The Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR) Predicts Cardiovascular Disease and Its Subtypes in Patients with Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

References

• Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1736–1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth Gregory A, Mensah George A, Johnson Catherine O, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, et al. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(8):716–799. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(3):e56–e67. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redline S, Foody J. Sleep disturbances: time to join the top 10 potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factors? Circulation. 2011;124(19):2049–2051. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.062190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(19):1378–1384. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005113421901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):795–808. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Silva BC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G. Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and their interaction on arterial stiffness and heart remodeling. Chest. 2007;131(5):1379–1386. doi:10.1378/chest.06-2703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G. Additive effects of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension on early markers of carotid atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2009;53(1):64–69. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floras JS. Hypertension, sleep apnea, and atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2009;53(1):1–3. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsuzzaman AS, Gersh BJ, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1906–1914. doi:10.1001/jama.290.14.1906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip MS, Lam B, Ng MM, Lam WK, Tsang KW, Lam KS. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(5):670–676. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.5.2103001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(6):350–357. doi:10.1056/NEJM198708063170605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello-Chavolla OY, Almeda-Valdes P, Gomez-Velasco D, et al. METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(5):533–544. doi:10.1530/EJE-17-0883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han KY, Gu J, Wang Z, et al. Association between METS-IR and prehypertension or hypertension among normoglycemia subjects in Japan: a retrospective study. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:851338. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.851338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XZ, Fan J, Pan SJ. METS-IR, a novel simple insulin resistance indexes, is associated with hypertension in normal-weight Chinese adults. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(8):1075–1081. doi:10.1111/jch.13591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello-Chavolla OY, Antonio-Villa NE, Vargas-Vázquez A, et al. Prediction of incident hypertension and arterial stiffness using the non-insulin-based metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) index. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(8):1063–1070. doi:10.1111/jch.13614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Li W, Li J, Liu N. The nonlinear correlation between a novel metabolic score for insulin resistance and subclinical myocardial injury in the general population. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:889379. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.889379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim T, Kang J. Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: a nationwide population-based survey. Endocr J. 2022;70:107–119. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ22-0280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon J, Jung D, Lee Y, Park B. The metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) as a predictor of incident ischemic heart disease: a longitudinal study among Korean without diabetes. J Pers Med. 2021;11(8):742. doi:10.3390/jpm11080742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Li N, Hu J, et al. Nonlinear relationship between Chinese visceral adiposity index and new-onset myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea: insights from a cohort study. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:687–700. doi:10.2147/JIR.S351238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Inker LA, Coresh J. GFR estimation: from physiology to public health. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(5):820–834. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collen J, Lettieri C, Kelly W, Roop S. Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of short-term continuous positive airway pressure compliance. Chest. 2009;135(3):704–709. doi:10.1378/chest.08-2182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirinos JA, Gurubhagavatula I, Teff K, et al. CPAP, weight loss, or both for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(24):2265–2275. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderveken OM, Dieltjens M, Wouters K, De Backer WA, Van de Heyning PH, Braem MJ. Objective measurement of compliance during oral appliance therapy for sleep-disordered breathing. Thorax. 2013;68(1):91–96. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Park SY, Choi CS. Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):15–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Gautier JF, Chon S. Assessment of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in human. Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):641–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen J, Hansen TW, Rasmussen S, et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(21):2112–2119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy D, Schlessinger L, Kahn R, et al. Relationship of insulin resistance and related metabolic variables to coronary artery disease: a mathematical analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):361–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard G, O’Leary DH, Zaccaro D, et al. Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) investigators. Circulation. 1996;93(10):1809–1817.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tenenbaum A, Adler Y, Boyko V, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with preexisting coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2007;153(4):559–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gast KB, Tjeerdema N, Stijnen T, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun JE, Won S, Sung J, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome independent of insulin resistance on the development of cardiovascular disease. Circ J. 2012;76(10):2443–2448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter MK, Meigs JB, Sullivan LM, et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and incident cardiovascular events in the Framingham offspring study. Diabetes. 2005;54(11):3252–3257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage DB, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(2):507–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou YT, Grayburn P, Karim A, et al. Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: implications for human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(4):1784–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarafidis PA, Lasaridis AN, Nilsson PM, et al. Validity and reproducibility of HOMA-IR, 1/HOMA-IR, QUICKI and McAuley’s indices in patients with hypertension and type II diabetes. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21(9):709–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley SE, Stratton IM, Clark PM, et al. Comparison of 11 human insulin assays: implications for clinical investigation and research. Clin Chem. 2007;53(5):922–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao LC, Xu JN, Wang TT, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato F, Nakamura Y, Kayaba K, Ishikawa S. TG/HDL-C ratio as a predictor of stroke in the population with healthy BMI: the Jichi medical school cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(8):1872–1879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Zhou D, Liu Y, et al. Association of TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio with arterial stiffness progression in a non-normotensive population. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Wang D, Sun Y, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index trajectory and arterial stiffness: results from Hanzhong adolescent hypertension cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayıroğlu Mİ, Çınar T, Çiçek V, Palice A, Ayhan G, Tekkeşin Aİ. The triglyceride-glucose index can predict long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in Turkish patients with high cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2022;11(3):280–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu J, Cai X, Li N, et al. Association between triglyceride glucose index-waist circumference and risk of first myocardial infarction in Chinese hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: an observational cohort study. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022;14:969–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai XT, Zhu Q, Liu SS, et al. Associations between the metabolic score for insulin resistance index and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among non-obese adults: insights from a population-based cohort study. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:7729–7740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Gao J, Hu J, et al. Dose-response associations of metabolic score for insulin resistance index with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among a nonobese Chinese population: retrospective evidence from a population-based cohort study. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:4930355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu C, Song G, Hu D, Li G, Liu Q, Tang X. Association of METS-IR with incident hypertension in non-overweight adults based on a cohort study in Northeastern China. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32(6):884–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Hu J, Zhu Q, et al. Relationship of the metabolic score for insulin resistance and the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension: a cohort study. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1049211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekkeşin Aİ, Hayıroğlu Mİ, Çinier G, et al. Lifestyle intervention using mobile technology and smart devices in patients with high cardiovascular risk: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial. Atherosclerosis. 2021;319:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayıroğlu Mİ, Çınar T, Çinier G, et al. The effect of 1-year mean step count on the change in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk calculation in patients with high cardiovascular risk: a sub-study of the LIGHT randomized clinical trial. Kardiol Pol. 2021;79(10):1140–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayıroğlu Mİ, Çinier G, Yüksel G, et al. Effect of a mobile application and smart devices on heart rate variability in diabetic patients with high cardiovascular risk: a sub-study of the LIGHT randomized clinical trial. Kardiol Pol. 2021;79(11):1239–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayiroğlu Mİ, Çinier G, Pay L, et al. The relation between average 1-year home blood pressure and the change in pro-BNP and left ventricle mass index. Blood Press Monit. 2022;27(5):327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman GI. Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(23):2237–2238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janus A, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Mazur G, Doroszko A. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction constitute a common therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disorders. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:3634948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael MD, Kulkarni RN, Postic C, et al. Loss of insulin signaling in hepatocytes leads to severe insulin resistance and progressive hepatic dysfunction. Mol Cell. 2000;6(1):87–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Chi X, Wang Y, et al. Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montani JP, Carroll JF, Dwyer TM, et al. Ectopic fat storage in heart, blood vessels and kidneys in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(Suppl 4):S58–S65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard lecture 2009. Diabetologia. 2010;53(7):1270–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OOhsawa M, Ogasawara K, Omama S, et al. Abstract P259: smoking increases risks of death and stroke in both men and women. absolute risk difference of stroke is likely to be larger in women. Circulation. 2017;135(suppl_1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Ueshima H, Choudhury SR, Okayama A, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke death in Japan: NIPPON DATA80. Stroke. 2004;35(8):1836–1841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar