502
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Endodontic Orthograde Retreatments: Challenges and Solutions

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 245-265 | Received 03 May 2023, Accepted 05 Oct 2023, Published online: 24 Oct 2023

References

  • Meirinhos J, Martins JNR, Pereira B, et al. Prevalence of apical periodontitis and its association with previous root canal treatment, root canal filling length and type of coronal restoration – a cross-sectional study. Int Endod J. 2020;53(4):573–584. doi:10.1111/iej.13256
  • Ricucci D, Siqueira JF Jr, Bate AL, Pitt Ford TR. Histologic investigation of root canal-treated teeth with apical periodontitis: a retrospective study from twenty-four patients. J Endod. 2009;35(4):493–502. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.12.014
  • Sayed ME, Jurado CA, Tsujimoto A, Garcia-Cortes JO. Clinical decision-making regarding endodontic therapy vs extraction and implant-assisted replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Dent. 2021;69(1):52–57.
  • Azim AA, Griggs JA, Huang GT. The Tennessee study: factors affecting treatment outcome and healing time following nonsurgical root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2016;49(1):6–16. doi:10.1111/iej.12429
  • Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of non-surgical root canal treatment: part 2: tooth survival. Int Endod J. 2011;44(7):610–625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01873.x
  • Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment: part 1: periapical health. Int Endod J. 2011;44(7):583–609. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01872.x
  • Segura-Egea JJ, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Martín-González J, Cintra LTA. Impact of systemic health on treatment outcomes in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2023;56(S2):219–235. doi:10.1111/iej.13789
  • Endodontology ESo. Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):921–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01180.x
  • Messer HH, Yu VS. Terminology of endodontic outcomes. Int Endod J. 2013;46(3):289–291. doi:10.1111/iej.12014
  • Friedman S, Mor C. The success of endodontic therapy--healing and functionality. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2004;32(6):493–503.
  • Bystrom A, Happonen RP, Sjogren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1987;3(2):58–63. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00543.x
  • Van Nieuwenhuysen JP, Aouar M, D’Hoore W. Retreatment or radiographic monitoring in endodontics. Int Endod J. 1994;27(2):75–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1994.tb00234.x
  • Yu VS, Messer HH, Yee R, Shen L. Incidence and impact of painful exacerbations in a cohort with post-treatment persistent endodontic lesions. J Endod. 2012;38(1):41–46. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.006
  • Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Outcome of secondary root canal treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2008;41(12):1026–1046. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01484.x
  • Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature -- Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int Endod J. 2008;41(1):6–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01323.x
  • Gulabivala K, Ng YL. Factors that affect the outcomes of root canal treatment and retreatment-A reframing of the principles. Int Endod J. 2023;56(Suppl 2):82–115. doi:10.1111/iej.13897
  • Mannocci F, Bitter K, Sauro S, Ferrari P, Austin R, Bhuva B. Present status and future directions: the restoration of root filled teeth. Int Endod J. 2022;55 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):1059–1084. doi:10.1111/iej.13796
  • Hoskinson SE, Ng YL, Hoskinson AE, Moles DR, Gulabivala K. A retrospective comparison of outcome of root canal treatment using two different protocols. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(6):705–715. doi:10.1067/moe.2001.122822
  • Ricucci D, Russo J, Rutberg M, Burleson JA, Spångberg LS. A prospective cohort study of endodontic treatments of 1369 root canals: results after 5 years. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(6):825–842. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.08.003
  • López-Valverde I, Vignoletti F, Vignoletti G, Martin C, Sanz M. Long-term tooth survival and success following primary root canal treatment: a 5- to 37-year retrospective observation. Clin Oral Investig. 2023. doi:10.1007/s00784-023-04938-y
  • Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endodontic Topics. 2002;1(1):3–25. doi:10.1034/j.1601-1546.2002.10102.x
  • Kirkevang LL, Ørstavik D, Wenzel A, Vaeth M. Prognostic value of the full-scale Periapical Index. Int Endod J. 2015;48(11):1051–1058. doi:10.1111/iej.12402
  • Azarpazhooh A, Sgro A, Cardoso E, et al. A Scoping Review of 4 Decades of Outcomes in Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment, Nonsurgical Retreatment, and Apexification Studies-Part 2: outcome Measures. J Endod. 2022;48(1):29–39. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.019
  • Aminoshariae A, Kulild JC, Syed A. Cone-beam Computed Tomography Compared with Intraoral Radiographic Lesions in Endodontic Outcome Studies: a Systematic Review. J Endod. 2018;44(11):1626–1631. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2018.08.006
  • Fayad MI. AAE and AAOMR Joint Position Statement: use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics 2015 Update. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(4):508–512. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2015.07.033
  • Patel S, Brown J, Semper M, Abella F, Mannocci F. European Society of Endodontology position statement: use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by. Int Endod J. 2019;52(12):1675–1678. doi:10.1111/iej.13187
  • Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. The periapical index: a scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986;2(1):20–34. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x
  • Marending M, Peters OA, Zehnder M. Factors affecting the outcome of orthograde root canal therapy in a general dentistry hospital practice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(1):119–124. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.065
  • Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, Wenzel A. Ten-year follow-up observations of periapical and endodontic status in a Danish population. Int Endod J. 2012;45(9):829–839. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02040.x
  • Jordal K, Valen A, Örstavik D. Periapical status of root-filled teeth in Norwegian children and adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;72(8):801–805. doi:10.3109/00016357.2014.913193
  • Stueland H, Ørstavik D, Handal T. Treatment outcome of surgical and non-surgical endodontic retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 2023. doi:10.1111/iej.13914
  • Torabinejad M, Corr R, Handysides R, Shabahang S. Outcomes of nonsurgical retreatment and endodontic surgery: a systematic review. J Endod. 2009;35(7):930–937. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.023
  • Chércoles-Ruiz A, Sánchez-Torres A, Gay-Escoda C. Endodontics, Endodontic Retreatment, and Apical Surgery Versus Tooth Extraction and Implant Placement: a Systematic Review. J Endod. 2017;43(5):679–686. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.004
  • Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success. Int Endod J. 2007;40(12):921–939. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01322.x
  • Gorni FG, Gagliani MM. The outcome of endodontic retreatment: a 2-yr follow-up. J Endod. 2004;30(1):1–4. doi:10.1097/00004770-200401000-00001
  • Venskutonis T, Plotino G, Juodzbalys G, Mickevičienė L. The importance of cone-beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems: a review of the literature. J Endod. 2014;40(12):1895–1901. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.05.009
  • Liang YH, Li G, Wesselink PR, Wu MK. Endodontic outcome predictors identified with periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography scans. J Endod. 2011;37(3):326–331. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.032
  • Ee J, Fayad MI, Johnson BR. Comparison of endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning decisions using cone-beam volumetric tomography versus periapical radiography. J Endod. 2014;40(7):910–916. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.002
  • Bhatt M, Coil J, Chehroudi B, Esteves A, Aleksejuniene J, MacDonald D. Clinical decision-making and importance of the AAE/AAOMR position statement for CBCT examination in endodontic cases. Int Endod J. 2021;54(1):26–37. doi:10.1111/iej.13397
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Ford TP, Whaites E. The potential applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems. Int Endod J. 2007;40(10):818–830. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01299.x
  • Ozer SY. Detection of vertical root fractures of different thicknesses in endodontically enlarged teeth by cone beam computed tomography versus digital radiography. J Endod. 2010;36(7):1245–1249. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.021
  • Varshosaz M, Tavakoli MA, Mostafavi M, Baghban AA. Comparison of conventional radiography with cone beam computed tomography for detection of vertical root fractures: an in vitro study. J Oral Sci. 2010;52(4):593–597. doi:10.2334/josnusd.52.593
  • Junqueira RB, Verner FS, Campos CN, Devito KL, Do Carmo AM. Detection of vertical root fractures in the presence of intracanal metallic post: a comparison between periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013;39(12):1620–1624. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.031
  • Brady E, Mannocci F, Brown J, Wilson R, Patel S. A comparison of cone beam computed tomography and periapical radiography for the detection of vertical root fractures in nonendodontically treated teeth. Int Endod J. 2014;47(8):735–746. doi:10.1111/iej.12209
  • Khedmat S, Rouhi N, Drage N, Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH. Evaluation of three imaging techniques for the detection of vertical root fractures in the absence and presence of gutta-percha root fillings. Int Endod J. 2012;45(11):1004–1009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02062.x
  • de Lima KL, Silva LR, de Paiva Prado TB, Silva MAG, de Freitas Silva BS, Yamamoto-Silva FP. Influence of the technical parameters of CBCT image acquisition on vertical root fracture diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(2):433–474. doi:10.1007/s00784-022-04797-z
  • Fontenele RC, Machado AH, de Oliveira Reis L, Freitas DQ. Influence of metal artefact reduction tool on the detection of vertical root fractures involving teeth with intracanal materials in cone beam computed tomography images: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2021;54(10):1769–1781. doi:10.1111/iej.13569
  • Gluskin AH, Ruddle CJ, Zinman EJ. Thermal injury through intraradicular heat transfer using ultrasonic devices: precautions and practical preventive strategies. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005;136(9):1286–1293. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0346
  • Satterthwaite JD, Stokes AN, Frankel NT. Potential for temperature change during application of ultrasonic vibration to intra-radicular posts. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2003;11(2):51–56.
  • Castrisos T, Abbott PV. A survey of methods used for post removal in specialist endodontic practice. Int Endod J. 2002;35(2):172–180. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00466.x
  • Haupt F, Riggers I, Konietschke F, Rödig T. Effectiveness of different fiber post removal techniques and their influence on dentinal microcrack formation. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(4):3679–3685. doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04338-0
  • Schwindling FS, Tasaka A, Hilgenfeld T, Rammelsberg P, Zenthöfer A. Three-dimensional-guided removal and preparation of dental root posts-concept and feasibility. J Prosthodont Res. 2020;64(1):104–108. doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2019.04.005
  • Perez C, Sayeh A, Etienne O, et al. Microguided endodontics: accuracy evaluation for access through intraroot fibre-post. Aust Endod J. 2021;47(3):592–598. doi:10.1111/aej.12524
  • Arukaslan G, Aydemir S. Comparison of the efficacies of two different fiber post-removal systems: a micro-computed tomography study. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(4):394–401. doi:10.1002/jemt.23180
  • Haupt F, Pfitzner J, Hülsmann M. A comparative in vitro study of different techniques for removal of fibre posts from root canals. Aust Endod J. 2018;44(3):245–250. doi:10.1111/aej.12230
  • Abbott PV. Incidence of root fractures and methods used for post removal. Int Endod J. 2002;35(1):63–67. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00457.x
  • Aydemir S, Arukaslan G, Sarıdağ S, Kaya-Büyükbayram I, Ylıdıran Y. Comparing Fracture Resistance and the Time Required for Two Different Fiber Post Removal Systems. J Prosthodont. 2018;27(8):771–774. doi:10.1111/jopr.12575
  • Ricucci D, Siqueira JF Jr. Biofilms and apical periodontitis: study of prevalence and association with clinical and histopathologic findings. J Endod. 2010;36(8):1277–1288. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.007
  • Nair PN. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006;39(4):249–281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x
  • Witherspoon DE, Small JC, Regan JD. Missed canal systems are the most likely basis for endodontic retreatment of molars. Tex Dent J. 2013;130(2):127–139.
  • Baruwa AO, Martins JNR, Meirinhos J, et al. The Influence of Missed Canals on the Prevalence of Periapical Lesions in Endodontically Treated Teeth: a Cross-sectional Study. J Endod. 2020;46(1):34–39.e1. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.007
  • Costa F, Pacheco-Yanes J, Siqueira JF Jr, et al. Association between missed canals and apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 2019;52(4):400–406. doi:10.1111/iej.13022
  • Mashyakhy M, Hadi FA, Alhazmi HA, et al. Prevalence of Missed Canals and Their Association with Apical Periodontitis in Posterior Endodontically Treated Teeth: a CBCT Study. Int J Dent. 2021;2021:9962429. doi:10.1155/2021/9962429
  • Peña-Bengoa F, Cáceres C, Niklander SE, Meléndez P. Association between second mesiobuccal missed canals and apical periodontitis in maxillary molars of a Chilean subpopulation. J Clin Exp Dent. 2023;15(3):e173–e176. doi:10.4317/jced.60156
  • Colakoglu G, Kaya Buyukbayram I, Elcin MA, Garip Berker Y, Ercalik Yalcinkaya S. Association between second mesiobuccal canal and apical periodontitis in retrospective cone-beam computed tomographic images. Aust Endod J. 2023;49(1):20–26. doi:10.1111/aej.12672
  • Kuzekanani M, Walsh LJ, Amiri M. Prevalence and Distribution of the Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular First Molar Teeth of the Kerman Population: a CBCT Study. Int J Dent. 2020;2020:8851984. doi:10.1155/2020/8851984
  • Pomeranz HH, Eidelman DL, Goldberg MG. Treatment considerations of the middle mesial canal of mandibular first and second molars. J Endod. 1981;7(12):565–568. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(81)80216-6
  • Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Keleş A, et al. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: a micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;61:130–137. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.020
  • Dhuldhoya DN, Singh S, Podar RS, Ramachandran N, Jain R, Bhanushali N. Root canal anatomy of human permanent mandibular incisors and mandibular canines: a systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25(3):226–240. doi:10.4103/jcd.jcd_40_22
  • Martins JNR, Marques D, Leal Silva EJN, Caramês J, Mata A, Versiani MA. Influence of Demographic Factors on the Prevalence of a Second Root Canal in Mandibular Anterior Teeth - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;116:104749. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104749
  • Karobari MI, Assiry AA, Lin GSS, et al. Roots and Root Canals Characterization of Permanent Mandibular Premolars Analyzed Using the Cone Beam and Micro Computed Tomography-A Systematic Review and Metanalysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):657.
  • Martins JNR, Marques D, Silva E, Caramês J, Mata A, Versiani MA. Prevalence of C-shaped canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2019;52(11):1556–1572. doi:10.1111/iej.13169
  • Reda R, Zanza A, Bhandi S, Biase A, Testarelli L, Miccoli G. Surgical-anatomical evaluation of mandibular premolars by CBCT among the Italian population. Dent Med Probl. 2022;59(2):209–216. doi:10.17219/dmp/143546
  • Carr GB, Murgel CA. The use of the operating microscope in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54(2):191–214. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2010.01.002
  • Plotino G, Pameijer CH, Grande NM, Somma F. Ultrasonics in endodontics: a review of the literature. J Endod. 2007;33(2):81–95. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2006.10.008
  • Duncan HF, Chong BS. Removal of root filling materials. Endodontic Topics. 2008;19(1):33–57. doi:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2011.00257.x
  • Ajina MA, Shah PK, Chong BS. Critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study removal of root filling materials. Int Endod J. 2022;55(Suppl 1):119–152. doi:10.1111/iej.13650
  • Horvath SD, Altenburger MJ, Naumann M, Wolkewitz M, Schirrmeister JF. Cleanliness of dentinal tubules following gutta-percha removal with and without solvents: a scanning electron microscopic study. Int Endod J. 2009;42(11):1032–1038. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01616.x
  • Boutsioukis C, Noula G, Lambrianidis T. Ex vivo study of the efficiency of two techniques for the removal of mineral trioxide aggregate used as a root canal filling material. J Endod. 2008;34(10):1239–1242. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.018
  • Hess D, Solomon E, Spears R, He J. Retreatability of a bioceramic root canal sealing material. J Endod. 2011;37(11):1547–1549. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.016
  • Pirani C, Iacono F, Chersoni S, et al. The effect of ultrasonic removal of various root-end filling materials. Int Endod J. 2009;42(11):1015–1025. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01612.x
  • Tachinami H, Katsuumi I. Removal of root canal filling materials using Er:YAG laser irradiation. Dent Mater J. 2010;29(3):246–252. doi:10.4012/dmj.2008-079
  • Gorduysus MO, Al-Rubai H, Salman B, Al Saady D, Al-Dagistani H, Muftuoglu S. Using erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation in different energy output levels versus ultrasonic in removal of root canal filling materials in endodontic retreatment. Eur J Dent. 2017;11(3):281–286. doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_111_17
  • Baumeier NC, Húngaro Duarte MA, Vivan RR, Lemos AC, Machado R, da Silva Neto UX. Passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator system and XP-endo Finisher R as additional cleaning techniques to remove residual filling materials from flattened root canals. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25(4):385–391. doi:10.4103/jcd.jcd_117_22
  • Matoso FB, Quintana RM, Jardine AP, et al. XP Endo Finisher-R and PUI as supplementary methods to remove root filling materials from curved canals. Braz Oral Res. 2022;36:e053. doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0053
  • De-Deus G, Belladonna FG, Zuolo AS, et al. XP-endo Finisher R instrument optimizes the removal of root filling remnants in oval-shaped canals. Int Endod J. 2019;52(6):899–907. doi:10.1111/iej.13077
  • Uzunoglu-özyürek E, Küçükkaya Eren S, Karahan S. Contribution of XP-Endo files to the root canal filling removal: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Aust Endod J. 2021;47(3):703–714. doi:10.1111/aej.12503
  • Clauder T. Present status and future directions - Managing perforations. Int Endod J. 2022;55(Suppl 4):872–891. doi:10.1111/iej.13748
  • Bryan EB, Woollard G, Mitchell WC. Nonsurgical repair of furcal perforations: a literature review. Gen Dent. 1999;47(3):274–8; quiz 279–80.
  • D’Assunção FL, Sousa JC, Felinto KC, et al. Accuracy and repeatability of 3 apex locators in locating root canal perforations: an ex vivo study. J Endod. 2014;40(8):1241–1244. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.004
  • Patel S, Durack C, Abella F, Shemesh H, Roig M, Lemberg K. Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics - a review. Int Endod J. 2015;48(1):3–15. doi:10.1111/iej.12270
  • Krupp C, Bargholz C, Brüsehaber M, Hülsmann M. Treatment outcome after repair of root perforations with mineral trioxide aggregate: a retrospective evaluation of 90 teeth. J Endod. 2013;39(11):1364–1368. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.030
  • Fuss Z, Trope M. Root perforations: classification and treatment choices based on prognostic factors. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(6):255–264. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1996.tb00524.x
  • Gorni FG, Andreano A, Ambrogi F, Brambilla E, Gagliani M. Patient and Clinical Characteristics Associated with Primary Healing of Iatrogenic Perforations after Root Canal Treatment: results of a Long-term Italian Study. J Endod. 2016;42(2):211–215. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.11.006
  • Siew K, Lee AH, Cheung GS. Treatment Outcome of Repaired Root Perforation: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2015;41(11):1795–1804. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.07.007
  • Lee YL, Lee BS, Lin FH, Yun Lin A, Lan WH, Lin CP. Effects of physiological environments on the hydration behavior of mineral trioxide aggregate. Biomaterials. 2004;25(5):787–793. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00591-x
  • Holland R, Bisco Ferreira L, de Souza V, Otoboni Filho JA, Murata SS, Dezan E Jr. Reaction of the lateral periodontium of dogs’ teeth to contaminated and noncontaminated perforations filled with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2007;33(10):1192–1197. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.013
  • Arens DE, Torabinejad M. Repair of furcal perforations with mineral trioxide aggregate: two case reports. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;82(1):84–88. doi:10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80382-9
  • Lemon RR, Steele PJ, Jeansonne BG. Ferric sulfate hemostasis: effect on osseous wound healing. Left in situ for maximum exposure. J Endod. 1993;19(4):170–173. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80681-3
  • Lambrianidis T. Ledging and blockage of root canals during canal preparation: causes, recognition, prevention, management, and outcomes. Endodontic Topics. 2006;15(1):56–74. doi:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2009.00235.x
  • Schäfer E, Bürklein S. Impact of nickel-titanium instrumentation of the root canal on clinical outcomes: a focused review. Odontology. 2012;100(2):130–136. doi:10.1007/s10266-012-0066-1
  • Bergenholtz G, Lekholm U, Milthon R, Heden G, Odesjö B, Engström B. Retreatment of endodontic fillings. Scand J Dent Res. 1979;87(3):217–224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1979.tb00675.x
  • Berutti E, Alovisi M, Moccia E, et al. Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of endodontic ledge position in relation to canal curvatures. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):482. doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02531-5
  • Bhuva B, Ikram O. Complications in Endodontics. Prim Dent J. 2020;9(4):52–58. doi:10.1177/2050168420963306
  • Ünlü O, Güneç HG, Haznedaroğlu F. Investigation of the efficacy of different Ni-Ti systems on acrylic blocks for correcting ledge formation. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):174. doi:10.1186/s12903-023-02865-8
  • Zanza A, D’Angelo M, Reda R, Gambarini G, Testarelli L, Di Nardo D. An Update on Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments in Endodontics: mechanical Characteristics, Testing and Future Perspective—An Overview. Bioengineering. 2021;8(12):789.
  • Seracchiani M, Reda R, Zanza A, D’Angelo M, Russo P, Luca T. Mechanical Performance and Metallurgical Characteristics of 5 Different Single-file Reciprocating Instruments: a Comparative In Vitro and Laboratory Study. J Endod. 2022;48(8):1073–1080. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2022.05.009
  • Zanza A, Russo P, Reda R, et al. Mechanical and Metallurgical Evaluation of 3 Different Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments: an In Vitro and In Laboratory Study. Bioengineering. 2022;9(5). doi:10.3390/bioengineering9050221
  • Zanza A, Russo P, Di Matteo P, et al. Mechanical properties and metallurgical features of two similar endodontic rotary instruments with different heat treatments (FireWire™ and Gold). Sci Prog. 2022;105(2):368504221103763. doi:10.1177/00368504221103763
  • Panitvisai P, Parunnit P, Sathorn C, Messer HH. Impact of a retained instrument on treatment outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2010;36(5):775–780. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.12.029
  • Spili P, Parashos P, Messer HH. The impact of instrument fracture on outcome of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2005;31(12):845–850. doi:10.1097/01.don.0000164127.62864.7c
  • Alapati SB, Brantley WA, Svec TA, Powers JM, Nusstein JM, Daehn GS. SEM observations of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments that fractured during clinical Use. J Endod. 2005;31(1):40–43. doi:10.1097/01.don.0000132301.87637.4a
  • Bueno CSP, Oliveira DP, Pelegrine RA, Fontana CE, Rocha DGP, Bueno C. Fracture Incidence of WaveOne and Reciproc Files during Root Canal Preparation of up to 3 Posterior Teeth: a Prospective Clinical Study. J Endod. 2017;43(5):705–708. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2016.12.024
  • Ruivo LM, Rios MA, Villela AM, et al. Fracture incidence of Reciproc instruments during root canal retreatment performed by postgraduate students: a cross-sectional retrospective clinical study. Restor Dent Endod. 2021;46(4):e49. doi:10.5395/rde.2021.46.e49
  • Caballero-Flores H, Nabeshima CK, Binotto E, Machado MEL. Fracture incidence of instruments from a single-file reciprocating system by students in an endodontic graduate programme: a cross-sectional retrospective study. Int Endod J. 2019;52(1):13–18. doi:10.1111/iej.12982
  • Iqbal MK, Kohli MR, Kim JS. A retrospective clinical study of incidence of root canal instrument separation in an endodontics graduate program: a PennEndo database study. J Endod. 2006;32(11):1048–1052. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2006.03.001
  • Terauchi Y, Ali WT, Abielhassan MM. Present status and future directions: removal of fractured instruments. Int Endod J. 2022. doi:10.1111/iej.13743
  • Tzanetakis GN, Kontakiotis EG, Maurikou DV, Marzelou MP. Prevalence and management of instrument fracture in the postgraduate endodontic program at the Dental School of Athens: a five-year retrospective clinical study. J Endod. 2008;34(6):675–678. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.039
  • Madarati AA, Hunter MJ, Dummer PM. Management of intracanal separated instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(5):569–581. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.033
  • Nevares G, Cunha RS, Zuolo ML, Bueno CE. Success rates for removing or bypassing fractured instruments: a prospective clinical study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):442–444. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.009
  • Fu M, Zhang Z, Hou B. Removal of broken files from root canals by using ultrasonic techniques combined with dental microscope: a retrospective analysis of treatment outcome. J Endod. 2011;37(5):619–622. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.02.016
  • Cheung GSP. Instrument fracture: mechanisms, removal of fragments, and clinical outcomes. Endodontic Topics. 2007;16(1):1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2009.00239.x
  • Zanza A, Seracchiani M, Reda R, Miccoli G, Testarelli L, Di Nardo D. Metallurgical Tests in Endodontics: a Narrative Review. Bioengineering. 2022;9(1). doi:10.3390/bioengineering9010030
  • Terauchi Y, Sexton C, Bakland LK, Bogen G. Factors Affecting the Removal Time of Separated Instruments. J Endod. 2021;47(8):1245–1252. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.05.003
  • Suter B, Lussi A, Sequeira P. Probability of removing fractured instruments from root canals. Int Endod J. 2005;38(2):112–123. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00916.x
  • Leoni GB, Versiani MA, Silva-Sousa YT, Bruniera JF, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Ex vivo evaluation of four final irrigation protocols on the removal of hard-tissue debris from the mesial root canal system of mandibular first molars. Int Endod J. 2017;50(4):398–406. doi:10.1111/iej.12630
  • Yoldas O, Topuz A, Isçi AS, Oztunc H. Postoperative pain after endodontic retreatment: single- versus two-visit treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98(4):483–487. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.03.009
  • Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer H. The prevalence of postoperative pain and flare-up in single- and multiple-visit endodontic treatment: a systematic review. Int Endod J. 2008;41(2):91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01316.x
  • Patel S, Bhuva B, Bose R. Present status and future directions: vertical root fractures in root filled teeth. Int Endod J. 2022. doi:10.1111/iej.13737
  • Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett WC, Perez-Ron A, Ye Z, Vera J. Present status and future directions of intracanal medicaments. Int Endod J. 2022;55 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):613–636. doi:10.1111/iej.13731
  • Rosenthal S, Spångberg L, Safavi K. Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98(4):488–492. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.07.005
  • Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT, Chávez de Paz LE. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study irrigants and irrigation systems. Int Endod J. 2022;55 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):295–329. doi:10.1111/iej.13710
  • Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J. 2022;55(Suppl 3):588–612. doi:10.1111/iej.13739