162
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cytokine gene therapy for malignant glioma

&
Pages 1609-1620 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • KLEIHUES P, CAVENEE WK: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. Kleihues P, Cavenee WK (Eds), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (2000).
  • ASHBY LS, SHAPIRO WR: Low-grade glioma: supratentorial astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma in adults. CLIFF. Nellra Neurosci. Rep. (2004) 4:211–217.
  • WEN PY, KESARI S: Malignant gliomas.CLIFF. Nellra Neurosci. Rep. (2004) 4:218–227.
  • OKADA H, GIEZEMAN-SMITS KM, TAHARA H et al.: Effective cytokine gene therapy against an intracranial glioma using a retrovirally transduced IL-4 plus HSV-TK tumor vaccine. Gene Ther. (1999) 6:219–226.
  • YU JS, BURWICK JA, DRANOFF G, BREAKEFIELD XO: Gene therapy for metastatic brain tumors by vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced tumor cells. Hum. Gene Ther. (1997) 8:1065–1072.
  • SAMPSON JH, ARCHER GE,ASHLEY DM et al.: Subcutaneous vaccination with irradiated, cytokine-producing tumor cells stimulates CD8' cell-mediated immunity against tumors located in the 'immunologically privileged' central nervous system. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:10399–10404.
  • FISCHER HG, REICHMANN G: Brain dendritic cells and macrophages/microglia in central nervous system inflammation. Immunol. (2001) 166:2717–2726.
  • SUTER T, BIOLLAZ G, GATTO D et al: The brain as an immune privileged site: dendritic cells of the central nervous system inhibit T cell activation. Ear: Immunol. (2003) 33:2998–3006.
  • WALKER PR, CALZASCIA T,DE TRIBOLET N, DIETRICH PY: T-cell immune responses in the brain and theirrelevance for cerebral malignancies.Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev (2003) 42:97–122.
  • ••This is one of the most comprehensiveand well-written reviews of brain and brain tumour immunology.
  • MORFORD LA, ELLIOTT LH, CARLSON SL, BROOKS WH, ROSZMAN TL: T cell receptor-mediated signaling is defective in T cells obtained from patients with primary intracranial tumors. Immunol. (1997) 159:4415–4425.
  • DIX AR, BROOKS WH, ROSZMAN TL, MORFORD LA: Immune defects observed in patients with primary malignant brain tumors. Neuroimmunol. (1999) 100:216–232.
  • WIKSTRAND CJ, FREDMAN P, SVENNERHOLM L, BIGNER DD: Detection of glioma-associated gangliosides GM2, GD2, GD3, 3'-isoLM1 3',6'-isoLD1 in central nervous system tumors M vitro and in vivo using epitope-defined monoclonal antibodies. Frog. Brain Res. (1994) 101:213–223.
  • HISHII M, NITTA T, ISHIDA H et al: Human glioma-derived interleukin-10 inhibits antitumor immune responses in vitro. Neurosurg. (1995) 37:1160–1166.
  • YANG T, WITHAM TF, VILLA L et al: Glioma-associated hyaluronan induces apoptosis in dendritic cells via inducible nitric oxide synthase: implications for the use of dendritic cells for therapy of gliomas. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:2583–2591.
  • UYTTENHOVE C, PILOTTE L, THEATE I et al.: Evidence for a tumoral immune resistance mechanism based on tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:1269–1274.
  • VVELLER M, FONTANA A: The failure of current immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Tumor-derived TGF-beta, T-cell apoptosis, and the immune privilege of the brain. Brain Res. (1995) 21:128–151.
  • GORELIK L, FLAVELL RA: Transforming growth factor-beta in T-cell biology. Nat. Rev Immunol. (2002) 2:46–53.
  • LYNCH DH, RAMSDELL F, ALDERSON MR: Fas and FasL in the homeostatic regulation of immuneresponses. Immunol. Today (1995) 16:569–574.
  • SAAS P, WALKER PR, HAHNE M et al.: Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain? Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:1173–1178.
  • WALKER PR, SAAS P, DIETRICH PY: Role of Fas ligand (CD95L) in immune escape: the tumor cell strikes back. Immunol. (1997) 158:4521–4524.
  • DIDENKO VV, NGO HN,MINCHEW C, BASKIN DS: Apoptosis of T lymphocytes invading glioblastomas multiforme: a possible tumor defense mechanism. Neurosurg. (2002) 96:580–584.
  • CHEN JJ, SUN Y, NABEL GJ: Regulation of the proinflammatory effects of Fas ligand (CD95L). Science (1998) 282: 1714-1717.
  • WALKER PR, SAAS P, DIETRICH PY: Tumor expression of Fas ligand (CD95L) and the consequences. Curr: Opin. Immunoi (1998) 10:564–572.
  • DE VOS AF, VAN MEURS M, BROK HP et al: Transfer of central nervous system autoantigens and presentation in secondary lymphoid organs. Immunol (2002) 169:5415–5423.
  • WALKER PR, CALZAS CIA T, SCHNURIGER V et al.: The brain parenchyma is permissive for full antitumor CTL effector function, even in the absence of CD4 T cells.' Immunol. (2000) 165:3128–3135.
  • KRAKOWSKI ML, OWENS T: The central nervous system environment controls effector CD4+ T cell cytokine profile in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eur. Immunol. (1997) 27:2840–2847.
  • ALBERT ML, DARNELL JC, BENDER A, FRANCISCO LM, BHARDWAJ DARNELL RB: Tumor-specific killer cells in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Nat. Med. (1998) 4:1321–1324.
  • ••This is a landmark study delineating aCU-mediated autoirnmunebrain pathology.
  • WAKIMOTO H, ABE J, TSUNODA R, AOYAGI M, HIRAKAWA K,HAMADA H: Intensified antitumorimmunity by a cancer vaccine that produces granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:1828–1833.
  • NESTLE FO, ALIJAGIC S, GILLIET M et al: Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. (1998) 4:328–332.
  • •DC-based vaccines demonstrated clinical responses in some melanoma patients.
  • NESTLE FO, BANCHEREAU J,HART D: Dendritic cells: on the move from bench to bedside. Nat. Med (2001) 7:761–765.
  • OKADA H, TAHARA H,SHURIN MR et al: Bone marrow derived dendritic cells pulsed with a tumor specific peptide elicit effective anti-tumor immunity against intracranial neoplasms. Int. J. Cancer (1998) 78:196–201.
  • SIESJO P, VISSE E, SJOGREN HO: Cure of established, intracerebral rat gliomas induced by therapeutic immunizations with tumor cells and purified APC or adjuvant IFN-gamma treatment. Immunother. (1996) 19:334–345.
  • ASHLEY DM, FAIOLA B, NAIR S, HALE LP, BIGNER DD, GILBOA E: Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extracts or tumor RNA induce antitumor immunity against central nervous system tumors. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186:1177–1182.
  • LIAU LM, BLACK KL, PRINS RM et al:Treatment of intracranial gliomas with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens. Neurosurg. (1999) 90:1115–1124.
  • KIRKWOOD JM, BENDER C, AGARWALA S et al: Mechanisms and management of toxicities associated with high-dose interferon alfa-26 therapy.Clin. Omni (2002) 20:3703–3718.
  • DRANOFF G: Cancer gene therapy: connecting basic research with clinical inquiry. [Review]. J. Clin. Oncol (1998) 16:2548–2556.
  • GLICK RP, LICHTOR T,DE ZOETEN E, DESHMUKH P, COHEN EP: Prolongation of survival of mice with glioma treated with semiallogeneic fibroblasts secreting interleukin-2. Neurosurgery (1999) 45:867–874.
  • SAMPATH P, HANES J, DIME CO F et al: Paracrine immunotherapy withinterleukin-2 and local chemotherapy is synergistic in the treatment of experimental brain tumors. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:2107–2114.
  • DRANOFF G: GM-CSF-secreting melanoma vaccines. Oncogene (2003) 22:3188–3192.
  • HORTON HM, ANDERSON D, HERNANDEZ P, BARNHART KM, NORMAN JA, PARKER SE: A gene therapy for cancer using intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA encoding interferon alpha. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:1553–1558.
  • HIROISHI K, TUTING T, TAHARA H, LOTZE MT: Interferon-alpha gene therapy in combination with CD80 transduction reduces tumorigenicity and growth of established tumor in poorly immunogenic tumor models. Gene Ther. (1999) 6:1988–1994.
  • FERRANTINI M, GIOVARELLI M, MODESTI A et al.: IFN-alpha 1 gene expression into a metastatic murine adenocarcinoma (TS/A) results in CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection and development of antitumor immunity. Comparative studies with IFN-gamma-producing TS/A cells. J. Immunol (1994) 153:4604–4615.
  • TAHARA H, ZITVOGEL L,STORKUS WJ et al.: Effective eradication of established murine tumors with IL-12 gene therapy using a polycistronic retroviral vector. J. Immunol. (1995) 154:6466–6474.
  • OSAKI T, HASHIMOTO W,GAMBOTTO A et al: Potent antitumor effects mediated by local expression of the mature form of the interferon-gamma inducing factor, interleukin-18 (IL-18). Gene Ther. (1999) 6:808–815.
  • LOCH, LEE SC, WU PY et al: Antitumorand antimetastatic activity of IL-23. Immunol. (2003) 171:600–607.
  • YU JS, WHEELER CJ, ZELTZER PM et al.: Vaccination of malignant glioma patients with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells elicits systemic cytotoxicity and intracranial T-cell infiltration. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:842–847.
  • YAMANAKA R, ISUCHIYA N,YAJIMA N et al: Induction of an antitumor immunological response by an intratumoral injection of dendritic cells pulsed with genetically engineered Semliki Forest virus to produce interleukin-18 combined with the systemic administrationof interleukin-12. Neurosurg. (2003) 99:746–753.
  • KIKUCHI T, AKASAKI Y, IRIE M, HOMMA S, ABET, OHNO T: Results of a Phase I clinical trial of vaccination of glioma patients with fusions of dendritic and glioma cells. Cancer ImmunoL Immunother. (2001) 50:337–344.
  • INABA K, INABA M, ROMANI N et al: Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor.J. Exp. Med. (1992) 176: 1693-1702.
  • SOBOL RE, FAKHRAI H, SHAWLER D et al: Interleukin-2 gene therapy in a patient with glioblastoma. Gene Titer (1995) 2:164–167.
  • JADUS MR, CHEN Y, BOLDAJI MT et al: Human U251MG glioma cells expressing the membrane form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mM-CSF) are killed by human monocytes M vitro and are rejected within immunodeficient mice via paraptosis that is associated with increased expression of three different heat shock proteins. Cancer Gene Met: (2003) 10:411–420.
  • CHEN Y, DOUGLASS T, JEFFES EW et al.: Living T9 glioma cells expressing membrane macrophage colony-stimulating factor produce immediate tumor destruction by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages via a `paraptosis'-induced pathway that promotes systemic immunity against intracranial T9 gliomas. Blood (2002) 100:1373–1380.
  • OKADA H, VILLA LA, ATTANUCCI J et al.: Cytokine gene therapy of gliomas: effective induction of therapeutic immunity to intracranial tumors by peripheral immunization with interleukin-4 transduced glioma cells. Gene Met: (2001) 8:1157–1166.
  • OKADA H, ATTANUCCI J, TAHARA H et al.: Characterization and transduction of a retroviral vector encoding human interleukin-4 and the Herpes simplex-thymidine kinase for glioma tumor vaccine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. (2000) 7:486–494.
  • OKADA H, POLLACK IF, LOTZE MT et al.: Gene therapy of malignant gliomas: a Phase I study of IL4HSV-TK gene-modified autologous tumor to elicit an immune response (clinical protocol).Hum. Gene Met: (2000) 11:637–653.
  • OKADA H, LIEBERMAN FS, EDINGTON HD et al.: Autologous glioma cell vaccine admixed with interleukin-4 gene transfected fibroblasts in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: preliminary observations in a patient with a favorable response to therapy.' Neurooncol. (2003) 64:13–20.
  • OKADA H, BANCHEREAU J, LOTZE MT: Interleukin-4. In: The Cytokine Handbook. Thomson AW, Lotze MT (Eds), Elsevier Science, London, UK (2003):227–262.
  • CELLUZZI C, MAYORDOMO JI, STORKUS WJ, LOTZE MT, FALO LD: Peptide pulsed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific, CTL-mediated protective tumor immunity. I Exp. Med. (1996) 183:283–287.
  • ROSENZWAJG M, CAMUS S, GUI GON M, GLUCKMAN JC: The influence of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and F1t3 ligand on human dendritic cell differentiation from cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. (1998) 26:63–72.
  • TEPPER RI, LEVINSON DA, STANGER BZ, CAMPOS-TORRES J, ABBAS AK, LEDER P: IL-4 induces allergic-like inflammatory disease and alters T cell development in transgenic mice. Cell (1990) 62:457–467.
  • RODOLFO M, ZILOCCHI C, ACCORNERO P, CAPPETTI B,ARIOLI I, COLOMBO MP:IL-4-transduced tumor cell vaccine induces immunoregulatory type 2 CD8T lymphocytes that cure lung metastases upon adoptive transfer. Immunol. (1999) 163:1923–1928.
  • STOPPACCIARO A, PAGLIA P, LOMBARDI L, PARMIANI G,BARONI C, COLOMBO MP: Genetic modification of a carcinoma with the IL-4 gene increases the influx of dendritic cells relative to other cytokines. Eur. .1 Immunol. (1997) 27:2375–2382.
  • NESTLE FO, FILGUEIRA L, NICKOLOFF BJ, BURG G: Human dermal dendritic cells process and present soluble protein antigens.' Invest. Dermatoi (1998) 110:762–766.
  • DECHANET J, BRIOLAY J,RISSOAN MC et al.: IL-4 inhibits growth factor-stimulated rheumatoid synoviocyte proliferation by blocking the early phases of the cell cycle. Immunol. (1993) 151:4908–4917.
  • DE JONG EC, VIEIRA PL, KALINSKI P,KAPSENBERG ML: Corticosteroids inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in immature monocyte-derived DC and induce the development of tolerogenic DC3. Leukoc. Biol. (1999) 66:201–204.
  • HOCHREIN H, SHORTMAN K, VREMEC D, SCOTT B, HERTZOG P, O'KEEFFE M: Differential production of IL-12, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma by mouse dendritic cell subsets. Immunol. (2001) 166:5448–5455.
  • BIEDERMANN T, ZIMMERMANN S, HIMMELRICH H et al.: IL-4 instructs TH1 responses and resistance to Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice.Nat. Immunol. (2001) 2:1054–1060.
  • •Local, but not systemic, delivery of IL-4 at the site of antigen presentation induces type 1 T cell responses.
  • NISHIHORI H, TSUJI H, WANG H et al.: Participation of endogenously produced interferon gamma in interleukin 4-mediated tumor rejection. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11:659–668.
  • GIEZEMAN-SMITS KM, OKADA H, BRISSETTE-STORKUS SC et al.: Cytokine gene therapy of gliomas: Induction of reactive CD4+ T cells by interleukin-4 transfected 9L gliosarcoma is essential for protective immunity. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:2449–2457.
  • KALINSKI P, HILKENS CM, WIERENGA EA, KAPSENBERG ML: T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells: the concept of a third signal. [Review]. Immunol. Today (1999) 20:561–567.
  • DUTTA T, SPENCE A, LAMPSON LA: Robust ability of IFN-gamma to upregulate class II MHC antigen expression in tumor bearing rat brains. Neurooncol. (2003) 64:31–44.
  • PHILLIPS LM, LAMPSON LA: Site-specific control of T cell traffic in the brain: T cell entry to brainstem versus hippocampus after local injection of IFN-gamma. Neuroimmunol. (1999) 96:218–227.
  • YU JS, VVEI MX, CHIOCCA EA, MARTUZA RL, TEPPER RI: Treatment of glioma by engineered interleukin 4-secreting cells. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:3125–3128.
  • LICHTOR T, GLICK RP, KIM TS, HAND R, COHEN EP: Prolonged survival of mice with glioma injected intracerebrallywith double cytokine-secreting cells.Neurosurg. (1995) 83:1038–1044.
  • BISCHOFF JR, KIRN DH, WILLIAMS Aet al.: An adenovirus mutant that replicates selectively in p53-deficient human tumor cells. Science (1996) 274:373–376.
  • NATSUME A, MIZUNO M, RYUKE Y, YOSHIDA J: Antitumor effect and cellular immunity activation by murine interferon-beta gene transfer against intracerebral glioma in mouse. Gene Ther. (1999) 6:1626–1633.
  • YOSHIDA J, MIZUNO M, FUJII Metal:Human gene therapy for malignant gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma) by in vivo transduction with human interferon beta gene using cationic liposomes. Hum. Gene Ther (2004) 15:77–86.
  • BENEDETTI S, BRUZZONE MG, POLLO B et al.: Eradication of rat malignant gliomas by retroviral-mediated, in vivo delivery of the interleukin 4 gene. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:645–652.
  • LIU Y, EHTESHAM M, SAMOTO K et al.: M situ adenoviral interleukin 12 gene transfer confers potent and long-lasting cytotoxic immunity in glioma. Cancer Gene Ther (2002) 9:9–15.
  • TJUVAJEV J, GANSBACHER B, DESAI R et al: RG-2 glioma growth attenuation and severe brain edema caused by local production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:1902–1910.
  • ANDREANSKY S, HE B, VAN COTT J et al.: Treatment of intracranial gliomas in immunocompetent mice using herpes simplex viruses that express murine interleukins. Gene Ther (1998) 5:121–130.
  • ABOODY KS, BROWN A, RAINOV NG et al.: Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain: evidence from intracranial gliomas. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:12846–12851.
  • •NSCs migrate towards intracranial gliomas.
  • BENEDETTI S, PIROLA B, POLLO B et al.: Gene therapy of experimental brain tumors using neural progenitor cells. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:447–450.
  • EHTESHAM M, KABOS P, KABOSOVA A, NEUMAN T, BLACK KL, YU JS: The use of interleukin 12-secreting neural stem cells for the 1619treatment of intracranial glioma. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:5657–5663.
  • •This study proposes an attractive application of NSCs for thetreatment of gjiomas.
  • EHTESHAM M, KABOS P, GUTIERREZ MA et al.: Induction of glioblastoma apoptosis using neural stem cell-mediated delivery of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:7170–7174.
  • GAGE FH: Mammalian neural stem cells. [Review]. Science (2000) 287:1433–1438.
  • ROBERTSON JA: Ethics and policy in embryonic stem cell research. Kennedy Inst. Ethics J. (1999) 9:109–136.
  • LEE J, ELKAHLOUN AG, MESSINA SA et al: Cellular and genetic characterization of human adult bone marrow-derived neural stem-like cells: a potential antiglioma cellular vector. Cancer Res. (2003) 63:8877–8889.
  • KABOS P, EHTESHAM M,KABOSOVA A, BLACK KL, YU JS: Generation of neural progenitor cells from whole adult bone marrow. Exp. Neural. (2002) 178:288–293.
  • OKADA H, ISUGAWA T, SATO H et atDelivery of interferon-alpha transfected DCs into central nervous system tumors enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of peripheral peptide-based vaccines. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(16):5830–5838.
  • •This study demonstrates that IFN-transfected DCs can promote cross-presentation of brain tumour antigens systemically.
  • TSUGAWA T, KUWASHIMA N, SATO H et al.: Sequential delivery of interferon- gene and DCs to intracranial gliomas promotes an effective anti-tumor response. Gene The,: (2004) (In Press).
  • ROUARD H, LEON A,KLONJKOWSKI B et al.: Adenoviral transduction of human 'clinical grade' immature dendritic cells enhances costimulatory molecule expression and T-cell stimulatory capacity. Immunol. Methods (2000) 241:69–81.
  • DEWEY RA, MORRISSEY G,COWSILL CM et al.: Chronic brain inflammation and persistent herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase expression in survivors of syngeneic glioma treated by adenovirus-mediated gene therapy: implications for clinical trials. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1256–1263.
  • MONTOYA M, SCHIAVONI G, MATTEI F et al.: Type I interferons produced by dendritic cells promote their phenotypic and functional activation. Blood (2002) 99:3263–3271.
  • OPPMANN B, LESLEY R, BLOM B et al: Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity (2000) 13:715–725.
  • CUA DJ, SHERLOCK J, CHEN Y et al: Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature (2003) 421:744–748.
  • HARTMANN E, WOLLENBERG B, ROTHENFUSSER S et al: Identification and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. (2003) 63:6478–6487.
  • TOURKOVA IL, YURKOVETSKY ZR, GAMBOTTO A et al: Increased function and survival of IL-15-transduced human dendritic cells are mediated by up-regulation of IL-15Ralpha and Bc1-2.Leukoc. Biol. (2002) 72:1037–1045.
  • COSMI L, LIOTTA F, ANGELI R et al:Th2 cells are less susceptible than Thl cells to the suppressive activity of CD25+ regulatory thymocytes because of their responsiveness to different cytokines. Blood (2004) 103(8):3117–3121.
  • MASLINSKA D: The cytokine network and interleukin-15 (IL-15) in brain development. Folia Neuropathol (2001) 39:43–47.
  • BLANCO-JEREZ C, PLAZA JF, MASJUAN J, ORENSANZ LM, ALVAREZ-CERMENO JC: Increased levels of IL-15 mRNA in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis attacks.Neuraimmunol. (2002) 128:90–94.
  • WHEELER CJ, BLACK KL, LIU G et al: Thymic CD8+ T cell production strongly influences tumor antigen recognition and age-dependent glioma mortality.Immunol. (2003) 171:4927–4933.
  • IRINCHIERI G, PFLANZ S, KASTELEIN RA: The IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines. New players in the regulation of T cell responses. Immunity (2003) 19:641–644.
  • PFLANZ S, TIMANS JC, CHEUNG J et al.: IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of EBI3 and p28 protein, induces proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells. Immunity (2002) 16:779–790.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.