Bibliography
- ANDERSON JL, PRYSTOWSKY EN: Sotalol: an important new antiarrhythmic. Am. Heart J. (1999) 137:388–409.
- •Recent comprehensive review of racemic sotalol.
- WALDO AL, CAMM AJ, DERUYTER H et al.: Effect of n-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD investigators. Survival with oral d-sotalol. Lancet (1996) 348:7–12.
- ••Landmark SWORD clinical trial.
- DOGGRELL SA, NAND V, BROWN L: Positive inotropic responses to potassium channel blockers. Curr. Res. Ion Channel Modulators (1998) 3:77–86.
- FENG J, WANG Z, LI GR, NATTEL S: Effects of class III antiarrhythmic drugs on transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier currents in human atrial myocytes. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1997) 281:384–392.
- SANGUINETTI MC, JURKIEWICZ NJ: Two components of cardiac delayed rectifier ICE current. J. Gen. Physic)]. (1990) 96:195–215.
- LATHROP DA: Electro-mechanical characterisation ofracemic sotalol and its optical isomers on isolated canine ventricular trabecular muscles and Purkinje strands. Can. J. Physic)]. Pharmacol. (1985) 63:1506–1512.
- •First description of the preclinical electrophysiology.
- KATO R, IKEDA N, YABEK SM, KANNAN R, SINGH BN: Electrophysiological effects of levo- and dextro-rotatory isomers of sotalol on isolated cardiac muscle and their in vivo pharmacokinetics. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1986) 7:116–125.
- CAMPBELL TJ: Cellular electrophysiological effects of D- and DL-sotalol in guinea-pig sinoatrial node, atrium and ventricle and human atrium: differential tissue sensitivity. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1987) 90:593–599.
- DOGGRELL SA, NAND V: Effects of d-sotalol on ventri-cles from normo- and hypertensive rats. J. Mol. Cardiol. (1998) 30:A68.
- RODEN DM: Early after-depolarizations and torsades de pointes: implications for the control of cardiac arrhythmias by prolonging repolarization. Eur. HeartJ (1993) 14 (Suppl. H):56–61.
- BASKIN EP, LYNCH JJ: Differential atrial versus ventricular activities of class III potassium channel blockers.j Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1998) 285:135–142.
- VERDUYN SC, VOS MA, VAN DER ZANDE J, KULCSAR A, WELLENS HJ: Further observations to elucidate the role of interventricular dispersion of repolarization and early afterdepolarizations in the genesis of acquired torsades de pointes arrhthymias: a comparison between almokalant and d-sotalol using the dog as its own control. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1997) 30:1575–1584.
- HONDEGHEM LM, SNYDERS DJ: Class III antiarrhthmicagents have a lot of potential but a long way to go: reduced effectiveness and dangers of reverse use dependence. Circulation (1990) 81:686–690.
- •Introduction of the reverse use dependence concept.
- BOSCH RF, GASPO R, BUSCH AE, LANG HJ, LI GR, NATTEL S: Effects of the chromanol 293B, a selective blocker of the slow, component of the delayed rectifier ICE current, on repolarization in human and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. (1998) 38:441–450.
- GROH WJ, GIBSON KJ, MAYLIE JG: Comparison of therate-dependent properties of the class III antiar-rhythmic agents azimilide (NE-10064) and E-4031: considerations on the mechanism of reverse rate-dependent action potential prolongation. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (1997) 8:529–536.
- ELIZALDE A, BARAJAS H, NAVARRO-POLANCO R, SACHEZ-CHAPULA J: Frequency-dependent effects of 4-aminopyridine and almokalant on action-potential duration of adult and neonatal rabbit ventricular muscle. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1999) 33:352–359.
- NATTEL S, BOURNE G, TALAJIC M: Insights intomechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug action from experimental models of atrial fibrillation. J. Cardio-vasc. Electrophysiol. (1997) 8:469–480.
- HUIKURI HV, YLI-MAYRY S: Frequency dependent effects of d-sotalol and amiodarone on the action potential duration of the human right ventricle. Pacing Electrophysiol. (1992) 15:2103–2107.
- WIESFELD AC, DE LANGEN CD, CRIJNS HJ et al.:Rate-dependent effects of the class III antiarrhythmic drug almokalant on refractoriness in the pig. J. Cardio-vasc. Pharmacol. (1996) 27:594–600.
- KOIDL B, FLASCHBERGER P, SCHAFFER P et al.: Effects ofthe class III antiarrhythmic drug ambasilide on outward currents in human atrial myocytes. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1996) 353:226–232.
- NACCARELLI GV, LEE KS, GIBSON JK, VANDERLUGT J:Electrophysiology and pharmacology of ibutilide. Am. Cardiol. (1996) 78:12–16.
- NAKAYA H, NORITSUGU T, TAKEDA Y, KANNO M: Effects of MS-551, a new class III antiarrhythmic drug, on action potential and membrane currents in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 109:157–163.
- VANOLI E, PRIORI SG, NAKAGAWA H et al.: Sympatheticactivation, ventricular repolarization and Ix, blockade: implications for the antifibrillatory efficacy of potassium channel blocking agents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1995) 25:1609–1614.
- •Important consideration of sympathetic activation and Class III anti-arrhythmic interactions.
- WEIRICH J, ANTONI H: Rate-dependence of antiar-rhythmic and proarrhythmic properties of class land class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Basic Res. Cardiol. (1998) 93\(Suppl. 1):125–132.
- OKADA Y, OGAWA S, SADANAGA T, MITAMURA H: Assessment of reverse-use-dependent blocking actions of Class III antiarrhythmic drugs by 24-hour Holter electrocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1996) 27:84–89.
- •Shows lack of reverse use dependence with D-sotalol in humans.
- SANGUINETTI MC, JURKIEWICZ NK, SIEGL PKS:Isoproterenol antagonizes prolongation of refractory period by the class III antiarrhythmic agent 4-4031 in guinea pig myocytes. Circ. Res. (1991) 68:77–84.
- PASANI JS, FERRIER GR: Pro- and anti-arryhthmiceffects of D-sotalol and DL-sotalol in an isolated tissue model of ischaemia and reperfusion. J. Pharmacol Expt. Ther. (1994) 271:184–192.
- •Important study of the pro-arrhythmic activity of D-sotalol.
- MONTERO M, SCHMITT C: Differential effects of D-sotalol on endocardial and apicardial action potentials of human ventricular myocardium in dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1994) 24:883–889.
- MONTERO M, SCHMITT C: Recording of transmem-brane action potentials in chronic ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy and the effects of the new class III antiarrhythmic agents D-sotalol and dofetilide. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1996) 1996:571–577.
- PICARD S, ROUET R, MONTI F et al.: Pro-arrhythmic effects of DL- and D-sotalol on the 'border zone' between normal and ischemic regions of isolated ventricular myocardium and antiarrhythmic effects on reperfusion. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1998) 31:126–139.
- FREIGANG KD, BRAUER A, BECKER R et al.: Differential effects of d-sotalol in normal and infarcted myocar-dium: an experimental study using epicardial mapping. Cardiovasc. Res. (1997) 35:52–59.
- LYNCH JJ, WILBER DJ, MONTGOMERY DG, HSIEH TM, PATTERSON E, LUCCHESI BR: Antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of the levo- and dextrorotatory isomers of sotalol. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1984) 6:1132–1141.
- •Preclinical demonstration of anti-arrhythmic actions of D-sotalol.
- LYNCH JJ, COSKEY LA, MONTGOMERY DG, LUCCHESI BR: Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by dextroro-tatory sotalol in a conscious canine model of coronary death. Am. Heart J. (1985) 109:949–958.
- DOGGRELL SA: The effects of (±)-, (-0- and (-)- atenolol, sotalol and amosulalol on the rat left atria and portal vein. Chirality (1993) 5:8–14.
- ADVANI SV, SINGH BN: Pharmacodynamic, pharmo-cokinetic and antiarrhythmic properties of d-sotalol, the dextro-isomer of sotalol. Drugs (1995) 49:664–679.
- SCHWARTZ J, CROCKER K, WYNN J SOMBERG JC: The antiarrhythmic effects of d-sotalol. Am. Heart J. (1987) 114:539–544.
- HOLUBARSCH C, SCHNEIDER R, PIESKE B et al.: Positive and negative inotropic effects of DL-sotalol and D-sotalol in failing and non-failing human myocar-dium under physiologic experimental conditions. Circulation (1995) 92:2904–2910.
- KAUMANN AJ, OLSON CB: Temporal relation between long-lasting aftercontractions and action potentials in cat papillary muscle. Science (1968) 161:193–195.
- •First study to demonstrate positive inotropic responses to potassium channel blockers.
- SINGH BN, VAUGHAN WILLIAMS EM: A third class of antiarrhythmic action: Effects on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials and other pharmacological actions on cardiac muscle of MJ 1999 and All 3676. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1970) 39:675–687.
- TANDE PM, REFSUM H: Class III antiarrhythmic actionlinked with positive inotropy: Effects of the d- and 1-isomer of sotalol on isolated rat aria at threshold and suprathreshold stimulation. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (1988) 62:272–277.
- SEIPEL L, HOFFMEISTER H-M: Inotropic and haemody-namic effects of d- and d,1 sotalol: comparison with other antiarrhythmics. Eur. Heart J. (1993) 14 (Suppl. H) :36–40.
- GOTTTLIEB SS, SINGH S, MUNGER M, EICHHORN EJ, IIGENFRITZ J, HANYOK J: Haemodynamic effects of the class III anti-arrhythmic drug, d-sotalol, in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 78:1411–1415.
- POIRIER JM, JAILLON P, LECOCQ B, LELCOCQ V, FERRY A:The pharmacokinetics of d-sotalol and d,l-sotalol in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1990) 38:579–582.
- MCCOMB JM, MCGOVERN B, MCGOWAN JB, RUSKIN JN, GARAN H: Electrophysiologic effects of D-sotalol in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1987) 10:211–217.
- SAHAR DI, REIFFEL JA, BIGGER JT, SQUATRITO A, KIDWEKK GA: Efficacy, safety and tolerance of d-sotalol in patients with refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am. Heart J. (1989) 117:562–568.
- BRACHMANN J, SCHOLS W, BEYER T, MONTERO M, ENDERS B, KUBLER W: Acute and chronic antiar-rhythmic efficacy of d-sotalol in patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Eur. Heart J. (1993) 14 (Suppl. H) :85–87.
- HORNLOSER S, MEINERTZ T, STUBBS B et al.: Efficacy and safety of D-sotalol, a pure class III antiarrhythmic compound, in patients with symptomatic complex ventricular ectopy: results of a multicenter, ramdom-ized, double blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study. Circulation (1995) 92:1517–1527.
- PRATT CM, CAMM AJ, COOPER W et al.: Mortality in the Survival with Oral D-sotalol (SWORD) trial. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81:869–876.
- •Important further analysis of SWORD trial.