123
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Can Lipid-Lowering Drugs Reduce the Risk of Cholelithiasis? A Mendelian Randomization Study

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 131-141 | Received 10 Sep 2023, Accepted 09 Feb 2024, Published online: 22 Feb 2024

References

  • Lammert F, Gurusamy K, Ko CW, et al. Gallstones. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):16024. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.24
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). Electronic address: [email protected]. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016;65(1):146–181. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.005
  • Sanders G, Kingsnorth AN. Gallstones. BMJ. 2007;335(7614):295–299. doi:10.1136/bmj.39267.452257.AD
  • Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006;368(9531):230–239. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69044-2
  • Atamanalp SS, Keles MS, Atamanalp RS, Acemoglu H, Laloglu E. The effects of serum cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels on gallstone cholesterol concentration. Pak J Med Sci. 2013;29(1):187–190. doi:10.12669/pjms.291.2798
  • Halldestam I, Kullman E, Borch K. Incidence of and potential risk factors for gallstone disease in a general population sample. Br J Surg. 2009;96(11):1315–1322. doi:10.1002/bjs.6687
  • Bertomeu A, Ros E, Zambón D, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and gallstones. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(6):1603–1610. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(96)70023-9
  • Chen L, Yang H, Li H, He C, Yang L, Lv G. Insights into modifiable risk factors of cholelithiasis: a Mendelian randomization study. Hepatology. 2022;75(4):785. doi:10.1002/hep.32183
  • Attili AF, Capocaccia R, Carulli N, et al. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience. Multicenter Italian Study on Epidemiology of Cholelithiasis. Hepatology. 1997;26(4):809–818. doi:10.1002/hep.510260401
  • Stender S, Frikke-Schmidt R, Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of gallstone disease: a Mendelian randomization study and meta-analyses. J Hepatol. 2013;58(1):126–133. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.013
  • Stein EA, Raal FJ. Lipid-lowering drug therapy for CVD prevention: looking into the future. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17(11):104. doi:10.1007/s11886-015-0659-8
  • Pirillo A, Catapano L, A D, Norata G. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibition and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(10):983–999. doi:10.2174/0929867323666160229114111
  • Dadu RT, Ballantyne CM. Lipid lowering with PCSK9 inhibitors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(10):563–575. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.84
  • Zanlungo S, Rigotti A. Determinants of transhepatic cholesterol flux and their relevance for gallstone formation. Liver Int. 2009;29(3):323–330. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.01972.x
  • Bodmer M, Brauchli YB, Krähenbühl S, Jick SS, Meier CR. Statin use and risk of gallstone disease followed by cholecystectomy. JAMA. 2009;302(18):2001–2007. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1601
  • Erichsen R, Frøslev T, Lash TL, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. Long-term statin use and the risk of gallstone disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(2):162–170. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq361
  • Kan H-P, Guo W-B, Tan Y-F, Zhou J, Liu C-D, Huang Y-Q. Statin use and risk of gallstone disease: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2015;45(9):942–948. doi:10.1111/hepr.12433
  • McEvoy JW. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1642; author reply 1642–1643.
  • Wang HH, Portincasa P, Mendez-Sanchez N, Uribe M, Wang DQ-H. Effect of ezetimibe on the prevention and dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(7):2101–2110. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.011
  • Lauridsen BK, Stender S, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Genetic variation in the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1, ischaemic vascular disease, and gallstone disease. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(25):1601–1608. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv108
  • Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R89–R98. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328
  • Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601. doi:10.1136/bmj.k601
  • Gill D, Georgakis MK, Walker VM, et al. Mendelian randomization for studying the effects of perturbing drug targets. Wellcome Open Res. 2021;6:16. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16544.1
  • Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508–518. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05473-8
  • Li B, Martin EB. An approximation to the F distribution using the chi-square distribution. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2002;40(1):21–26. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(01)00097-4
  • Zhao SS, Yiu ZZN, Barton A, Bowes J. Association of lipid-lowering drugs with risk of psoriasis: a mendelian randomization study. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(3):275–280. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.6051
  • Burgess S, Thompson SG; CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755–764. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr036
  • Richardson TG, Sanderson E, Palmer TM, et al. Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: a multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(3):e1003062. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003062
  • Huang W, Xiao J, Ji J, Chen L. Association of lipid-lowering drugs with COVID-19 outcomes from a Mendelian randomization study. Elife. 2021;10:e73873. doi:10.7554/eLife.73873
  • Kamat MA, Blackshaw JA, Young R, et al. PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(22):4851–4853. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz469
  • Zhu Z, Zhang F, Hu H, et al. Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets. Nat Genet. 2016;48(5):481–487. doi:10.1038/ng.3538
  • Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
  • Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377–389. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x
  • Verbanck M, Chen C-Y, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–698. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7
  • Chauquet S, Zhu Z, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Wray NR, Shah S. Association of antihypertensive drug target genes with psychiatric disorders: a mendelian randomization study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(6):623–631. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0005
  • Tsai C-J, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Statin use and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):1593–1600. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.042
  • Everhart JE. Contributions of obesity and weight loss to gallstone disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(10):1029–1035. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00010
  • Kallien G, Lange K, Stange EF, Scheibner J. The pravastatin-induced decrease of biliary cholesterol secretion is not directly related to an inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in humans. Hepatology. 1999;30(1):14–20. doi:10.1002/hep.510300119
  • Hoogerbrugge-vd Linden N, de Rooy FW, Jansen H, van Blankenstein M. Effect of pravastatin on biliary lipid composition and bile acid synthesis in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Gut. 1990;31(3):348–350. doi:10.1136/gut.31.3.348
  • Brookes ZLS, McGown CC, Reilly CS. Statins for all: the new premed? Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(1):99–107. doi:10.1093/bja/aep149
  • Hess CN, Low Wang CC, Hiatt WR. PCSK9 inhibitors: mechanisms of action, metabolic effects, and clinical outcomes. Ann Rev Med. 2018;69(1):133–145. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042716-091351
  • Seidah NG, Prat A. The multifaceted biology of PCSK9. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(3):558–582. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab035
  • Emma MR, Giannitrapani L, Cabibi D, et al. Hepatic and circulating levels of PCSK9 in morbidly obese patients: relation with severity of liver steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2020;1865(12):158792. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158792
  • Ruscica M, Ferri N, Macchi C, et al. Liver fat accumulation is associated with circulating PCSK9. Ann Med. 2016;48(5):384–391. doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1188328
  • Henkel AS, Anderson KA, Dewey AM, Kavesh MH, Green RM. A chronic high-cholesterol diet paradoxically suppresses hepatic CYP7A1 expression in FVB/NJ mice. J Lipid Res. 2011;52(2):289–298. doi:10.1194/jlr.M012781
  • Sedaghat A, Grundy SM. Cholesterol crystals and the formation of cholesterol gallstones. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(23):1274–1277. doi:10.1056/NEJM198006053022302
  • Yildirim AM, Koca AO, Beyan E, et al. Association of serum proprotein convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) level with thyroid function disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(17):5511–5517. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202109_26662
  • Bonde Y, Breuer O, Lütjohann D, Sjöberg S, Angelin B, Rudling M. Thyroid hormone reduces PCSK9 and stimulates bile acid synthesis in humans. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(11):2408–2415. doi:10.1194/jlr.M051664
  • Song ST, Shi J, Wang XH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gallstone disease: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Digest Dis. 2020;21(4):237–245. doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12857
  • Wang Y, Yu X, Zhao Q, et al. Thyroid dysfunction, either hyper or hypothyroidism, promotes gallstone formation by different mechanisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2016;17(7):515–525. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1500210
  • Altmann SW, Davis HR, Zhu L-J, et al. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science. 2004;303(5661):1201–1204. doi:10.1126/science.1093131
  • Yu L, Bharadwaj S, Brown JM, et al. Cholesterol-regulated translocation of NPC1L1 to the cell surface facilitates free cholesterol uptake. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(10):6616–6624. doi:10.1074/jbc.M511123200
  • Lawlor DA. Commentary: two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(3):908–915. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw127
  • Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–525. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080
  • Haycock PC, Burgess S, Wade KH, Bowden J, Relton C, Davey Smith G. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(4):965–978. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.118216