Relationship Between Dermoscopic Capillary-Related Features of the Auricle and Earlobe and Rosacea Subtype and Disease Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

References

• Demitsu T, Tsukahara R, Umemoto N., et al. Disseminated extrafacial rosacea with papulonecrotic lesions. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2016;10(4):68–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Basto AS. Rosacea with extensive extrafacial lesions. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(1):52–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03360.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JJ, Schaffer JV, et al. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Britain: British Library; 2012:561–569.
   Google Scholar
• Barakji YA, Rønnstad ATM, Christensen MO, et al. Assessment of frequency of rosacea subtypes in patients with rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(6):617–625. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.0526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharschmidt TC, Yost JM, Truong SV, Steinhoff M, Wang KC, Berger TG. Neurogenic rosacea: a distinct clinical subtype requiring a modified approach to treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(1):123–126. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HO, Kang SY, Kim KE, Cho SY, Kim KH, Kim IH. Neurogenic rosacea in Korea. J Dermatol. 2021;48(1):49–55. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostanci O, Borelli C, Schaller M. Treatment of extrafacial rosacea with low-dose isotretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90(4):40910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks R, Jones EW. Disseminated rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1969;81(1):16–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1969.tb15915.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XY, Liu YY, Liu YX, et al. A predictive model for differential diagnosis between rosacea and sensitive skin: a cross-sectional study. Chin Med J. 2020;133(17):2132–2134. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexis AF, Callender VD, Baldwin HE, Desai SR, Rendon MI, Taylor SC. Global epidemiology and clinical spectrum of rosacea, highlighting skin of color: review and clinical practice experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1722–9.e7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoja MM, Oyesiku NM, Griessenauer CJ, et al. Anastomoses between lower cranial and upper cervical nerves: a comprehensive review with potential significance during skull base and neck operations, part I: trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves. Clin Anat. 2014;27(1):118–130. doi:10.1002/ca.22340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marson JW, Baldwin HE. Rosacea: a wholistic review and update from pathogenesis to diagnosis and therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(6):e175–82. doi:10.1111/ijd.14757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Dabagh A, Davis SA, McMichael AJ, Feldman SR. Rosacea in skin of color: not a rare diagnosis. Dermatol Online J. 2014;3:10.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, et al. Standard classification and pathophysiology of rosacea: the 2017 update by the national rosacea society expert committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):148–155. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, et al. Standard grading system for rosacea: report of the national rosacea society expert committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(6):907–912. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan J, Liu H, Leyden JJ, Leoni MJ. Reliability of clinician erythema assessment grading scale. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):7603. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.05.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taieb A, Ortonne JP, Ruzicka T, et al. Superiority of ivermectin 1% cream over metronidazole 0·75% cream in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(4):1103–1110. doi:10.1111/bjd.13408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SY, Yang C, J X, Wang F, Yan L, Liu G. Clinical comparison between narrow-spectrum intense pulsed light and 540nm intense pulsed light in treatment of facial telangiectasia. Chin J Med Aesth Cosmet. 2016;25(2):40–43.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab VD, Sulk M, Seeliger S, et al. Neurovascular and neuroimmune aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2011;15(1):53–62. doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2011.6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peuker ET, Filler TJ. The nerve supply of the human auricle. Clin Anat. 2002;15(1):35–37. doi:10.1002/ca.1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freddi TAL, Ottaiano AC, Lucio LL, Corrêa DG, Hygino da Cruz LC. The trigeminal nerve: anatomy and pathology. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2022;43(5):403–413. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2022.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagles K, Fralich L, Stevenson JH. Ear trauma. Clin Sports Med. 2013;32(2):303–316. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2012.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker HK. Cranial nerve VII: the facial nerve and taste. In: Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Boston: Butterworths; 1990:322–324.
   Google Scholar
• de Amorim IL, Kauppila LA, Martins IP. Red ear: syndrome or symptom? Headache. 2018;58(6):885–891. doi:10.1111/head.13333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen CE, Andersen FS, Wienholtz N, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP, Ashina M. The relationship between migraine and rosacea: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(7):1387–1398. doi:10.1177/0333102417731777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez G, Onofrio BM, Kerr FW. Vasodilator system for the face. J Neurosurg. 1975;42(6):696–703. doi:10.3171/jns.1975.42.6.0696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Marinis M, Fraioli B, Esposito V, Gagliardi FM, Agnoli A. Unilateral reduction of head pain and facial vasodilatation after gasserian ganglion lesion. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(2):203–208. doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540020079021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drummond PD, Gonski A, Lance JW. Facial flushing after thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46(7):611–616. doi:10.1136/jnnp.46.7.611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Huang Y, Tang Y, et al. Paroxetine is an effective treatment for refractory erythema of rosacea: primary results from the prospective rosacea refractory erythema randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88(6):1300–1307. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.01.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WJ, Jung JM, Won KH, et al. Clinical evaluation of 368 patients with nasal rosacea: subtype classification and grading of nasal rosacea. Dermatology. 2015;230(2):177–183. doi:10.1159/000369926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WJ, Jung JM, Lee YJ, et al. Histopathological analysis of 226 patients with rosacea according to rosacea subtype and severity. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;38(5):347–352. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000000454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond PD, Su D. Endothelial and axon reflex vasodilatation to acetylcholine in rosacea-affected skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012;304(2):133–137. doi:10.1007/s00403-011-1177-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhoff M, Schmelz M, Schauber J. Facial erythema of rosacea - aetiology, different pathophysiologies and treatment Options. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(5):579–586. doi:10.2340/00015555-2335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar