Health Inequality in Eight Adverse Outcomes Over a 25-Year Period in a Multi-Ethnic Population in New Zealand Population with Impaired Glucose Tolerance and/or Impaired Fasting Glucose: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

References

• Vas PRJ, Alberti D, Edmonds ME. Prediabetes: moving away from a glucocentric definition. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(11):848–849. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30234-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012;379(9833):2279–2290. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beulens J, Rutters F, Ryden L, et al. Risk and management of pre-diabetes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(2_suppl):47–54. doi:10.1177/2047487319880041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppell KJ, Mann JI, Williams SM, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes in New Zealand: findings from the 2008/09 Adult Nutrition Survey. N Z Med J. 2013;126(1370):23–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cai X, Zhang Y, Li M, et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenbach JP, Valverde JR, Bopp M, et al. Determinants of inequalities in life expectancy: an international comparative study of eight risk factors. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(10):e529–e537. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30147-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D, Zhao Z, Osuagwu UL, et al. Ethnic differences in mortality and hospital admission rates between Maori, Pacific, and European New Zealanders with type 2 diabetes between 1994 and 2018: a retrospective, population-based, longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(2):e209–e217. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30412-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson T, Simmons D, Scott D, et al. Ethnic differences in Type 2 diabetes care and outcomes in Auckland: a multiethnic community in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2006;119(1235):U1997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmons D, Kirkwood M, Maxwell S, Weblemoe T, Gatland BA, Richards D. Community networking as a means for identifying people with diabetes in a rural, predominantly bicultural community in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 1999;112(1096):361–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons D, Fleming CE, Cutfield R, Patel A, Innes J, Wellingham J. The diabetes care support service for general practitioners in Auckland. N Z Med J. 1997;110(1038):48–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(2):255–323. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson J, Salmond C, Crampton P. NZDep2013 index of deprivation. Available from: https://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/otago069936.pdf. Accessed March, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen B. Age-period-cohort models for the Lexis diagram. Stat Med. 2007;26(15):3018–3045. doi:10.1002/sim.2764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D, Jordan KP, Wilkie R, et al. Persistent inequalities in consultation incidence and prevalence of low back pain and osteoarthritis in England between 2004 and 2019. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2022;7(1):rkac106. doi:10.1093/rap/rkac106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regidor E. Measures of health inequalities: part 2. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(11):900–903. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.023036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Betancur M, Latouche A, Menvielle G, Kunst AE, Rey G. Relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality: a structured regression framework for estimation. Epidemiology. 2015;26(4):518–527. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D, Osuagwu UL, Pickering K, et al. Adverse clinical outcomes attributable to socioeconomic and ethnic disparities among people with type 2 diabetes in New Zealand between 1994–2018: a multiple linked cohort study. Clin Epidemiol. 2023;15:511–523. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S402307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlovic A, Polovina M, Ristic A, et al. Long-term mortality is increased in patients with undetected prediabetes and type-2 diabetes hospitalized for worsening heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(1):72–82. doi:10.1177/2047487318807767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou XH, Qiao Q, Zethelius B, et al. Diabetes, prediabetes and cancer mortality. Diabetologia. 2010;53(9):1867–1876. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1796-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang O, Matsushita K, Coresh J, et al. Mortality implications of prediabetes and diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):382–388. doi:10.2337/dc19-1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah GA, Wei GS, Sorlie PD, et al. Decline in cardiovascular mortality: possible causes and implications. Circ Res. 2017;120(2):366–380. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh Y, Eklund M, Sawaya GF, Black WC, Kramer BS, Esserman LJ. Population-based screening for cancer: hope and hype. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13(9):550–565. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DECODE Study Group, the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(3):397–405. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.3.397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakagami T; DECODA Study Group. Hyperglycaemia and mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in five populations of Asian origin. Diabetologia. 2004;47(3):385–394. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1334-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(2):233–240. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.2.233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation. 2007;116(2):151–157. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harreiter J, Fadl H, Kautzky-Willer A, Simmons D. Do women with diabetes need more intensive action for cardiovascular reduction than men with diabetes? Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(11):61–62. doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01348-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang J, Milenkovic D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ. 2018;360:j5855. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D, Zhao Z, Simmons D. Interaction between mean arterial pressure and HbA1c in prediction of cardiovascular disease hospitalisation: a population-based case-control study. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:8714745. doi:10.1155/2016/8714745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vistisen D, Witte DR, Brunner EJ, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and death in individuals with prediabetes defined by different criteria: the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):899–906. doi:10.2337/dc17-2530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatrana S, Blakely T. Ethnic inequalities in mortality among the elderly in New Zealand. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(5):437–443. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00276.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar