Bibliography
- STEINBERG D, PARTHASARATHY S, KHOO JC, WITZUM JL: Beyond cholesterol: modifications of low density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320:915–924.
- REAVEN P, PARTHASARATHY S, GRASSE BJ, MILLER E, STEINBERG D, WITZTUM JL: Effects of oleate-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in mildly hypercholestero-lemic subjects. J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 91:668–676.
- CHAN AC: Vitamin E and atherosclerosis. J. Nutr. (1998) 128:1593–1596.
- YANG X, CAI B, SCIACCA RR, CANNON PJ: Inhibition ofinducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages by oxidized low density lipoproteins. Circ. Res. (1994) 74 :318–328.
- BROWN MS, GOLDSTEIN JL: A receptor-mediatedpathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science (1986) 232:34–47.
- MATSUMOTO A, NAITO M, ITAKURA H et al.: Humanmacrophage scavenger receptors: Primary structure, expression and localization in atherosclerotic lesions. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:9133–9137.
- SUZUKI H, KURIHARA Y, TAKEYA M et al.: A role formacrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature (1997) 386:292–296.
- HOPPE G, O'NEIL J, HOFF H: Inactivation of lysosomalproteases by oxidized low density lipoprotein is partially responsible for its poor degradation by mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Chn. Invest. (1994) 94:1506–1512.
- YLA-HERTTUALA S, ROSENFELD ME, PARTHASARATHY S et al: Gene expression in macrophage-rich human atherosclerotic lesions: 15-lipoxygenase and acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA colocalize with oxidation specific lipid-protein adducts. J. Clin. Invest. (1991) 87:1146–1152.
- RUEF J, RAO GN, LI F et al.: Induction of rat aortic smooth muscle cell growth by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Circulation (1998) 97:1071–1078.
- HOON HAN K, KYUNG CHANG M et al.: Oxidized LDL reduces monocyte CCR2 expression through pathways involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 7. j Clin. Invest. (2000) 106:793–802.
- JIALAL I, DEVARAJ S: Low density lipoprotein oxidation, antioxidants and atherosclerosis: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin. Chem. (1996) 42:498–506.
- PARTHASARATHY S, AUGE N, SANTANAM N: Implica-tions of lag time concept in the oxidation of LDL. Free Radic. Res. (1998) 28:583–591.
- LOPES-VIRELLA MF, VIRELLA G, ORCHARD TJ et al.:Antibodies to oxidized LDL and LDL-containing immune complexes as risk factors for coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus. Clin. Immunol. (1999) 90:165–172.
- FUKUMOTO M, SHOJI T, EMOTO M, KAWAGISHI T, OKUNO Y, NISHIZAWA Y: Antibodies against oxidized LDL and carotid artery intima-media thickness in a healthy population. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. (2000) 20:703–707.
- WITTING P, PETTERSSON K, OSTLUND-LINDQVIST AM, WESTERLUND C, WAGBERG M, STOCKER R: Dissociation of atherogenesis from aortic accumulation of lipid hydro(pero)xides in Watanabe heritable hyperlipi-demic rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 104:213–220.
- HEINECKE JW: Is lipid peroxidation relevant to athero-genesis. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 104:135–136.
- SALONEN JT, NYYSSONEN K, SALONEN R et al.: lipopro-tein oxidation and progression of carotid atheroscle-rosis. Circulation (1997) 95:840–845.
- FURCHGOTT RF, ZAWADZKI JV: The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature (1980) 288:373–376.
- DEEDWANIA PC: Endothelium: a new target for cardio-vascular therapeutics. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2000) 35:67–70.
- CELERMAJER DS, SORENSEN KE, GEORGAKOPOULOS Deta].: Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation (1993) 88(5 Pt. 1):2149–2155.
- ANDERSON JW, GOWRI MS, NICHOLS L, DIWADKAR VA, CHOW CK, OELTGEN PR: Antioxidant supplementation effects of low density lipoprotein oxidation of individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. (1999) 18:451–461.
- PORKKALA EK, NYYSSONEN MK, KAIKKONEN JE et al.: A randomized, single blind, placebo controlled trial of the effects of 200 mg of a tocopherol on the oxidation resistance of atherogenic lipoproteins. Am. J Clin. Nutr. (1998) 68:1034–1041.
- BUNOUT D, GARRIDO A, SUAZO M et al.: Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDLoxidation in coronary patients. Nutrition (2000) 16:107–110.
- SOKOL RJ: Vitamin E In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Ziegler EE, Filer LJ (Eds.), ILSI Press, Washington DC, USA (1996).
- DECKERT V, PERSEGOL L, VIENS L et al.: Inhibitors ofarterial relaxation among components of human oxidized low density lipoproteins. Circulation (1997) 95:723–731.
- SIOW RCM, SATO H, LEAKE DS, PEARSON JD, BANNAI S,MANN GE: Vitamin C protects human arterial smooth muscle cells against atherogenic lipoproteins. Arterio-scler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:1662–1670.
- VAN TITS LI DEMACKER PN, DE GRAAF J, HAK-LEMMERSHL, STALENHOEF AF: a-To copherol supplementation decreases production of superoxide and cytokines by leukocytes ex vivo in both normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic individuals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2000) 71:458–464.
- ANDERSON TJ, MEREDITH IT, YEUNG AC, FREI B, SELWYN AP, GANZ P: The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332:488–493.
- TING HH, TIMIMI FK, HALEY EA, RODDY MA, GANZ P,CREAGER MA: Vitamin C improves endothelium dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation (1997) 95:2617–2622.
- TING HH, TIMIMI FK, BOLES KS, CREAGER SJ, GANZ P,CREAGER MA: Vitamin C improves endothelium dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 97:22–28.
- HEITZER T, HERTTUALA SY, WILD E, LUOMA J, DREXLERH: Effect of vitamin E on endothelial vasodilator function in patients with hypercholesterolemia, chronic smoking or both. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 33:499–505.
- STAMPFER MJ, HENNEKENS CH, MANSON JE, COLDITSGA, ROSNER B, WILLETT WC: Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl. J Med. (1993) 328:1444–1449.
- RIMM EB, STAMPFER MJ, ASCHERIO A, GIOVANNUCCI E,COLDITZ GA, WILLETT WC: Vitamin E con sump tion and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl. J Med. (1993) 328:1450–1456.
- KLIPSTEIN-GROBUSCH K, GELEIJNSE JM, DEN BREEIJENJH et al.: Dietary antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Am. J Nutr. (1999) 69:261–266.
- YOCHUM LA, FOLSOM AR, KISHI LH: Intake of antioxi-dant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2000) 72:476–483.
- SPENCER AP, STIER CARSON D, CROUCH MA: Vitamin Eand coronary artery disease. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159:1313–1320.
- HU FB, STAMPFER MJ, MANSON JE et al.: Trends in theincidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl. J Med. (2000) 343:530–537.
- STEPHENS NG, PARSONS A, SCHOFIELD PM et al.: Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet (1996) 347:781–786.
- RAPOLA JM, VIRTAMO J, RIPATTI S et al.: Randomized trial of a-tocopherol and I3-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet (1997) 349:1715.
- OMENN GS, GOODMAN GE, THORNQUIST MD et al.: Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin a on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl. J Med. (1996) 334:1150–1155.
- a-TOCOPHEROL, 13 CAROTENE CANCER PREVENTION STUDY GROUP: The effect of vitamin e and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N EngI J Med. (1994) 330:1029–1035.
- LEPPALA JM, VIRTAMO J, FOGELHOLM R et al.: Controlled trial of a-tocopherol and I3-carotene supplements on stroke incidence and mortality in male smokers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2000) 20:230–235.
- GISSI-PREVENZIONE INVESTIGATORS: Dietary supple-mentation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet (1999) 354:447–455.
- HEART OUTCOMES PREVENTION EVALUATION STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:154–160.
- BOAZ M, SMETANA S, WEINSTEIN T et al.: Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular Events in Endstage Renal Disease (SPACE): random-ized controlled trial. Lancet (2000) 356:1213-1218. Daniel Bunout