Existing Data Sources in Clinical Epidemiology: Database of Community Acquired Infections Requiring Hospital Referral in Eastern Denmark (DCAIED) 2018–2021

References

• GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–1222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762–774. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L, et al. Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 2009–2014. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1241–1249. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.13836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DP, Laursen CB, Jensen TG, Hallas J, Pedersen C, Lassen AT. Incidence rate of community-acquired sepsis among hospitalized acute medical patients-a population-based survey. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(1):13–21. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DP, Pottegård A, Laursen CB, et al. Intermediate-term and long-term mortality among acute medical patients hospitalized with community-acquired sepsis: a population-based study. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017;24(6):404–410. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah SMOB, Sørensen RH, Nielsen FE. Prognostic Accuracy of SOFA, qSOFA, and SIRS for Mortality Among Emergency Department Patients with Infections. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:2763–2775. doi:10.2147/IDR.S304952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner A, Lassen AT, Schierbeck J, Storgaard M, Reiter N, Benfield T. Sygdomsbyrde og definitioner af sepsis hos voksne [Disease burden and definition of sepsis in adults]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2018;180(15):V09170685. Danish. Danish.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funk DJ, Parrillo JE, Kumar A. Sepsis and septic shock: a history. Crit Care Clin. 2009;25(1):83–101. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2008.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992;101(6):1644–1655. doi:10.1378/chest.101.6.1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1250–1256. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour C, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919–924. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70239-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu V, Escobar GJ, Greene JD, et al. Hospital deaths in patients with sepsis from 2 independent cohorts. JAMA. 2014;312(1):90–92. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.5804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(11):1181–1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shappell CN, Klompas M, Rhee C. Surveillance strategies for tracking sepsis incidence and outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(Suppl 2):S74–S83. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• From the Centers for Disease Control. Increase in National Hospital Discharge Survey rates for septicemia--United States, 1979–1987. JAMA. 1990;263(7):937–938. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440070023007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(7):1303–1310. doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1546–1554. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaatten H. Epidemiology of sepsis in Norway in 1999. Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R180–R184. doi:10.1186/cc2867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finfer S, Bellomo R, Lipman J, French C, Dobb G, Myburgh J. Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(4):589–596. doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2157-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B. EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(4):580–588. doi:10.1007/s00134-003-2121-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, Nisbet R, Mannino DM, Martin GS. The role of infection and comorbidity: factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(10):2576–2582. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000239114.50519.0E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison DA, Welch CA, Eddleston JM. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1996 to 2004: secondary analysis of a high quality clinical database, the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R42. doi:10.1186/cc4854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(5):1244–1250. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000261890.41311.E9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Shapiro NI, Angus DC, Yealy DM. National estimates of severe sepsis in United States emergency departments. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(8):1928–1936. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000277043.85378.C1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson S, Varpula M, Ruokonen E, et al. Incidence, treatment, and outcome of severe sepsis in ICU-treated adults in Finland: the Finnsepsis study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(3):435–443. doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0504-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelms SB, Huss FR, Granath G, Sjöberg F. Assessment of incidence of severe sepsis in Sweden using different ways of abstracting International Classification of Diseases codes: difficulties with methods and interpretation of results. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(6):1442–1449. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181de4406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar G, Kumar N, Taneja A, et al. Nationwide trends of severe sepsis in the 21st century (2000–2007). Chest. 2011;140(5):1223–1231. doi:10.1378/chest.11-0352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagu T, Rothberg MB, Shieh M-S, Pekow PS, Steingrub JS, Lindenauer PK. What is the best method for estimating the burden of severe sepsis in the United States? J Crit Care. 2012;27(4):414.e1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(5):1167–1174. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukonen K-M, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1308–1316. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T, Saz-Parkinson Z, Amate-Blanco JM. Epidemiology and recent trends of severe sepsis in Spain: a nationwide population-based analysis (2006–2011). BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0717-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadri SS, Rhee C, Strich JR, et al. Estimating ten-year trends in septic shock incidence and mortality in United States academic medical centers using clinical data. Chest. 2017;151(2):278–285. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-C, Yo C-H, Lee M-TG, et al. Adult sepsis - A nationwide study of trends and outcomes in a population of 23 million people. J Infect. 2017;75(5):409–419. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubens M, Saxena A, Ramamoorthy V, et al. Increasing sepsis rates in the United States: results from National Inpatient Sample, 2005 to 2014. J Intensive Care Med. 2020;35(9):858–868. doi:10.1177/0885066618794136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, et al. Incidence and mortality of hospital- and ICU-treated sepsis: results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1552–1562. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06151-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S-Y, Cho S, Kim GH, et al. Incidence and Outcomes of Sepsis in Korea: a Nationwide Cohort Study From 2007 to 2016. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(12):e993–e998. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Danish database for acute and emergency hospital contacts. Available from: https://www.rkkp.dk/kvalitetsdatabaser/databaser/databasen-for-akutte-hospitalskontakter/om-databasen/. Accessed July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Danish Health Authority. Anbefalinger for organisering af den akutte sundhedsindsats - Planlægningsgrundlag for de kommende 10 år [Recommendations for the organization of the emergency health care - Planning basis for the next 10 years]. Available from: https://www.sst.dk/da/udgivelser/2020/Anbefalinger-for-organisering-af-den-akutte-sundhedsindsats. Accessed July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(8):541–549. doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9930-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen TF, Madsen M, Jørgensen J, Mellemkjær L, Olsen JH. The Danish National Hospital Register: a valuable source of data for modern health sciences. Dan Med Bull. 1999;46(3):263–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynge E, Sandegaard JL, Rebolj M. The Danish national patient register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7_suppl):30–33. doi:10.1177/1403494811401482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Denmark. Available from: https://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1440. Accessed: July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Adelborg K, et al. The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:563–591. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S179083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hospital Toolkit for Adult Sepsis Surveillance – Centers for Disease Control Prevention, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotions. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/pdfs/Sepsis-Surveillance-Toolkit-Mar-2018_508.pdf. Accessed July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Rubenfeld GD, Singer M, Phillips GS, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock. JAMA. 2016;315(8):775. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Electronic Medical Records (Sundhedsplatformen) provided by EPIC©, International Offices: Copenhagen, Address: Sundkrogsgade 19 st, 2100 København Ø, Denmark. Available from: https://www.epic.com/contact. Accessed July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• The Capital Region of Denmark. Forskningsprojekter baseret på registerdata og eller journaldata [Research projects based on register data and/or health records]. Available from: https://www.regionh.dk/til-fagfolk/Forskning-og-innovation/Hvilke-tilladelser-kraever-dit-projekt-/Sider/Forskningsprojekter-baseret-på-registerdata-og-journaldata.aspx. Accessed July 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(6):676–682. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(7):707–710. doi:10.1007/BF01709751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mikolajetz A, Schwarzkopf D, et al. Challenges in assessing the burden of sepsis and understanding the inequalities of sepsis outcomes between National Health Systems: secular trends in sepsis and infection incidence and mortality in Germany. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(11):1826–1835. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5377-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(3):858–873. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000117317.18092.e4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Grooth H-J, Postema J, Loer SA, Parienti -J-J, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Girbes AR. Unexplained mortality differences between septic shock trials: a systematic analysis of population characteristics and control-group mortality rates. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(3):311–322. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5134-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Gerlach H, Vogelmann T, Preissing F, Stiefel J, Adam D. Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019- results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):239. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02950-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhr R, Cao Y, Söderquist B, Cajander S. Trends in sepsis mortality over time in randomised sepsis trials: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality in the control arm, 2002–2016. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):241. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2528-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vincent J-L, Jones G, David S, Olariu E, Cadwell KK. Frequency and mortality of septic shock in Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):196. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2478-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pines JM, Hilton JA, Weber EJ, et al. International perspectives on emergency department crowding. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(12):1358–1370. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01235.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodilsen J, Nielsen PB, Søgaard M, et al. Hospital admission and mortality rates for non-covid diseases in Denmark during covid-19 pandemic: nationwide population based cohort study. BMJ. 2021;373:n1135. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassoun-Kheir N, van Werkhoven CH, Dunning J, et al. Perpetual observational studies: new strategies to support efficient implementation of observational studies and randomized trials in infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(12):1528–1532. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar