Long QT and death in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not related to electrolyte disorders

References

• Aaron SD. Management and prevention of exacerbations of COPD. BMJ. 2014;349:g5237. doi:10.1136/bmj.g523725245156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(5):557–582. doi:10.1164/rccm.201701-0218PP28128970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods JA, Wheeler JS, Finch CK, Pinner NA. Corticosteroids in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:421–430. doi:10.2147/COPD.S5101224833897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SP, Sellers E, Taylor BT. Azithromycin for the prevention of COPD exacerbations: the good, bad, and ugly. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1362e1361–1366. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.07.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hypocalcemia. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27(6):635–642. doi:10.1007/s00774-009-0119-x19730969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaloga GP, Chernow B, Pock A, Wood B, Zaritsky A, Zucker A. Hypomagnesemia is a common complication of aminoglycoside therapy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1984;158(6):561–565.6729676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rolla G, Bucca C, Bugiani M, Oliva A, Branciforte L. Hypomagnesemia in chronic obstructive lung disease: effect of therapy. Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(3):132–136.1979000
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben Salem C, Hmouda H, Bouraoui K. Drug-induced hypokalaemia. Curr Drug Saf. 2009;4(1):55–61.19149525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller GA, Alvarez PA, Ponte ML, et al. Drug-induced QTc interval prolongation: a multicenter study to detect drugs and clinical factors involved in every day practice. Curr Drug Saf. 2016;11(1):86–98.26537523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sin DD, Man SF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2(1):8–11. doi:10.1513/pats.200404-032MS16113462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sievi NA, Clarenbach CF, Camen G, Rossi VA, van Gestel AJ, Kohler M. High prevalence of altered cardiac repolarization in patients with COPD. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:55. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-5524690123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulli R, Donati P, Nicosia F, et al. Increased QT dispersion: a negative prognostic finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2006;1(4):279–286.17217149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye AD, Volpi-Abadie J, Bensler JM, Kaye AM, Diaz JH. QT interval abnormalities: risk factors and perioperative management in long QT syndromes and Torsades de Pointes. J Anesth. 2013;27(4):575–587. doi:10.1007/s00540-013-1564-123412014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA, Slatopolsky E. Clinical consequences and management of hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(11):2291–2295. doi:10.1681/ASN.200711119418235082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaine J, Chonchol M, Levi M. Renal control of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(7):1257–1272. doi:10.2215/CJN.0975091325287933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Qian Q. Dysmagnesemia in hospitalized patients: prevalence and prognostic importance. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(8):1001–1010. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.02326250725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agus ZS. Mechanisms and causes of hypomagnesemia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2016;25(4):301–307. doi:10.1097/MNH.000000000000023827219040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourgoulianis KI, Chatziparasidis G, Chatziefthimiou A, Molyvdas PA. Magnesium as a relaxing factor of airway smooth muscles. J Aerosol Med. 2001;14(3):301–307. doi:10.1089/08942680131697025911693841
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Khandelwal P, Nanda S, Stoltzfus JC, Fioravanti GT. Serum magnesium is an independent predictor of frequent readmissions due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2008;102(7):999–1003. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.01018396393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wile D. Diuretics: a review. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49(Pt 5):419–431. doi:10.1258/acb.2011.01128122783025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CH, Kim EH, Roh YH, Kim HY, Lee SK. The association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.011255825394217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallergis EM, Goudis CA, Simantirakis EN, Kochiadakis GE, Vardas PE. Mechanisms, risk factors, and management of acquired long QT syndrome: a comprehensive review. Sci World J. 2012;2012:212178. doi:10.1100/2012/212178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agusti AG, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(4):347–365. doi:10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP22878278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(11):982–991. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.01419281931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong HF, Lovasi GS, Soliman EZ, et al. Lung function, percent emphysema, and QT duration: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) lung study. Respir Med. 2017;123:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.12.00328137484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz HS, Blamoun AI, Shubair MK, Ismail MM, DeBari VA, Khan MA. Serum magnesium levels and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective study. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2005;35(4):423–427.16254259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumus A, Haziroglu M, Gunes Y. Association of serum magnesium levels with frequency of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective study. Pulm Med. 2014;2014:329476. doi:10.1155/2014/32947625485151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alamoudi OS. Hypomagnesaemia in chronic, stable asthmatics: prevalence, correlation with severity and hospitalization. Eur Respir J. 2000;16(3):427–431.11028655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3–i14. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfs13926069819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emelyanov A, Fedoseev G, Barnes PJ. Reduced intracellular magnesium concentrations in asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(1):38–40.10836320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley DA, Sherwood LM. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Pathophysiology and treatment. Med Clin North Am. 1978;62(6):1319–1339.368449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larbig R, Reda S, Paar V, et al. Through modulation of cardiac Ca(2+) handling, UCP2 affects cardiac electrophysiology and influences the susceptibility for Ca(2+) -mediated arrhythmias. Exp Physiol. 2017;102(6):650–662. doi:10.1113/EP08620928370799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Park HK, Jung H, Lee SS, Koo HK. Parathyroid hormone as a novel biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138482. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012049126398210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimai HP, Domej W, Leb G, Lau KH. Bone loss in patients with untreated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mediated by an increase in bone resorption associated with hypercapnia. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(11):2132–2141. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.213211697811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabra SK, De S. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2005;99(1):126–133.15672861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheedy D, Taha HM. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: the hidden cardiovascular comorbidity in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attending primary care settings. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(3):329–335. doi:10.1111/ggi.1247325728036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinu T, Menzies D, Dial S. Re-evaluation of acid-base prediction rules in patients with chronic respiratory acidosis. Can Respir J. 2003;10(6):311–315. doi:10.1155/2003/81840414530822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burkes RM, Donohue JF. An update on the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 guidelines with a focus on classification and management of stable COPD. Respir Care. 2018;63(6):749–758. doi:10.4187/respcare.0617429794208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar