Azimilide dihydrochloride: a new class III anti-arrhythmic agent

Bibliography

• PRYSTOWSKY EN, BENSON DW, JR., FUSTER V et al: Management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Electrocardiography and Electrophysi-ology, AITA. Circulation. (1996) 93:1262–1277.
   Google Scholar
• ••An excellent, detailed review of the current treatment for AF.
   Google Scholar
• MACKSTALLER LL, ALPERT JS: Atrial fibrillation: a reviewof mechanism, etiology and therapy. Clin. Cardiol (1997) 20:640–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIJFFELS CEF, KIRCHHOF CJHJ, DORLAND R, ALLESSIE A:Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. Circulation (1995) 92:1954–1968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Landmark article describing the current hypothesis of AF pathogenesis.
   Google Scholar
• SINGH BN: Current antiarrhythmic drugs: an overviewof mechanisms of action and potential clinical utility. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (1999) 1 0 (2):283–301.
   Google Scholar
• SINGH BN, MODY FV, LOPEZ B, SARMA JSM:Anti-arrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation: focus on prolonging atrial rep olarization. Am. J Cardiol (1999) 84 (9A):161R–173R.
   Google Scholar
• THE AFFIRM INVESTIGATORS: Atrial FibrillationFollowing Investigation of Rhythm Management: AFFIRM study design. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 79:1198–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Outlines the study design of the current trial that will attempt to answer the question of rate control vs. maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with AF.
   Google Scholar
• ZIPES DP: Atrial fibrillation: from cell to bedside. J Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (1997) 8:927–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Details about the pathophysiology of AF.
   Google Scholar
• PAGE RL, WILKINSON WE, CLAIR WK, MCCARTHY EA, PRITCHETT E: Asymptomatic arrhythmias in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation (1994) 89:224–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLAKER GC, BLACKSHEAR JL et al.: Anti-arrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation. J Am. Coll. Cardiol (1992) 20:427–532.
   Google Scholar
• CAMM AJ: What should we expect from the next generation of anti-arrhythmic drugs? J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (1999) 1 0 (2) :307–317.
   Google Scholar
• •A detailed description of current and future therapeutic choices of anti-arrhythmic drugs.
   Google Scholar
• SINGH BN: Anti-arrhythmic drugs: a reorientation in light of recent developments in the control of disorders of rhythm. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81 (6a3D–13D.
   Google Scholar
• •A review of current anti-arrhythmic drug therapy.
   Google Scholar
• COPLEN SE, ANTMANN EM, BERLIN JA, HEWITT P, CHALMERS TC: Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation (1990) 82:1106–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA SUPPRESSION TRIAL (CAST) INVESTIGATORS: Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl. J Med. (1989) 321:406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA SUPPRESSION TRIAL (CAST) II INVESTIGATORS: Effect of the anti-arrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl. J. Med (1992) 327:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOWEY PR, MARINCHAK RA, RIALS SJ, BHARUCHA D: Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of class III anti-arrhythmic drugs. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80:16G–23G.
   Google Scholar
• •Detailed pharmacokinetic profiles of both older and newer class III drugs.
   Google Scholar
• COREY AE: Azimilide pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration of a solution and capsule formulation. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1999) 39(12):1272–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A study looking at drug levels and effects of azimilide given both intravenously and orally.
   Google Scholar
• JULIAN DG, JACKSON FS, PRESCOTT RJ et al: Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction. Lancet (1982) 1 (8282):1142–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASON JW: A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electro-cardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) Investigators. N Engl. J. Med (1993) 329:452–458.
   Google Scholar
• WALDO AL: Effect of D-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investiga-tors. Survival With Oral D-Sotalol. Lancet (1996) 348(9019):7–12.
   Google Scholar
• KODAMA I, KAMIYA, TOYAMA J: Cellular electrophysi-ology of amiodarone. Cardiovasc. Res. (1997) 35:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIDDLEKAUFF HR, WEINER I, STEVENSON WG: Low dose amiodarone for atrial fibrillation. Am. J Cardiol (1993) 72(16):75F-81F.
   Google Scholar
• ROY D, TALAJIC M, DORIAN P et al.: Arniodarone toprevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl. J. Med (2000) 342(13):913–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THE ANTIARRHYTHMICS VERSUS IMPLANTABLE DEFIBRILLATORS (AVID) INVESTIGATORS: A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engli Med. (1997) 337:1576–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONNOLLY SJ: Evidence-based analysis of amiodarone efficacy and safety. Circulation (2000) 100:2025–2034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive analysis of amiodarone trials.
   Google Scholar
• TORP-PEDERSEN C, MOLLER M, BLOCH-THOMSEN PE et Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investiga-tions of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341 :857–865.
   Google Scholar
• LAMORGESE M, KIRIAN M, VAN WAGONER DR: Azimilide (NE-10064) blocks outward K+ currents in human atrial and ventricular myocytes. Circulation (1995) 92 (Suppl.):I–575.
   Google Scholar
• Azimilide. Investigational Drugs database (IDdb). Current Drugs. London, UK (2000).
   Google Scholar
• FERMINI B, JURKIEWICZ NK, JOW P et al: Use-dependent effects of the class III anti-arrhythmic agent NE-10064 (azimilide) on cardiac repolarization: block of delayed rectifier potassium and L-type calcium currents. J Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1995) 26:259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Describes the details of the anti-arrhythmic mechanism of azimilide.
   Google Scholar
• CAMM AJ: The azimilide post-infarct survival evalua-tion (ALIVE) trial. Am] Cardiol (1998) 81 (6A):35D–39D.
   Google Scholar
• PRATT CM, CAMM AJ: Introduction. A symposium: Can anti-arrhythmic drugs survive survival trials? Am. J Cardiol (1998) 81 (6A):1D–2D.
   Google Scholar
• BUSCH AE: Blockade of HERG channels by the class III antiarrhythmic azimilide: mode of action. Br. J. Pharmacol (1998) 123(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GINTANT GA: Azimilide causes reverse rate-dependent block while reducing both components of delayed-rectifier current in canine ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1998) 31 (6):945–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAO JA: Azimilide (NE-10064) can prolong or shorten the action potential duration in canine ventricular myocytes: dependence on blockade of K, Ca and Na channels. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (1997) 8(2):184–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARAM R: Azimilide dihydrochloride, a novel anti-arrhythmic agent. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81 (6A):40D–46D.
   Google Scholar
• •An extensive article describing the properties of azimilide.
   Google Scholar
• BROOKS RR, CARPENTER JF, MILLER KE, MAYNARD A: Efficacy of the class III antiarrhythmic agent azimilide in rodent models of ventricular arrhythmia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1996) 212(0:84–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RESTIVO, M, HEGAZY M, CAREF EB et al.: Effects of azimilide dihydrochloride on circus movement atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model. J Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (1996) 7 (7):612–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QI XQ, NEWMAN D, DORIAN P: The class III effect of azimilide is not associated with reverse use-dependence in open-chest dogs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1999) 34(6):898–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROOKS RR, BUTTERFIELD JL: The class IIIanti-arrhythmic NE-10064 increases QTc interval with minor hemodynamic effects in anesthetized dogs. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol (1994) 72 (Suppl.):79.
   Google Scholar
• DREXLER AP, MICKLAS JM, BROOKS RR: Effects of intravenously administered NE-10064 [azimilide] on programmed electrical stimulated (PES)-induced ventricular arrhythmias in anaesthetised dogs. FASEB J (1993) 7(3-4) A97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATTEL S: Effects of the novel anti-arrhythmic agent azimilide on experimental atrial fibrillation and atrial electrophysiologic properties. Cardiovasc. Res. (1998) 37 (3):627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COREY A: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following intravenous doses of azimilide dihydrochlo-ride. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1999) 39(12):1263–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DREXLER AP: Suppression of inducible ventricular arrhythmias by intravenous azimilide in dogs with previous myocardial infarction. J Clin. Pharmacol (1996) 28(6):848–855.
   Google Scholar
• COREY A: Effect of age and gender on azimilide pharmacokinetics after a single oral dose of azimilide dihydrochloride. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 37(10946–953.
   Google Scholar
• PRITCHETT E, PAGE R, CONNOLLY S et al: Azimilide treatment of atrial fibrillation. Circulation (1998) 17:1–633.
   Google Scholar
• CONNOLLY SJ, PAGE RL, PRITCHETT ELC et al.: Dose response of azimilide for prevention of atrial fibrilla-tion or flutter. Eur. Heart J. (1999) 20:351.
   Google Scholar
• PAGE RL, CONNOLLY SJ, MARCELLO SR et al.: Dose response for azimilide treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin. Electro-physiol. (1999) 22(4, part II):770.
   Google Scholar
• PRITCHETT ELC, PAGE RL, CONNOLLY SJ et al: Antiar-rhythmic effects of azimilide in atrial fibrillation. J Am. Coll Cardiol (2000) 36:794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAHIM J: Special Session W: Clinical Trial Results, ASAPtrial (Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Program) Medscape, 11/10/99.
   Google Scholar
• HISLOP CM, BRUM JG, ALKHALIDI H et al.: Safety aspectsof azimilide in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: 1 year follow-up. J. Am. Coll Cardiol (2000) 35 :2 (Suppl.) :135A.
   Google Scholar
• BRUM JM, HISLOP CM, ALKHALIDI HR et al: Effects ofAzimilide, an Ikr and lks Potassium Channel Blocker in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibril-lator. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2000) 35 :2(Suppl.):252A.
   Google Scholar
• AL-KHALIDI HR, BRUM J, HISLOP C et al: Azimilidereduces the frequency of shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programmed for pacing and shock: Andersen-Gill model. Pacing Clin. Elecrophysiol. (2000) 23:566.
   Google Scholar
• PRITCHETT ELC, CONNOLLY SJ, PAGE RL, MARCELLO SR, SCHNELL DJ, WILKINSON WE: Survival of patients treated with azimilide for atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular arrhythmias. Eur. Heart 1 (1999) 20:352.
   Google Scholar
• ••First manuscript describing the effect of azimilide on atrialfibrillation and flutter.
   Google Scholar
• PROCTER & GAMBLE PHARMACEUTICALS. Data on file.
   Google Scholar