Bibliography
- BARNES S: Phytoestrogens and breast cancer. BaIlieres Endocrinol. Metab. (1998) 12:559–579.
- ••A thorough critical review of the molecular and clinicalaspects of phytoestrogen action.
- BINGHAM SA, ATKINSON C, LIGGINS J, BLUCK L,COWARD A: Plant oestrogens: where are we now. Br. J Nutr. (1998) 79:393–406.
- WISEMAN H: Phytochemicals (b) EpidemiologicalFactors. In: Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition. Sadler M, Caballero B, Strain S (Eds.), Academic Press, London, UK (1998) :1549–1561.
- WISEMAN H: The bioavailability of non-nutrient plant factors: dietary flavonoids and phyto-oestrogens. Proc. Nutr. Soc. (1999) 58:139–146.
- ••A critical evaluation of the factors contributing to phytoes-trogen bioavailability.
- WISEMAN H: Dietary phytoestrogens, oestrogens andtamoxifen: mechanisms of action in modulation of breast cancer risk and in heart disease prevention. In: Biomolecular Free Radical Toxicity: Causes and Prevention. Wiseman H, Goldfarb P, Ridgway TJ, Wiseman A (Eds.), John Wiley, Chichester, UK (2000) (In Press).
- SHIMIZU H, ROSS RK, BERNSTEIN L et al.: Cancers of theprostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Ins Angeles County. Br. J. Cancer (1991) 63:963–966.
- MESSINA M, PERSKY V, SETCHELL KDR, BARNES S: Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr. Cancer (1994) 21:113–131.
- ••Useful tables comparing results from numerous studies.
- REINLI K, BLOCK G: Phytoestrogen content of foods - acompendium of literature values. Nutt-. Cancer (1996) 26:123–148.
- COWARD L, BARNES NC, SETCHELL KDR, BARNES S:Genistein, daidzein and their 13-glycoside conjugates: antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. J. Agric. Food Chem. (1993) 41:1961–1967.
- LAPCIK O, HILL M, HAMPL R, WAHALA K, ADLERCREUTZH: Identification of isoflavonoids in beer. Steroids (1998) 63:14–20.
- SLAVIN J, JACOBS D, MARQUART L: Whole-grainconsumption and chronic disease: Protective mechanisms. Nutr. Cancer (1997) 27:14–21.
- MAZUR WM, WAHALA K, RASKU S, SALAKKA A, HASE T,ADLERCREUTZ H: Lignan and isoflavonoid concentra-tions in tea and coffee. Br. J Nutr. (1998) 79:37–45.
- SFAKIANOS J, COWARD L, KIRK M, BARNES S: Intestinaluptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in the rat. J Nutt-. (1997) 127:1260–1268.
- KING RA, BURSILL DB: Plasma and urinary kinetics ofthe isoflavones daidzein and genistein after a single soy meal in humans. Am]. Clin. Nutr. (1998) 67:867–872.
- YASUDA T, MIZUNUMA S, KANO Y et al.: Urinary andbiliary metabolites of genistein in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. (1996) 19:413–417.
- RICKARD SE, ORCHESON LJ, SEIDL MM et al.:Dose-dependent production of mammalian lignans in rats and in vitro from the purified precursor sceoiso-lariciresinol diglycoside in flaxseed. J. Nutr. (1996) 126:2012–2019.
- THOMPSON LU: Antioxidant and hormone-mediatedhealth benefits of whole grains. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (1994) 34:473–497.
- PETTERSSON D, AMAN P, KNUDESEN KEB et al.: Intake ofrye bread by ileostomists increases ileal excretion of fiber polysaccharide components and organic acids but does not increase plasma or urine lignans and isoflavonoids. j Nutr. (1996) 126:1594–1600.
- ADLERCREUTZ H, MARKKANEN H, WATANABE S: Plasma concentrations of phytoestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet (1993) 342:1209–1210.
- ••Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations in Japanese mencompared with Finnish men.
- MORTON MS, WILCOX G, WAHLQVIST ML, GRIFFITHS K: Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human female plasma following dietary supplementation. J. Endocrinol. (1994) 142:251–259.
- ••Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations reported, 33% ofsubjects were good equol excretors.
- MORTON MS, MATOS-FERREIRA A, ABRANCHES-MONTEIRO L et al.: Measurement and metabolism of isoflavonoids and lignans in the human male. Cancer Lett. (1997) 114:145–151.
- KELLY GE, JOANNOU GE, REEDER AY, NELSON C, WARING MA: The variable metabolic response to dietary isoflavones in humans. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1995) 208:40–43.
- ROWLAND IR, WISEMAN H, SANDERS TAB, ADLERCREUTZ H, BOWEY EA: Interindividual variation in metabolism of soy isoflavones and lignans: influence of habitual diet on equol production by the gut microflora. Nutr. Cancer (2000) 36:27–32.
- ••36% of subjects were good equol excretors. Urinary equolexcretion was inversely associated with proportion of energy from fat in the habitual diet.
- LAMPE JW, KARR SC, HUTCHINS AM, SLAVIN JL: Urinaryequol excretion with a soy challenge: influence of habitual diet. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 217:335–339.
- XU X, HARRIS KS, WANG H-J, MURPHY PA, HENDRICH S:Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones depends upon gut microflora in women. J. Nutr. (1995) 125:2307–2315.
- INGRAM D, SANDERS K, KOLYBABA M, LOPEZ D: Case control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet (1997) 350:990–994.
- ••Relative risk of breast cancer was three times lower inwomen in the quartile excreting the most phytoestrogens (specifically equol and enterolactone).
- WISEMAN H: Tamoxifen: Molecular Basis of use in CancerTreatment and Prevention. Wiley J (Ed.), Chichester, UK (1994).
- TANAKA H, ARAKAWA H, YAMAGUCHI T et al: Aribonu-cleotide reductase gene involved in a p53-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint for DNA damage. Nature (2000) 404:42–49.
- BRUNER SD, NORMAN DPG, VERDINE GL: Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-o x oguanine in DNA. Nature (2000) 403:859–866.
- KATZENELLENBOGEN JA, O'MALLEY BW, KATZENELLEN-BOGEN BS: Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoter-specific action of these hormones. Molec. Endocrinol. (1996) 10:119–131.
- BRZOZOWSKI AM, PIKE ACW, DAUTER Z et al.: Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature (1997) 389:753–758.
- MIKSICEK RJ: Estrogenic flavonoids: structural require-ments for biological activity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1995) 208:44–50.
- KUIPER GGJM, ENMARK E, PELTO-HUIKKO M, NILSSON S, GUSTAFSSON J-A: Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1996) 93:5925–5930.
- KUIPER GGJM, CARLSSON B, GRANDIEN K et al.: Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors a and I. Endocrinology (1997) 138:863–870.
- ••Genistein has a higher affinity for ERP. ERa and ERP expres-sion different in different tissues: implications for the selective action of oestrogen receptor agonists and antago-nists in different tissues.
- CRANDALL DL, BUSLER DE, NOVAK TJ, WEBER, KRAL JG: Identification of estrogen receptor beta RNA in human breast and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 248: 523–526.
- SAJI S, JENSEN EV, NILSSON S, RYLANDER T, WARNER M, GUSTAFSSON J-A: Estrogen receptors a and 13 in the rodent mammary gland. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (2000) 97:337–342.
- ONOE, Y, MIYAURA C, OHTA H, NOZAWA S, SUDA T: Expression of estrogen receptor pin rat bone. Endocri-nology (1997) 138:4509–4512.
- ARTS J, KUIPER GGJM, JANSSEN JMMF et al.: Differential expression of estrogen receptors a and 13 mRNA during differentiation of human osteoblast SV-HFO cells. Endocrinology (1997) 138:5067–5070.
- MAKELA S, SAVOLAINEN H, AAVIK E et al.: Differentia-tion between vasculoprotective and uterotropic effects of ligands with different binding affinities to estrogen receptors a and I. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1999) 96:7077–7082.
- LAMARTINIERE CA, MOORE JB, BROWN NA et al.: Genistein suppresses mammary cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis (1995) 16:2833–2840.
- FRITZ W, WANG J, COWARD L, LAMARTINIERE CA: Dietary genistein: perinatal mammary cancer preven-tion, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat. Carcinogenesis (1998) 19:2151–2158.
- HILAKIVI-CLARKE L, CHO E, ONOJAFE I, RAYGADA M, CLARKE R: Maternal exposure to genistein during pregnancy increases carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rat offspring. Oncol. Rep. (1999) 6:1089–1095.
- HILAKIVI-CLARKE L, ONOJAFE I, RAYGADA M et al: Prepubertal exposure to zearalenone or genistein reduces mammary tumorigenesis. Br. J. Cancer (1999) 80:1682–1688.
- GOTOH T, YAMADA K, YIN H etal: Chemoprevention of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis by soy foods or biochanin A. Jpn. Cancer Res. (1998) 89:137–142.
- GOTOH T, YAMADA K, ITO A et al: Chemoprevention of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary cancer by miso and tamoxifen, alone and in combination. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (1998) 89:487–495.
- ••Additive action of tamoxifen and miso (fermented soya;isoflavones mostly unconjugated) on MNU-induced mammary tumours in rats: important implications for women taking tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention.
- HILAKIVI-CLARKE L, CHO E, CLARKE R: Maternal genistein exposure mimics the effects of oestrogen on mammary gland development in female mouse offspring. Oncol Rep. (1998) 5:609–615.
- HSIEH CY, SANTELL RC, HASLAM SZ, HELFERICH WG: Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:3833–3838.
- AKIYAMA T, ISHIDA J, NAKAGAWA S et al: Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262:5592–5595.
- •Isolation of genistein as a specific tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor: subsequently used as a pharmacological tool.
- KIM JW, KIM YT, KIM DK et al.: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. (1996) 60:283–287.
- SO FV, GUTHRIE N, CHAMBERS AF, CARROLL KK: Inhibi-tion of proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by flavonoids in the presence and absence of excess estrogen. Cancer Lett. (1997) 1 1 2:127–133.
- WANG C, KURZER MS: Phytoestrogen concentration determines effects on DNA synthesis in human breast cancer cells. Nutr. Cancer (1997) 28:236–247.
- ZAVA DT, DUWE G: Estrogenic and antiproliferativeproperties of genistein and other isoflavonoids in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Nutr. Cancer (1997) 27:31–40.
- PETERSON TG, BARNES S: Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1991) 179:661–667.
- WANG TTY, SATHYMOORTHY N, PHANG JM: Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor-mediated pathways. Carcinogenesis (1996) 17:271–275.
- SATHYAMOORTHY N, WANG TT: Differential effects ofdietary phyto-oestrogens daidzein and equol on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Eur. J. Cancer (1997) 33:2384–2389.
- KUIPER GGJM, LEMMEN JG, CARLSSON BO et al.: Interac-tion of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor I. Endocrinology (1 9 9 8) 13 9:4252-4263.
- BARKHEM T, CARLSSON B, NILSSON Y et al.: Differentialresponse of estrogen receptor a and estrogen receptor 13 to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists. Molec. Pharmacol. (1998) 54:105–112.
- PIKE ACW, BRZOZOWSKI AM, HUBBARD RE et al.: Structure of the ligand-binding domain of oestrogen receptor beta in the presence of a partial agonist and a full antagonist. EMBO J. (1999) 18:4608–4618.
- PETERSON TG, BARNES S: Genistein inhibits bothestrogen and growth factor stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ. (1996) 7:1345–1351.
- DALU A, HASKELL JF, COWARD L, LAMARTINIERE CA:Genistein, a component of soy, inhibits the expres-sion of the EGF and ErbB/Neu receptors in the rat dorsolatteral prostate. Prostate (1998) 37:36–43.
- KONDO K, TSUNEIZUMI K, WATANABE T, OISHI M: Induction of in vivo differentiation of mouse embryonal carcinoma (F9) cells by inhibitors of topoisomerases. Cancer Res. (1991) 51:5398–5404.
- KIM H, PETERSON TG, BARNES S: Mechanisms of action of the soy isoflavone genistein: emerging role of its effects through transforming growth factor beta signalling pathways. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1998) 68:1418S–1425S.
- ••New mechanism of action of genistein via TGF-I3: importantimplications for a number of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis and hereditary haemorrhagic telegiectasia.
- FOTSIS T, PEPPER M, ADLERCREUTZ H et al: Genistein, adietary-derived inhibitor of in vitroangiogenesis. Proc. Nati Acad. ScL USA (1993) 90:2690–2694.
- KRUSE FE, JOUSSEN AM, FOTSIS T et al.: Inhibition ofneovacularization of the eye by dietary factors exemplified by isoflavonoids. Ophthalmologie (1997) 94:152–156.
- YAN CH, HAN R: Genistein suppresses adhesion-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and invasion of B16-B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. (1998) 129:117–124.
- MAKELEA S, POUTANEN M, KOSTLAN ML et al: Inhibi-tion of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase by flavonoids in breast and prostate cancer cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 217:310–316.
- WEI H, BARNES S, WANG Y: Inhibitory effect of genistein on a tumor promoter-induced c-fos and c-jun expression in mouse skin. Oncol. Rep. (1996) 3:125–128.
- WEI H, BOWEN R, CAI Q et al: Antioxidant and antipro-motional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1995) 208:124–130.
- MITCHELL JH, GARDNER PT, MCPHAIL DB, MORRICE PC,COLLINS AR, DUTHIE G: Antioxidant efficacy of phytoestrogens in chemical and biological model systems. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1998) 360:142–148.
- WISEMAN H, O'REILLY J, LIM P, GARNETT AP, HUANGW-C, SANDERS TAB: Antioxidant properties of the isoflavone phytoestrogen functional ingredient in soya products. In: Functional Foods, the consumer, the products and the evidence. Sadler M, Saltmarsh M (Eds.), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (1988)80–86.
- WISEMAN H, O'REILLY JD, ADLERCREUTZ H et al: Isofla-vone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase low-density lipoprotein oxidation resistance in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2000) (In Press).
- ••56 mg/day isoflavones for 17 days significantly decreasedplasma F2-isoprostane concentrations (a biomarker for in vivo lipid peroxidation) compared with the low isoflavone treatment.
- SATHYAMOORTHY N, GILSDORF JF, WANG TTY: Differential effects of genistein on transforming growth factor beta-1 expression in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. AntiCancer Res. (1998) 18:2449–2453.
- FOTSIS T, PEPPER M, ADLERCREUTZ H, HASE T, MONTESANAO R, SCHWEIGERER L: Genistein, a dietary ingested isoflavonoid, inhibits cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. j Nutr. (1995) 125:790S–797S.
- WISEMAN H, HALLIWELL B: Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem. J (1996) 313:17–29.
- JOHNSON DW, BERG JN, BALDWIN MA et al.: Mutationsin the activin receptor-like kinase I gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Type 2. Nature Genet. (1996) 13:189–195.
- PETRAKIS N, BARNES S, KING EB et al.: Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prey. (1996) 5:785–794.
- ••69 mg/day isoflavones for six months increased nippleaspirate fluid volume (oestrogenic effect and may thus enhance breast cancer risk) in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women: important implications for therapeutic potential of phytoestrogens.
- HARGREAVES DF, POTTEN CS, HARDING C et al.: Two-week soy supplementation has estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1999) 84:4017–4024.
- ANDERSON JW, JOHNSTONE BM, COOK-NEWELL ME: Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:276–282.
- ANTHONY MS, CLARKSON TB, HUGHS CL JR., MORGANTM, BURKE GL: Soybean isoflavones improve cardio-vascular risk factors without affecting the reproduc-tive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J Nutr. (1996) 126:43–50.
- CLARKSON TB, ANTHONY MS, WILLIAMS JK, HONORE EK, CLINE JM: The potential of soyabean phytoestro-gens for postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 217:365–368.
- POTTER SM, BAUM JA, TENG H, STILLMAN RJ, SHAY NF, ERDMAN JW JR.: Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmeno-pausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1 99 8) 68 (Suppl.):1375S–1379S.
- ••Isoflavones, 90 mg/day, for six months protected againstspinal bone loss in menopausal women.
- TIKKANEN MJ, WAHALA K, OJALA S, VIHMA V, ADLERCREUTZ H: Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:3106–3110.
- RAINES EW, ROSS R: Biology of atherosclerotic plaque formation: possible role of growth factors in lesion development and the potential impact of soy. J Nutr. (1995) 125:624S–630S.
- THORNEYCROFT IH: The role of oestrogen replace-ment therapy in the prevention of osteoporosis. Am.J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1989) 160:1306–1310.
- FENTIMAN IS, WANG DY, ALLEN DS et al: Bone density of normal women in relation to endogenous and exogenous oestrogens. Br. J. Rheumatol. (1994) 33:808–815.
- GAMBACCIANI M, CIAPONI M, CAPPAGLI B, PIAGGESI L, GENAZZANI AR: Effects on combined low dose of the isoflavone derivative ipriflavone and estrogen replacement on bone mineral density and metabolism in postmenopausal women. Maturitas (1997) 28:75–81.
- ANDERSON JJ, GARNER SC: Phytoestrogens and bone. Ballieres Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1998) 12:543–557.
- ISHIMI Y, MIYAURA C, OHMURA M et al.: Selective effectsof genistein, a soybean isoflavone, on B-lymphopoiesis and bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. Endocrinology (1999) 1 40 :1893–1900.
- FANTI P, MONIER-FAUGERE MC, GENG Z et al.: Thephytoestrogen genistein reduces bone loss in short-term ovariectomized rats. Osteoporos. Int. (1998) 8:274–281.
- ETTINGER B, BLACK DM, MITLAK BH et al.: Reduction ofvertebral risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene. Results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA (1999) 282:637–645.
- EDEN J: Phytoestrogens and the menopause. BaRieresEndocrinol. Metab. (1998) 12:581–587.
- MURKIES AL, LOMBARD C, STRAUSS BJG, WILCOX G, BURGER HG, MORTON MS: Dietary flour supplementa-tion decreases postmenopausal hot flushes: effect of soy and wheat. Maturitas (1995) 21:189–195.
- ADAMS NR: Detection of the effects of phytoestrogens on sheep and cattle. J Anita Sci. (1995) 73:1509–1515.
- SETCHELL KD, GOSSELIN SJ, WELSH MB et al: Dietary oestrogens - a probable cause of infertility and liver disease in captive cheetahs. Gastroenterology (1987) 93:225–233.
- FRANKE AA, YU MC, MASKARINEC G, FANTI P, ZHENG W, CUSTER LJ: Phytoestrogens in human biomatrices including breast milk. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (1999) 27:308–318.
- ••Phytoestrogen concentrations secreted in breast milk:important implications for exposure at an early stage of development in the prevention of disease in later life.
- IRVINE CHG, FITZPATRICK MG, ALEXANDER SL: Phyto-oestrogens in soy-based infant foods - concentrations, daily intake and possible biological effects. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 217:247–253.
- KLEIN KO: Isoflavones, soy-based infant formulas andrelevance to endocrine function. Nutr. Rev. (1998) 56:193–204.
- DIVI RL, CHANG HC, DOERGE DR: Anti-thyroid isofla-vones from soybean: isolation, characterization and mechanisms of action. Biochem. Pharmacol (1997) 54:1087–1096.