Gene Expression of Human Beta-Defensin-3 and Cathelicidin in the Skin of Leprosy Patients, Household Contacts, and Healthy Individuals from Indonesia

References

• Salgado CG, de Brito AC, Salgado UI, Spencer JS. Leprosy. In: Kang S, Amagai M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2019:2892–2954.
   Google Scholar
• Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia [Internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2021. Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/folder/view/01/structure-publikasi-pusdatin-profil-kesehatan.html. Accessed June 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson A, Pfaltzgraff RE. Clinical pathology. In: Leprosy. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1990:11–24.
   Google Scholar
• Schreuder PAM, Noto S, Richardus JH. Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century. Clin Dermatol. 2016;34(1):24–31. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastória JC, de Abreu MAMM. Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(2):205–218. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Leprosy Update, 2018: Moving Towards a Leprosy- Free World. Vol. 94. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019:389–412.
   Google Scholar
• Doull JA. The incidence of leprosy in Cordova and Talisay, Cebu, Philippines. Int J Lepr. 1942;10:107–131.
   Google Scholar
• Sansonetti P, Lagrange PH. The immunology of leprosy: speculations on the leprosy spectrum. Rev Infect Dis. 1981;3(3):4222–4469. doi:10.1093/clinids/3.3.422
   Google Scholar
• Cogen AL, Walker SL, Roberts CH, et al. Human beta-defensin 3 is up-regulated in cutaneous leprosy type 1 reactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1869. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganz T. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(9):710–720. doi:10.1038/nri1180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple F, Webb S, Li HN, et al. Human beta-defensin 3 has immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(4):1073–1078. doi:10.1002/eji.200940041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzner M, Al Samie AR, Winkler HM, et al. Low serum levels of cathelicidin LL-37 in leprosy. Acta Trop. 2011;117(1):56–59. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Suh JS, Kim JM, et al. Identification of a cell-penetrating peptide domain from human beta-defensin 3 and characterization of its anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:5423–5424. doi:10.2147/IJN.S90014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V, de Andrade Silva BJ, et al. Innate immune responses in leprosy. Front Immunol. 2018;9:518. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00518
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abulafia J, Vignale RA. Leprosy: pathogenesis updated. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(5):321–334. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayal N, Nagpal S, Haque MM, et al. 16S rDNA based skin microbiome data of healthy individuals and leprosy patients from India. Sci Data. 2019;6(225):1–9. doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0232-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Naves M, delRibeiro FA, Patrocino LG, Patrocino JA, Fleury RN, Goulart IMB. Bacterial load in the nose and its correlation to the immune response in leprosy patients. Lepr Rev. 2013;84(1):85–91. doi:10.47276/lr.84.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masaki T, McGlinchey A, Cholewa-Waclaw J, Qu J, Tomlinson SR, Rambukkana A. Innate immune response precedes Mycobacterium leprae-induced reprogramming of adult Schwann cells. Cell Reprogram. 2014;16(1):9–17. doi:10.1089/cell.2013.0064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hooij A, Tió-Coma M, Verhard EM, et al. Household contacts of leprosy patients in endemic areas display a specific innate immunity profile. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1811. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Mu ZL, Liu XW, et al. Expressions of antimicrobial peptides LL-37, human beta defensin-2 and −3 in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids. Chin Med J. 2016;129(6):696–701. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.178011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izadpanah A, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(3 Pt 1):381–390. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LJ, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides. Curr Biol. 2016;26(1):R14–R19. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardan A, Nizet V, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin. Expert Opin Biol ther. 2004;4(4):543–549. doi:10.1517/14712598.4.4.543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Montoya M, Beltran-Alzate JC, Cardona-Castro N, Johnson C. Evaluation and monitoring of Mycobacterium leprae transmission in household contacts of patients with Hansen’s disease in Colombia. PLoS Neglk Trop Dis. 2017;11(1):e0005325. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittersheim M, Cordes J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Harder J, Hedderich J, Gläser R. Differential expression and in vivo secretion of the antimicrobial peptides psoriasin (S100A7), RN ase 7, human beta‐defensin‐2 and‐3 in healthy human skin. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22(5):363–366. doi:10.1111/exd.12133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godal T, Lofgren M, Negassi K. Immune response to M. leprae of healthy leprosy contacts. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1972;40(3):243–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenshi Y, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides in human skin disease. Eur J Dermaol. 2008;18(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Guo F, Wang Q, et al. N-terminus three residues deletion mutant of human beta-defensin 3 with remarkably enhanced salt-resistance. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117913. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder J, Schröder JM. Psoriatic scales: a promising source for the isolation of human skin-derived antimicrobial proteins. J Leukoc Biol. 2005;77(4):476–486. doi:10.1189/jlb.0704409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier T, Guell M, Serrano L. Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples. FEBS Letter. 2009;583:3966–3973. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar