways inflammation in corticosteroid- dependent asthma. Allergy (1998) 53:94–98.
  • MARIN MG: Low-dose methotrexate spares steroid usage in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients:a meta-analysis. Chest (1997) 112:29–33.
  • BARNES PJ: Novel therapeutic strategies for all allergic diseases. Nature (1999) (In Press).
  • ••Summary of recent advances in the treatment of allergicdiseases.
  • BARNES PJ, ADCOCK IM: Transcription factors and asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:221–234.
  • KANKAANRANTA H, DE SOUZA PM, BARNES PJ et al.: SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, enhances constitutive apoptosis of cytokine-deprived human eosinophils. j Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1999) 290:621–628.
  • COSTELLO PS, TURNER M, WALTERS AE et al.: Criticalrole for the tyrosine kinase Syk in signalling through the high affinity IgE receptor of mast cells. Oncogene (1996) 13:2595–2605.
  • YOUSEFI S, HOESSLI DC, BLASER K, MILLS GB, SIMON HU: Requirement of Lyn and Syk tyrosine kinases for the prevention of apoptosis by cytokines in human eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 183:1407–1414.
  • ZHANG D, YANG L, COHN L et al.: Inhibition of allergic inflammation in a murine model of asthma by expres-sion of a dominant-negative mutant of GATA-3. Immunity (1999) 11:473–482.
  • TORPHY TJ: Phosphodiesterase isozymes:moleculartargets for novel antiasthma agents. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157:351–370.
  • SCHUDT C, GANTNER F, TENORS H, HATZELMANN A:Therapeutic potential of selective PDE inhibitors in asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol Ther. (1999) 12:123–129.
  • SPINA D, LANDELLS LJ, PAGE CP: The role of theophyl-line and phosphodiesterase4 isoenzyme inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28 (Suppl. 3):24–34.
  • SCHMIDT D, DENT G, RABE KF: Selective phosphodies-terase inhibitors for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) 2 (Suppl. 29):99–109.
  • TORPHY TJ, BARNETTE MS, UNDERWOOD DC et al.:ArifloTM (SB 207499), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of asthma and COPD:from concept to clinic. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (1999) 12:131–135.
  • BARNETTE MS, CHRISTENSEN SB, ESSAYAN DM et al.: SB207499 (Ariflo), a potent and selective second-generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor: in vitro anti-inflammatory actions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 284:420–428.
  • CHRISTENSEN SB, GUIDER A, FORSTER CJ et al.:1,4-cyclohexanecarboxylates: Potent and selective inhibitors of phosophodiesterase 4 for the treatment of asthma. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:821–835.
  • NORMAN P: PDE4 inhibitors 1998. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (1998) 8:771–784.
  • FREW AJ: Effects of anti-IgE in asthmatic subjects. Am]. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 155:1828–1834.
  • FAHY JV, FLEMING HE, WONG HH et al.: The effect of ananti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 155:1828–1834.
  • CERNADAS M, DE SANCTIS GT, KRINZMAN S et al.: CD23 and allergic pulmonary inflammation: Potential role as an inhibitor. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol Biol. (1999) 20:1–8.
  • CHUNG KF, BARNES PJ: Cytokines in asthma. Thorax (1999) 54:825–857.
  • ••Comprehensive review of the role of cytokines in asthma.
  • PAUWELS RA: Cytokines and their receptors as therapeutic targets in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28\(Suppl. 3):1–5.
  • BORISH LC, NELSON HS, BENSCH G et al.: Phase I/II study of soluble interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) in adults with moderate asthma. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14:288s.
  • ••Use of a soluble IL-4 receptor in asthma.
  • WILLS-KARP M, LUYIMBAZI J, XU X et al.: Interleukin-13: central mediator of allergic asthma. Science (1998) 282:2258–2260.
  • ••Role of IL-13 in allergic diseases.
  • GReNIG G, WARNOCK M, WAKIL AE et al.: Requirement for IL-13 independently of IL-4 in experimental asthma. Science (1998) 282:2261–2263.
  • KAPLAN MH, SCHINDLER U, SMILEY ST, GRUSBY MJ: Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for development of Th2 cells. Immunity (1996) 4:313–319.
  • LOSMAN JA, CHEN XP, HILTON D, ROTHMAN P: Cutting edge: SOCS-1 is a potent inhibitor of IL-4 signal transduction. J. Immunol (1999) 162:3770–3774.
  • BURCHARD e.g., SILVERMAN EK, ROSENWASSER LJ et al: Association between a sequence variant in the 11–4 gene promoter and FEW) in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 160:919–922.
  • SINGH AD, SANDERSON CJ: Anti-interleukin 5 strategies as a potential treatment for asthma. Thorax (1997) 52:483–485.
  • PALFRAMAN RT, COLLINS PD, SEVERS NJ et al.:Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5:The role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidyli-nositol 3-kinase. J. Exp. Merl. (1998) 188:1621–1632.
  • LECKIE MJ, TEN BRINKE A, LORDAN J et al.: SB 240563, ahumanised anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody: initial single dose safety and activity in patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care. Merl. (1999) 159:A624.
  • MCKINNON M: An interleukin 5 mutant distinguishesbetween two functional responses in human eosino-phils. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186:121–129.
  • ADACHI T, ALAM R: The mechanism of 11-5 signal transduction. Am. J. Physiol (1998) 275:C623–C633.
  • FELDMAN M, TAYLOR P, PALEOLOG E, BRENNAN FM, MAINI RN: Anti-TNF alpha therapy is useful in rheuma-toid arthritis and Crohn's disease: analysis of the mechanism of action predicts utility in other diseases. Transplant Proc. (1998) 30:4126–4127.
  • PRETOLANI M, GOLDMAN M: 11-10: a potential therapyfor allergic inflammation. Immunol. Today (1997) 18:277–280.
  • BORISH L, AARONS A, RUMBYRT J et al.: Interleukin-10 regulation in normal subjects and patients with asthma. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol (1996) 97:1288–1296.
  • LIM S, CRAWLEY E, WOO P, BARNES PJ: Haplotype associated with low interleukin-10 production in patients with severe asthma. Lancet (1998) 352:113.
  • HASKO G, SZABO C: 11-12 as a therapeutic target for pharmacological modulation in immune- mediated and inflammatory diseases: regulation of T helper 1/T helper 2 responses. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 127:1295–1304.
  • WILLS-KARP M: Interleukin-12 as a target for modula-tion of the inflammatory response in asthma. Allergy (1998) 53:113–119.
  • GATELY MK, RENZETTI LM, MAGRAM J et al.: Theinterleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathological immune responses. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (1998) 16:495–521.
  • LEONARD JP, SHERMAN ML, FISHER GL et al.: Effect ofsingle-dose interleukin-12 exposure on interleukin-12-associated toxicity and interferon-y production. Blood (1997) 90:2541–2548.
  • PRESCOTT SL, MACAUBAS C, SMALLACOMBE T et al.:Reciprocal age-related patterns of allergen-specific T-cell immunity in normal vs. atopic infants. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28 (Suppl. 5):39–44.
  • HANSEN G, BERRY G, DEKRUYFF RH, UMETSU DT: Allergen-specific Thl cells fail to counterbalance Th2 cell-induced airway hyperreactivity but cause severe airway inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 103:175–183.
  • HOFSTRA CL, VAN A, I, HOFMAN G et al.: Prevention of Th2-like cell responses by coadministration of 11-12 and 11-18 is associated with inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness, eosinophilia and serum IgE levels. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:5054–5060.
  • BOGUNIEWICZ M, MARTIN RJ, MARTIN D et al: The effects of nebulized recombinant interferon-gamma in asthmatic airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1995) 95:133–135.
  • BURASTERO SE, ROSSI GA: Immunomodulation by interference with co-stimulatory molecules: therapeutic perspectives in asthma. Thorax (1999) 54:554–557.
  • ROBINSON DS: T cell costimulation: a potential therapeutic target in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28:788–790.
  • KLINE JN, WALDSCHMIDT TJ, BUSINGA TR et al.: Cutting edge: Modulation of airway inflammation by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in a murine model of asthma. J. Immunol. (1998) 160:2555–2559.
  • BROIDE D, SCHWARZE J, TIGHE H et al: Immunostimu-latory DNA sequences inhibit IL-5, eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in mice. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:7054–7062.
  • SUR S, WILD JS, CHOUDHURY BK et al.: Long term prevention of allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:6284–6293.
  • METZGER WJ, NYCE JW: Oligonucleotide therapy of allergic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (1999) 104:260–266.
  • DURBAN IMMUNOTHERAPY TRIAL GROUP: Immuno-therapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis:a random-ised controlled trial. Lancet (1999) 354:116–119.
  • PLATTS-MILLS TA, MUELLER GA, WHEATLEY LM: Future directions for allergen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1998) 102:335–343.
  • MARCOTTE GV, BRAUN CM, NORMAN PS et al.: Effects of peptide therapy on ex vivo T-cell responses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1998) 101:506–513.
  • DURHAM SR, TILL SJ: Immunologic changes associated with allergen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1998) 102:157–164.
  • KIM MK, BRANDLEY BK andERSON MB, BOCHNER BS: Antagonism of selectin-dependent adhesion of human eosinophils and neutrophils by glycomimetics and oligosaccharide compounds. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. (1998) 19:836–841.
  • MUSSER JH andERSON MB, LEVY DE: Glycomimetics as selectin inhibitors. Curr. Pharmaceutical Design (1995) 1:221–232.
  • KOGAN TP, DUPRE B, BUI H et al.: Novel synthetic inhibitors of selectin-mediated cell adhesion: synthesis of 1,6-bis [3- (3-carboxymethylpheny0-4-(2-alpha-D- mannopyranosyloxy)phenyllhexane (TBC1269). J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:1099–1111.
  • AUSTRUP F, VESTWEBER D, BORGES E et al.: P- and E-selectin mediate recruitment of T-helper-1 but not T-helper-2 cells into inflamed tissues. Nature (1997) 385:81–83.
  • DAVIS LS, KAVANAUGH AF, NICHOLS LA, LIPSKY PE: Induction of persistent T cell hyper-responsiveness in vivo by monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. (1995) 154:3525–3537.
  • GLOVER JM, LEEDS JM, MANT TG et al.: Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic profile of an intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ISIS 2302).j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1997) 282:1173–1180.
  • BENNETT CF: Antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1999) 8:237–253.
  • LIN KC, CASTRO AC: Very late antigen 4 (VLA4) antago-nists as anti-inflammatory agents. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. (1998) 2:453–457.
  • JACKSON DY, QUAN C, ARTIS DR et al.: Potent a4b1 peptide antagonists as potential anti-inflammatory agents. J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40:3359–3368.
  • LOBB RR, ADAMS SP: Small molecule antagonists of alpha 4 integrins:novel drugs for asthma. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1999) 8:935–945.
  • LIN K, ATEEQ HS, HSIUNG SH et al.: Selective, tight-binding inhibitors of integrin alpha4betal that inhibit allergic airway responses. J. Med. Chem. (1999) 42:920–934.
  • HEATH H, QIN S, RAO P et al.: Chemokine receptor usage by human eosinophils The importance of CCR3 demonstrated using an antagonistic monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:178–184.
  • LUSTER AD: Chemokines - chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:436–445.
  • •Comprehensive review of chemokine family.
  • YING S, ROBINSON DS, MENG Q et al.: Enhanced expres-sion of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. Association with airway hyper-responsiveness and predominant co-localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells. Eur. I Immunol. (1997) 27:3507–3516.
  • SAUNDERS J, TARBY CM: Opportunities for novel therapeutic agents acting at chemokine receptors. Drug Disc. Today (1999) 4:80–92.
  • SALLUSTO F, MACKAY CR, LANZAVECCHIA A: Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science (1997) 277: 2005-2007.
  • ••Important paper highlighting chemokine receptor expres-sion on T cells.
  • UGUCCIONI M, MACKAY CR, OCHENSBERGER B et al.: High expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 in human blood basophils. Role in activation by eotaxin, MCP-4 and other chemokines. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100:1137–1143.
  • BONECCHI R, BIANCHI G, BORDIGNON PP et al.: Differ-ential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of Type 1 T helper cells (This) and Th2s. J. Exp. Med. (1998) 187:129–134.
  • ELSNER J, PETERING H, HOCHSTETTER R et al.: The CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES inhibits eosino-phil effector functions through the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3. Eur. J. Immunol. (1997) 27:2892–2898.
  • HOSHINO M, SIM J, SHIMIZU K, NAKAYAMA H, KOYA A: Effect of AA-2414, a thromboxane A2 receptor antago-nist, on airway inflammation in subjects with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1999) 103:1054–1061.
  • EVANS DJ, BARNES PJ, CLUZEL M, O'CONNOR BJ: Effects of a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, SR27417A, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:11–16.
  • YATES DH, KHARITONOV SA, THOMAS PS, BARNES PJ: Endogenous nitric oxide is decreased in asthmatic patients by an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 154:247–250.
  • HE S, GACA MD, WALLS AF: A role for tryptase in the activation of human mast cells: modulation of histamine release by tryptase and inhibitors of tryptase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 286:289–297.
  • MOLINO M, BARNATHAN ES, NUMEROF R et al.: Interac-tions of mast cell tryptase with thrombin receptors and PAR-2. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:4043–4049.
  • ROGERS DF, LAURENT GJ: New ideas on the pathophysi-ology and treatment of lung disease. Thorax (1998) 53:200–203.
  • MATHIEU M, GOUGAT C, JAFFUEL D et al.: The glucocor-ticoid receptor gene as a candidate for gene therapy in asthma. Gene Ther. (1999) 6:245–252.
  • DUNN CJ, GOA KL: Zanamivir: A review of its use in influenza. Drugs (1999) 58:761–784.
  • HAYDEN FG, TREANOR JJ, FRITZ RS et al.: Use of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in experimental human influenza:randomized controlled trials for prevention and treatment. JAMA (1999) 282:1240–1246.
  • ABDEL-RAHMAN SM, KEARNS GL: Single oral dose escalation pharmacokinetics of pleconaril (VP 63843) capsules in adults. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1999) 39:613–618.
  • KEARNS GL, ABDEL-RAHMAN SM, JAMES LP et al.: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of a pleconaril (VP63843) oral solution in children and adolescents. Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43:634–638.
  • PEVEAR DC, TULL TM, SEIPEL ME, GROARKE JM: Activity of pleconaril against enteroviruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43:2109–2115.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.