Impact of Irrational Use of Antibiotics Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit on Clinical Outcomes in Sudan

References

• Marshall JC, Bosco L, Adhikari NK, et al. What is an intensive care unit? A report of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine task force. J.Crit.Care. 2017;37:270–276. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaydullina LY, Ziganshina LE. Clinical Pharmacology- one of the World Health Organization’s strategies in promoting rational use of medicines. KMJ. 2012;93(6):916–920.
   Google Scholar
• Mauldin PD, Salgado CD, Hansen IS, Durup DT, Bosso JA. Attributable hospital cost and length of stay associated with healthcare-associated infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother. 2010;54(1):109–115. doi:10.1128/AAC.01041-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated care costs. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(7):1303–1310. doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan S. A network for the rational and ethical use of drugs. Indian J Med Ethics. 2004;(1). doi:10.20529/IJME.2004.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaturvedi VP, Mathur AG, Anand AC. Rational drug use common as common sense? Med J Armed Forces India. 2012;68(3):206–208. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.04.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littmann J, Rid A, Buyx A. Tackling antimicrobial resistance: ethical framework for rational antibiotic use. Eur J Public Health. 2017;28(2):359–363. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depuydt P, De Waele JJ. Optimal and responsible use of antibiotics. Curr.Opin.Crit.Care. 2019;25(5):458–464. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdellatif AO, Ali IN, Mohamed MA, Ibrahim MA, Mohamed WA. Evaluation of the Antibiotic Resistance Pattern at the Medical Services Administration Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, 2021. J Res Appl Sci Biotechnol. 2022;1(4):50–56. doi:10.55544/jrasb.1.4.6
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infectious Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82–89. doi:10.1086/499406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16(1):31–41. doi:10.1159/000180580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff PDR. Physicians’ Desk Reference. New York: Thomson Healthcare; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Society RP MedicinesComplete [homepage]; 2019. Available from: https://about.medicinescomplete.com/. Accessed May 22, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Antimicrobial Prescribing; 2019. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/search?antimicrobialprescribing. Accessed Jun 22, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Preston CL. Stockley’s Drug interaction.In: Royal Pharmaceutical Society. London: Pharmapress; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Malacarne P, Rossi C, Bertolini G. Antibiotic usage in intensive care units: a pharmaco-epidemiological multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54(1):221–224. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarts M-AW, Brun-Buisson C, Cook DJ, et al. Antibiotic management of suspected nosocomial ICU-acquired infection: does prolonged empiric therapy improve outcome? Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(8):1369–1378. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0723-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paruk F, Richards G, Scribante J, Bhagwanjee S, Mer M, Perrie H. Antibiotic prescription practices and their relationship to outcome in South Africa: findings of the prevalence of infection in South African intensive care units (PISA) study. S Afr Med J. 2012;102(7):613–616. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.5833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali M, Naureen H, Tariq MH, et al. Rational use of antibiotics in an intensive care unit: a retrospective study of the impact on clinical outcomes and mortality rate. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:493–499. doi:10.2147/IDR.S187836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chunnilall D, Peer A, Naidoo I, Essack S. An evaluation of antibiotic prescribing patterns in adult intensive care units in a private hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. S Afr J Infect Dis. 2015;30(1):17–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari A, Goyal J, Chandalia S, Rustage K, Attri R, Goyal B. Evaluation of rational use of antibiotics in intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in north India. Med Int J Pharmacology. 2019;11(2):21–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanhoury OM, Eldalo AS. Evaluation of Meropenem Utilization in Intensive Care Unit in Sudan. Int J Clin Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2016;1(106). doi:10.15344/2456-3501/2016/106
   Google Scholar
• Vallés J, Pobo A, García-Esquirol O, Mariscal D, Real J, Fernández R. Excess ICU mortality attributable to ventilator-associated pneumonia: the role of early vs late onset. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(8):1363–1368. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0721-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheder SI. Physicians’ knowledge and perception of antimicrobial resistance: a survey in Khartoum state hospital settings. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013;3(3):347–362. doi:10.9734/BJPR/2013/2117
   Google Scholar
• Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE Jr, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infectious Dis. 2007;44(2):159–177. doi:10.1086/510393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqi S, Damani N, Shah SA, Khanani R. Infection Control at a Government Hospital in Pakistan. Int J Infect Control. 2009;5.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulah R. Antibiotic abuse in developing countries. Pharm Regul Aff. 2012;1(2):1000–1106. doi:10.4172/2167-7689.1000e106
   Google Scholar
• Elfaki A. Assessment of antibiotics prescription in hospitalized patients at El Obeid Hospital, Sudan. Sudan J Med Sci. 2009;4(3):56.
   Google Scholar
• Fridkin S, Baggs J, Fagan R, et al. Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2014;63(9):194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French GL. Clinical impact and relevance of antibiotic resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57(10):1514–1527. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe S, Polk R. Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2000;3(5):496–501. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00129-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaga S, Shime N. Association between appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy and mortality from bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother. 2018;24(4):267–271. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2017.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar N. Hospital-acquired infections in a medical intensive care unit. J Coll of Physicians Sur Pak. 2010;20(6):386–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikram A, Hussain Shah SI, Naseem S, et al. Status of hospital infection control measures at seven major tertiary care hospitals of northern Punjab. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2010;20(4):266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH. Appropriate empirical antibacterial therapy for nosocomial infections: getting it right the first time. Drugs. 2003;63(20):2157–2168. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363200-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, et al. Indications for antibiotic use in ICU patients: a one-year prospective surveillance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;39(4):527–535. doi:10.1093/jac/39.4.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colpan A, Akinci E, Erbay A, Balaban N, Bodur H. Evaluation of risk factors for mortality in intensive care units: a prospective study from a referral hospital in Turkey. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33(1):42–47. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2004.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan NP, Bhat S, Ghadage D. Nosocomial infections in the medical ICU: a retrospective study highlighting their prevalence, microbiological profile and impact on ICU stay and mortality. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014;62(10):18–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenthal VD, Guzman S, Orellano PW. Nosocomial infections in medical-surgical intensive care units in Argentina: attributable mortality and length of stay. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(5):291–295. doi:10.1067/mic.2003.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno-Cavanillas A, Delgado-Rodríguez M, López-Luque A, Schaffino-Cano S, Gálvez-Vargas R. Influence of nosocomial infection on mortality rate in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(1):55–60. doi:10.1097/00003246-199401000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Tarara D, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA. 1994;271(20):1598–1601. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510440058033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cevik MA, Yilmaz GR, Erdinc FS, Ucler S, Tulek NE. Relationship between nosocomial infection and mortality in a neurology intensive care unit in Turkey. J Hosp Infect. 2005;59(4):324–330. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage RD, Fowler RA, Rishu AH, et al. The Effect of Inadequate Initial Empiric Antimicrobial Treatment on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Bloodstream Infections: a Multi-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154944. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelbaum T, Scott DJ, Lee J, et al. Outcome of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury using the AKIN criteria. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(12):2659. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182281f1b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar