Direct Immunofluorescence of IgG on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue by Heat-Induced Antigen Retrieval as a Sensitive Method for the Diagnosis of Pemphigus

References

• Egami S, Yamagami J, Amagai M. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases, pemphigus and pemphigoid. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(4):1031–1047. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beek N, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(9):1077–1091. doi:10.1111/ddg.13637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beek NV, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Bullous autoimmune dermatoses–clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118(24):413–420. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte M, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Diagnosis of autoimmune blistering diseases. Front Med. 2018;5:296. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnon CM, Tolkachjov SN, Murrell DF, Camilleri MJ, Lehman JS. Intraepithelial autoimmune blistering dermatoses: clinical features and diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(6):1507–1519. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnon CM, Tolkachjov SN, Murrell DF, Camilleri MJ, Lehman JS. Subepithelial autoimmune blistering dermatoses: clinical features and diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(1):1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL. Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem. 1991;39(6):741–748. doi:10.1177/39.6.1709656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita S. Heat-induced antigen retrieval: mechanisms and application to histochemistry. Prog Histochem Cytochem. 2007;41(3):141–200. doi:10.1016/j.proghi.2006.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turbitt ML, Mackie RM, Young H, Campbell I. The use of paraffin-processed tissue and the immunoperoxidase technique in the diagnosis of bullous diseases, lupus erythematosus and vasculitis. Br J Dermatol. 1982;106(4):411–417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb04533.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaenglein AL, Hafer L, Helm KF. Diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis by an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(5):571–573. doi:10.1001/archderm.1995.01690170073010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magro CM, Dyrsen ME. The use of C3d and C4d immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissue as a diagnostic adjunct in the assessment of inflammatory skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(5):822–833. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler W, Zone J, Florell S. C4d immunohistochemical stain is a sensitive method to confirm immunoreactant deposition in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in bullous pemphigoid. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36(6):655–659. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01129.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaltz K, Mertz K, Rose C, Scheidegger P, Pfaltz M, Kempf W. C3d immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissue is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid of the skin. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(6):654–658. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01450.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Hyjek E, Soltani K, Petronic-Rosic V, Shea CR. Immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin G4 on paraffin sections for the diagnosis of pemphigus. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(11):1402–1407. doi:10.5858/arpa.2011-0425-OA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon EJ, Ntiamoah P, Shulman KJ. The utility of C4d immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in the distinction of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy from pemphigoid gestationis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2013;35(8):787–791. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3182a6b6cc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abé T, Maruyama S, Babkair H, Yamazaki M, Cheng J, Saku T. Simultaneous immunolocalization of desmoglein 3 and IgG4 in oral pemphigus vulgaris: igG4 predominant autoantibodies in its pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015;44(10):850–856. doi:10.1111/jop.12290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villani AP, Chouvet B, Kanitakis J. Application of C4d immunohistochemistry on routinely processed tissue sections for the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;38(3):186–188. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000000333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glauser S, Rutz M, Cazzaniga S, Hegyi I, Borradori L, Beltraminelli H. Diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens for bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(5):988–993. doi:10.1111/bjd.14686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shenawy HA. Can immunohistochemistry replace immunofluorescence in diagnosis of skin bullous diseases? APMIS. 2017;125(2):114–121. doi:10.1111/apm.12643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimanovich I, Nitz JM, Witte M, Zillikens D, Rose C. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(6):613–619. doi:10.1111/jop.12732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamyab K, Abdolreza M, Ghanadan A, et al. C4d immunohistochemical stain of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue as a sensitive method in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. J Cutan Pathol. 2019;46(10):723–728. doi:10.1111/cup.13490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LL, Moshiri AS, Novoa R, et al. Comparison of C3d immunohistochemical staining to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence for diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):172–178. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperkiewicz M, Lai O, Kim G, et al. Immunoglobulin and complement immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections in autoimmune bullous diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2021;43(10):689–699. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000001817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feliciani C, Joly P, Jonkman MF, et al. Management of bullous pemphigoid: the European Dermatology Forum consensus in collaboration with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(4):867–877. doi:10.1111/bjd.13717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borradori L, Van Beek N, Feliciani C, et al. Updated S2 K guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(10):1689–1704. doi:10.1111/jdv.18220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y, Yuan H, Zhou S, et al. The Pathogenic Role of CD4(+) tissue-resident memory T Cells Bearing T follicular helper-like phenotype in pemphigus lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 2021;141(9):2141–2150. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Zhou S, Liu Z, et al. Pivotal role of lesional and perilesional T/B lymphocytes in pemphigus pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(11):2362–2370. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Liu Z, Yuan H, et al. Autoreactive B Cell differentiation in diffuse ectopic lymphoid-like structures of inflamed pemphigus lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(2):309–18.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mera SL, Young EW, Bradfield JW. Direct immunofluorescence of skin using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. J Clin Pathol. 1980;33(4):365–369. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth NA, Rich AM, Radden BG, Reade PC. Direct immunofluorescence of oral mucosal biopsies: a comparison of fresh-frozen tissue and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992;21(8):358–363. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb01365.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbesman J, Grover R, Helm TN, Beutner EH. Can direct immunofluorescence testing still be accurate if performed on biopsy specimens after brief inadvertent immersion in formalin? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):106–111. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita S, Katsumata O. Heat-induced antigen retrieval in immunohistochemistry: mechanisms and applications. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:147–161. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMillan JR, Akiyama M, Shimizu H. Epidermal basement membrane zone components: ultrastructural distribution and molecular interactions. J Dermatol Sci. 2003;31(3):169–177. doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00045-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasr SH, Galgano SJ, Markowitz GS, et al. Immunofluorescence on pronase-digested paraffin sections: a valuable salvage technique for renal biopsies. Kidney Int. 2006;70(12):2148–2151. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messias NC, Walker PD, Larsen CP. Paraffin immunofluorescence in the renal pathology laboratory: more than a salvage technique. Mod Pathol. 2015;28:854–860. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2015.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar