115
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Novel therapy for COPD

, , &
Pages 3-23 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

References

  • CHEN JC, MANNINO DM: Worldwide epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. (1999) 5:93–99.
  • MURRAY CJ, LOPEZ AD: Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet (1997) 349:1436–1442.
  • MURRAY CJ, LOPEZ AD: Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet (1997) 349:1269–1276.
  • MURRAY CJ, LOPEZ AD: Evidence-based health policy-lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science (1996) 274:740–743.
  • LOPEZ AD, MURRAY CC: The global burden of disease, 1990-2020. Nature Med. (1998) 4:1241–1243.
  • NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE BM: Morbidity and mortality: 1996 chartbook on cardio-vascular lung and blood diseases.
  • EVANS MD, PRYOR WA: Cigarette smoking, emphysema, and damage to alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Am. J. Physic)]. (1994) 266:L593–L611.
  • TSUKINO M, NISHIMURA K, IKEDA A et al: Effects oftheophylline and ipratropium bromide on exercise performance in patients with stable chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1998) 53:269–273.
  • BRITTON JR, PAVORD ID, RICHARDS KA et al: Dietaryantioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 151:1383–1387.
  • KOYAMA H, GEDDES DM: Genes, oxidative stress, andthe risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1998) 53 (Suppl. 2):S10–S14.
  • •Interesting review of risk factors.
  • GUNDEL RH, WEGNER CD, TORCELLINI CA et aL: Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 mediates antigen-induced acute airway inflammation and late-phase airway obstruction in monkeys. J. Clin. Invest (1991) 88:1407–1411.
  • O'SHAUGHNESSY TC, ANSARI TW, BARNES NC, JEFFERYPK: Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: inverse relationship of CD8+ T lymphocytes with FEV1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 155:852–857.
  • JEFFERY PK: Differences and similarities betweenchronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) 29 (Suppl. 2):14–26.
  • SAETTA M, BARALDO S, CORBINO L et al: CD8+ve cellsin the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 160:711–717.
  • FINKELSTEIN R, FRASER RS, GHEZZO H, COSIO MG:Alveolar inflammation and its relation to emphysema in smokers. Am. J. Resp Crit. Care Med. (1995) 152:1666–1672.
  • LIU CC, PERSECHINI PM, YOUNG JD: Perforin andlymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Immunol Rev. (1995) 146:145–175.
  • REPINE JE, BAST A, LANKHORST I: Oxidative stress inchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:341–357.
  • MORRISON D, RAHMAN I, LANNAN S, MACNEE W: Epithelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidant stress in the air spaces of smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 159:473–479.
  • DEKHUIJZEN PN, ABEN KK, DEKKER I et al.: Increasedexhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 154:813–816.
  • MAZIAK W, LOUKIDES S, CULPITT S et al: Exhaled nitric oxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157:998–1002.
  • BARNES PJ, KARIN M: Nuclear factor-kB -A pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:1066–1071.
  • RAHMAN I, MACNEE W: Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1996) 51:348–350.
  • STOCKLEY RA: The role of proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1994) 150:S109–5113.
  • STOCKLEY RA: The pathogenesis of chronic obstruc-tive lung diseases: implications for therapy. Q. J. Med. (1995) 88:141 146.
  • YOSHIOKA A, BETSUYAKU T, NISHIMURA M et al: Excessive neutrophil elastase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in subclinical emphysema. Am. J Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 152:2127–2132.
  • STONE PJ, GOTTLIEB DJ, O'CONNOR GT et al: Elastinand collagen degradation products in urine of smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 151:952–959.
  • REID PT, MARSDEN ME, CUNNINGHAM GA, HASLETT C, SALLENAVE JM: Human neutrophil elastase regulates the expression and secretion of elafln (elastase-specific inhibitor) in Type II alveolar epithelial cells. FEBS Letts. (1999) 457:33–37.
  • HIEMSTRA PS, VAN WETERING S, STOLK J: Neutrophil serine proteinases and defensins in chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: effects on pulmonary epithe-lium. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:1200–1208.
  • LIOU TG, CAMPBELL EJ: Quantum proteolysis resulting from releaase of single granules by human neutro-phils: A novel, nonoxidative mechanism of exracel-lular proteolytic activity. J. Immunol. (1996) 157:2624–2631.
  • CAWSTON TE: Metalloproteinase inhibitors and theprevention of connective tissue breakdown. Pharmacol. Ther. (1996) 70:163–182.
  • •Excellent review of MMP inhibitors in several diseases.
  • MURPHY G, DOCHERTY AJ: The matrix metalloprote-inases and their inhibitors. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. (1992) 7:120–125.
  • TETLEY TD: Matrix metalloproteinases: a role in emphysema? Thorax (1997) 52:495.
  • O'CONNOR CM, FITZGERALD MX: Matrix metalloprote-ases and lung disease. Thorax (1994) 49:602–609.
  • OHNO I, OHTANI H, NITTA Y et al.: Eosinophils as a source of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in asthmatic airway inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol (1997) 16:212–219.
  • FINLAY GA, RUSSELL KJ, MCMAHON KJ et al.: Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases in bronchoal-veolar lavage fluid of emphysematous patients. Thorax (1997) 52:502–506.
  • FINLAY GA, O'DRISCOLL LR, RUSSELL KJ et al.: Matrix metalloproteinase expression and production by alveolar macrophages in emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:240–247.
  • HAUTAMAKI RD, KOBAYASHI DK, SENIOR RM, SHAPIROSD: Requirement for macrophage elastase for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Science (1997) 277:2002–2004.
  • OHNISHI K, TAKAGI M, KUROKAWA Y, SATOMI S, KONTTINEN YT: Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix protein degradation in human pulmonary emphysema. Lab. Invest. (1998) 78:1077–1087.
  • VESTBO J, PRESCOTT E, LANGE P: Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 153:1530–1535.
  • GENDLER SJ, SPICER AP: Epithelial mucin genes. Ann. Rev. Physiol (1995) 57:607–634.
  • JONES PW, QUIRK FH, BAVEYSTOCK CM: The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir. Med. (1991) 85 (Suppl. B):25–31.
  • BESTALL JC, PAUL EA, GARROD R et al.: Usefulness of theMedical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1999) 54:581–586.
  • REVILL SM, MORGAN MD, SINGH SJ, WILLIAMS J,HARDMAN AE: The endurance shuttle walk: a new field test for the assessment of endurance capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1999) 54:213–222.
  • MONTUSCHI P, CORRADI M, CIABATTONI G et al: Breath condensate analysis of 8-isoprostane, a new approach for assessment of oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Resp. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 159:A798.
  • American Thoracic Society: Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 152:S77–S120.
  • British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1997) 52 (Suppl. 5):S1–S28.
  • COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combina-tion of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. An 85-day multicenter trial. Chest (1994) 105:1411–1419.
  • EASTON PA, JADUE C, DHINGRA S, ANTHONISEN NR: Acomparison of the bronchodilating effects of a beta-2 adrenergic agent (albuterol) and an anticholinergic agent (ipratropium bromide), given by aerosol alone or in sequence. N Engl. J. Med. (1986) 315:735–739.
  • WILSON JD, SERBY CW, MENJOGE SS, WITEK TJ: The efficacy and safety of combination bronchodilator therapy. Eur. Respir. Rev. (1996) 6:286–289.
  • MATERA MG, CAZZOLA M, VINCIGUERRA A et al: Acomparison of the bronchodilating effects of salmeterol, salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm. Pharmacol. (1995) 8:267–271.
  • JONES PW, BOSH TK: Quality of life changes in COPD patients treated with salmeterol. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 155:1283–1289.
  • ULRIK CS: Efficacy of inhaled salmeterol in the management of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Thorax (1995) 50:750–754.
  • BOYD G, MORICE AH, POUNSFORD JC et al.: An evalua-tion of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur. Respir. J (1997) 10:815–821.
  • CHRYSTYN H, MULLEY BA, PEAKE MD: Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ (1988) 297:1506–1510.
  • PELEMAN RA, KIPS JC, PAUVVELS RA: Therapeutic activi-ties of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28\(Suppl. 3):53–56.
  • BOUSHEY HA: Glucocorticoid therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1990–1991.
  • CALVERLEY PMA: Re-assessing the evidence about inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax (1999) 54:3–4.
  • PAUWELS RA, LOFDAHL CG, LAITINEN LA et al.: Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1948–1953.
  • VESTBO J, SORENSEN T, LANGE P et al.: Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (1999) 353:1819–1823.
  • BURGE PS: EUROSCOP, ISOLDE and the Copenhagen city lung study. Thorax (1999) 54:287–288.
  • ••Three important studies on steroids in COPD.
  • NIEWOEHNER DE, ERBLAND ML, DEUPREE RH et al: Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1941–1947.
  • PAGGIARO PL, DAHLE R, BAKRAN I et al.: Multicentre randomised in placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet (1998) 351:773–780.
  • SAINTS, BENT S, VITTINGHOFF E, GRADY D: Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerba-tions. A meta analysis. JAMA (1995) 273:957–960.
  • TARPY SP, CELLI B: Long-term oxygen therapy. N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:710–714.
  • NOCTURNAL OXYGEN THERAPY GROUP: Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann. Int. Med. (1980) 93:391–398.
  • REPORT OF THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WORKING PARTY: Long-term domicilary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale compli-cating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet (1981) 1:681–686.
  • ANTHONISEN NR, CONNETT JE, KILEY JP et al: Effects ofsmoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA (1994) 272 :1497–1505.
  • RAW M, MCNEILL A, WEST R: Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals. A guide to effective smoking cessation interventions for the health care system. Health Education Authority. Thorax (1998) 53 (Suppl. 5 Pt 1):S1–19.
  • LERMAN C, CAPORASO NE, AUDRAIN J et al.: Evidence suggesting the role of specific genetic factors in cigarette smoking. Health Psycho]. (1999) 18:14–20.
  • SILAGY C, MANT D, FOWLER G, LODGE M: Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet (1994) 343:139–142.
  • HENNINGFIELD JE: Nicotine medications for smokingcessation. N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1196–1203.
  • WATKINS SS, EPPING-JORDAN MP, KOOB GF, MARKOU A: Blockade of nicotine self-administration with nicotinic antagonists in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (1999) 62:743–751.
  • ROSE JE, WESTMAN EC, BEHM FM, JOHNSON MP, GOLDBERG JS: Blockade of smoking satisfaction using the peripheral nicotinic antagonist trimethaphan. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (1999) 62:165–172.
  • HURT RD, SACHS DP, GLOVER ED et al: A comparison ofsustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:1195–1202.
  • JORENBY DE, LEISCHOW SJ, NIDES MA et al.: A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:685–691.
  • UMINO T, MANOUILOVA LS, SKOLD CM et al.: Effect of a cigarette which does not burn tobacco on phenotypical markers of alveolar macrophages from heavy smokers. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14 (Suppl. 30):A298.
  • GROMAN E, BERNHARD G, BLAUENSTEINER D, KUNZE U: Herbal cigarettes are dangerous. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14\(Suppl. 30):A446.
  • YOUNG A, DOUGALL IG, HARPER ST et al.: Dopamine D2-receptor agonism inhibits reflex processes in the lung: Investigations with AR-C68397AA, a novel dual D2-receptor and beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist for COPD. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14 (Suppl. 30):A1950.
  • BONNERT RV, BROWN RC, CHAPMAN D et al.: Dual D2-receptor and beta2-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of airway diseases. 1. Discovery and biological evaluation of some 742-aminoethy0-4-hydroxybenzothiazol-2 (3H)-one analogues. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41:4915–4917.
  • COSTELLO J: Prospects for improved therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the use of levalbuterol. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1999) 104:S61–S68.
  • BARNES PJ: Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Life Sci. (1993) 52:521–527.
  • ••Excellent review of muscarinic receptors.
  • BARNES PJ, BELVISI MG, MAK JCW, HADDAD E-B, O'CONNOR BJ: Tiotropium bromide (Ba 679 Br),a novel long-acting muscarinic antagonist for the treatment of obstructive airways disease. Life Sci. (1995) 56:853–859.
  • MAESEN FPV, SMEETS JJ, SLEDSENS TJH, WALD FDM, CORNELISSEN PJG: Tiotropium bromide, a new long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilator : a pharmacodynamic study in patients with chronic obstructive disease (COPD). Eur. Respir. J. (1995) 8:1506–1513.
  • CASABURI R, SERBY W, MENJOGE SS, WITEK TJ: The spirometric efficacy of once daily dosing with tiotro-plum in stable COPD. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 159:A524.
  • TORPHY TJ, BARNETTE MS, UNDERWOOD DC et al.:ArifloTM (SB 207499), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of asthma and COPD: from concept to clinic. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (1999) 12:131–135.
  • MULLER T, ENGELS P, FOZARD JR: Subtypes of the Type 4cAMP phosphodiesterases: structure, regulation and selective inhibition. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1996) 17:294–299.
  • COMPTON CH, GUBB J, CEDAR E et al.: The efficacy ofAriflow SB207499, a second generation oral PDE4 inhibitor, in patients with COPD. Am. J. Resp. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 63:413.
  • ZAKRZEWSKI JT, BARNES NC, COSTELLO JF, PIPER PJ:Lipid mediators in cystic fibrosis and chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1987) 136:779–782.
  • MARTIN TR, PISTORESE BP, CHI EY, GOODMAN RB, MATTHAY MA: Effects of leukotriene B4 in the human lung. Recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces without a change in protein permeability. J. Clin. Invest. (1989) 84:1609–1619.
  • HUBBARD RC, FELLS G, GADEK J et al.: Neutrophilaccumulation in the lung in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Spontaneous release of leukotriene B4 by alveolar macrophages. J. Clin. Invest (1991) 88:891–897.
  • FISCHER AR, ROSENBERG MA, ROTH M et al: Effect of anovel 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitor, BAYx 1005, on asthma induced by cold dry air. Thorax (1997) 52:1074–1077.
  • EVANS DJ, BARNES PJ, SPAETHE SM et al.: Effect of a leukotriene B 4 receptor antagonist, LY293111, on allergen induced responses in asthma. Thorax (1996) 51:1178–1184.
  • TRAVIS J: Biotech gets a grip on cell adhesion. Science (1993) 260:906–908.
  • MULLIGAN MS, MIYASAKA M, TAMATANI T, JONES ML, WARD PA: Requirements for L-selectin in neutrophil-mediated lung injury in rats. J. Immunol. (1994) 152:832–840.
  • SYMON FA, MCNULTY CA, WARDLAW AJ: P- and L-selectin mediate binding of T cells to chronically inflamed human airway endothelium. Eur. J. Immunol. (1999) 29:1324–1333.
  • VUORTE J, LINDSBERG PJ, KASTE M et al: Anti-ICAM-1monoclonal antibody R6.5 (Enlimomab) promotes activation of neutrophils in whole blood. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:2353–2357.
  • MASTROBATTISTA E, STORM G, VAN BLOOIS L et al:Cellular uptake of liposomes targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on bronchial epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1419:353–363.
  • •Interesting with regard to drug delivery mechanisms.
  • KEATINGS VM, COLLINS PD, SCOTT DM, BARNES PJ: Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am.
  • Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 153:530–534.
  • KWON 0J, AU BT, COLLINS PD et al.: Tumor necrosisfactor-induced interleukin-8 expression in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 267:L398–L405.
  • ERB KJ, HOLLOWAY JW, SOBECK A, MOLL H, LE GROS G: Infection of mice with Mycobacterium bovis-bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) suppresses allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. J. Exp. Med. (1998) 187:561–569.
  • MORELAND LW, SCHIFF MH, BAUMGARTNER SW et al: Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A random-ized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern Med. (1999) 130:478–486.
  • AMOUR A, HUTTON M, KNAUPER V et al: Inhibition of the metalloproteinase domain of mouse TACE. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1999) 878:728–731.
  • SAUNDERS J, TARBY CM: Opportunities for novel therapeutic agents acting at chemokine receptors. Drugs Dis. Today (1999) 4:80–92.
  • CACALANO G, LEE J, KIKLY K eta].: Neutrophil and B cell expansion in mice that lack the murine IL-8 receptor homolog. Science (1994) 265:682–684.
  • HARADA A, MUKAIDA N, MATSUSHIMA K: Interleukin 8 as a novel target for intervention therapy in acute inflammatory diseases. Mol. Med. Today (1996) 2:482–489.
  • YANG XD, CORVALAN JR, WANG P, ROY CM, DAVIS CG: Fully human anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibodies: potential therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states. J. Leukocyte Biol. (1999) 66:401–410.
  • WHITE JR, LEE JM, YOUNG PR et al.: Identification of a potent, selective non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits interleukin-8-induced neutrophil migration. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:10095–10098.
  • MCCOLL SR, CLARK-LEWIS I: Inhibition of murine neutrophil recruitment in vivo by CXC chemokine receptor antagonists. J. Immunol. (1999) 163:2829–2835.
  • PRETOLANI M: Interleukin-10:an anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clin. and Exp. Allergy (1999) 29:1164–1171.
  • STEARNS ME, RHIM J, WANG M: Interleukin 10 (11-10) inhibition of primary human prostate cell- induced angiogenesis: 11-10 stimulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and inhibition of matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP)- 2/MMP-9 secretion. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5:189–196.
  • OHSHIMA S, SAEKI Y, MIMA T et al: Long-term follow-up of the changes in circulating cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, and white blood cell subset counts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy. J. Clin. Immunol. (1999) 19:305–313.
  • MASCALI JJ, CVIETUSA P, NEGRI J, BORISH L: Anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline: modula-tion of cytokine production. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. (1996) 77:34–38.
  • BARNES PJ: Molecular mechanisms of steroid action in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (1996) 97:159–168.
  • KARIN M: The NF-kappa B activation pathway: its regulation and role in inflammation and cell survival. Cancerj Sci. Am. (1998) 4 (Suppl. 1):S92–599.
  • LEE JC, KASSIS S, KUMAR S, BADGER A, ADAMS JL: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors-mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Ther. (1999) 82:389–397.
  • BARNES PJ, ADCOCK I: Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids:molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci. (1993) 141:436–441.
  • ••Review of mechanisms of steroid action.
  • GILLISSEN A, JAWORSKA M, ORTH M et al.: Nacystelyn, a novel lysine salt of N-acetylcysteine, to augment cellular antioxidant defence in vitro. Respir. Med. (1997) 91:159–168.
  • VERHASSELT V, VANDEN BERGHE W, VANDERHEYDE N et al.: N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits primary human T cell responses at the dendritic cell level: association with NF-kappaB inhibition. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:2569–2574.
  • BOMAN G, BACKER U, LARSSON S, MELANDER B, WAHLANDER L: Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerba-tion rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases. Eur. j Respir. Dis. (1983) 64:405–415.
  • EKBERG-JANSSON A, LARSON M, MACNEE W et al: N-isobutyryl cysteine, a donor of systemic thiols, does not reduce the exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 13:829–834.
  • OUWERKERK-MAHADEVAN S, VAN BOOM JH, DREEF-TROMP MC et al: Glutathione analogues as novel inhibitors of rat and human glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes, as well as of glutathione conjugation in isolated rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo. Biochem J. (1995) 308:283–290.
  • MISSBACH M, JAGHER B, SIGG I et al.: Thiazolidine diones, specific ligands of the nuclear receptor retinoid Z receptor/retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha with potent antiarthritic activity. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:13515–13522.
  • THOMAS CE, OHLWEILER DF, CARR AA et al.: Characteri-zation of the radical trapping activity of a novel series of cyclic nitrone spin traps. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:3097–3104.
  • MIYAJIMA T, KOTAKE Y: Spin trapping agent, phenyl n-tert-butyl nitrone inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in endotoxin-induced shock in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 215:114–121.
  • MORROW JD, ROBERTS LJ: The isoprostanes. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1996) 51:1–9.
  • MORROW JD, FRET B, LONGMIRE AW et al.: Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 18:1198–1203.
  • KAWIKOVA I, BARNES PJ, TAKAHASHI T et al: 8-epi-PGF2a a novel noncyclo-oxygenase-derived prosta-glandin, constricts airways in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 153:590–596.
  • TAMAOKI J, CHIYOTANI A, KOBAYASHI K et al.: Effect of indomethacin on bronchorrhea in patients with chronic bronchitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, or bronchiectasis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1992) 145:548–552.
  • LLEWELLYN-JONES CG, JOHNSON MM, MITCHELL JL et al: In vivo study of indomethacin in bronchiectasis: effect on neutrophil function and lung secretion. Eur. Respir. J. (1995) 8:1479–1487.
  • WILLIAMS JC, FALCONE RC, KNEE C et al: Biologic characterization of ICI 200,880 and ICI 200,355, novel inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1991) 144:875–883.
  • KAWABATA K, SUZUKI M, SUGITANI M et al.: ONO-5046, a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1991) 177:814–820.
  • SAKAMAKI F, ISHIZAKA A, URANO T et al. Effect of a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, ONO-5046, on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 153:391–397.
  • TOMIZAWA N, OHWADA S, OHYA T et al: The effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046.Na) and neutrophil depletion using a granulotrap (G-1) column on lung reperfusion injury in dogs. J. Heart Lung Transplant (1999) 18:637–645.
  • LUISETTI M, STURANI C, SELLA D et al.: MR889, a neutro-phil elastase inhibitor, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Eur. Respir. J (1996) 9:1482–1486.
  • DURHAM SL, HARE CM, ANGELASTRO MR et al.: Pharma-cology of n44-(4-morpholinylcarbonyObenzoy11-1-valyl-n-[3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo butyl]-1-prolinamide(mdl 101,104): A potent orally active inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 270:185–191.
  • SHINGUH Y, YAMAZAKI A, INAMURA N et al.: Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of FR134043, a novel elastase inhibitor. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1998) 345:299–308.
  • HIEMSTRA PS, VAN WETERING S, STOLK J: Neutrophil serine proteinases and defensins in chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: effects on pulmonary epithe-lium. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:1200–1208.
  • CADENE M, DURANTON J, NORTH A et al.: Inhibition of neutrophil serine proteinases by suramin. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:9950–9955.
  • MICHAELIDES MR, CURTIN ML: Recent Advances in Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors Research. Curr. Pharm. Des (1999) 5:787–819.
  • GEARING AJ, BECKETT P, CHRISTODOULOU M et al.: Processing of tumour necrosis factor-alpha precursor by metalloproteinases. Nature (1994) 370:555–557.
  • MOSS ML, JIN SL, MILLA ME et al.: Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature (1997) 385:733–736.
  • MAHADEVA R, LOMAS DA: Genetics and respiratory disease. 2. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, cirrhosis and emphysema. Thorax (1998) 53:501–505.
  • THE A-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY REGISTRY STUDY GROUP: Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 158:49–59.
  • WALLAERT B, GRESSIER B, MARQUETTE CH et al.: Inacti-vation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by alveolar inflammatory cells from smoking patients with or without emphysema. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis (1993) 147:1537–1543.
  • MCELVANEY NG, NAKAMURA H, BIRRER P et al. Modulation of airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis :in vivo suppression of interleukin-8 levels on the respiratory epithelial surface by aerosolization of recombinant secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. J. Clin. Invest (1999) 90:1296–1301.
  • ABBINANTE-NISSEN JM, SIMPSON LG, LEIKAUF GD :Corticosteroids increase secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor transcript levels in airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. (1995) 268:L601–L606.
  • CULPITT S, MAZIAK W, LOUKIDIS S, NIGHTINGALE JA, MATTHEWS JL, BARNES PJ :Effect of high dose inhaled steroid on cells, cytokines, and proteases in induced sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Resp Grit. Care Med. (1999) 160:1635–1639.
  • LLEWELLYN-JONES CG, LOMAS DA, STOCKLEY RA: Potential role of recombinant secretory leucoprotease inhibitor in the prevention of neutrophil mediated matrix degradation. Thorax (1994) 49:567–572.
  • SUZUKI T, WANG W, LIN JT et al: Aerosolized human neutrophil elastase induces airway constriction and hyperresponsiveness with protection by intravenous pre-treatment with half-length secretory leukopro-tease inhibitor. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 153:1405–1411.
  • LAMONT AG, ADORINI L: IL-12: a key cytokine in immune regulation. Immunol. Today (1998) 17:214–217.
  • RAMNARINE SI, HIRAYAMA Y, BARNES PJ, ROGERS DF: 'Sensory-efferent' neural control of mucus secretion: characterization using tachykinin receptor antago-nists in ferret trachea in vitro. Brj Pharmacol (1994) 113:1183–1190.
  • ROGERS DF, BARNES PJ: Opioid inhibition of neurally mediated mucus secretion in human bronchi. Lancet (1989) 1:930–932.
  • MAW, KORNGREEN A, UZLANER N, PRIEL Z, SILBERBERG SD: Extracellular sodium regulates airway ciliary motility by inhibiting a P2X receptor. Nature (1999) 400:894–897.
  • BOYER JL, ROMERO-AVILA T, SCHACHTER JB, HARDEN TK: Identification of competitive antagonists of the P2Y1 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. (1996) 50:1323–1329.
  • GENDLER SJ, SPICER AP: Epithelial mucin genes. Ann. Rev. Physiol. (1995) 57:607–634.
  • VOYNOW JA, SELBY DM, ROSE MC: Mucin gene expres-sion (MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5/5AC) in nasal epithelial cells of cystic fibrosis, allergic rhinitis, and normal individuals. Lung (1998) 176:345–354.
  • RUBIN BK: An in vitro comparison of the mucoactive properties of guaifenesin, iodinated glycerol, surfac-tant, and albuterol. Chest (1999) 116:195–200.
  • DAVIES J, TRINDALE M, WALLIS C, ROSENTHAL M, BUSH A: The clinical use of rhDNAse. Pediatr. Pulmonol. Suppl (1997) 16:273–274.
  • HUDSON TJ: Dornase in treatment of chronic bronchitis. Ann. Pharmacother. (1996) 30:674–675.
  • MAROM ZM, GOSWAMI SK: Respiratory mucus hypersecretion (bronchorrhea): a case discussion-possible mechanisms and treatment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1991) 87:1050–1055.
  • RUBIN BK, DRUCE H, RAMIREZ OE, PALMER R: Effect of clarithromycin on nasal mucus properties in healthy subjects and in patients with purulent rhinitis. Am. J. Respir. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 155:2018–2023.
  • KURASHIMA K, FUJIMURA M, HOYANO Y, TAKEMURA K, MATSUDA T: Effect of thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046, on sputum in chronic bronchitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Eur. Respir. J (1995) 8:1705–1711.
  • MASSARO GD, MASSARO D: Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nature Med. (1997) 3:675–677.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.