Antimicrobial Peptides and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Non-Antibiotic Membrane-Targeting Strategies Against Bacterial Infections

References

• Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, et al. Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. Lancet. 2016;387(10014):168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epand RM, Walker C, Epand RF, Magarvey NA. Molecular mechanisms of membrane targeting antibiotics. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2016;1858(5):980–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima PG, Oliveira JTA, Amaral JL, Freitas CDT, Souza PFN. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides: characteristics, design, and potential as alternative molecules to overcome microbial resistance. Life Sci. 2021;278:119647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz N, Kahne D, Silhavy TJ. Advances in understanding bacterial outer-membrane biogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4(1):57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjicharalambous A, Bournakas N, Newman H, Skynner MJ, Beswick P. Antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides: understanding penetration for the design of novel conjugate antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2022;11(11):1636.
   Google Scholar
• Claro B, González-Freire E, Calvelo M, et al. Membrane targeting antimicrobial cyclic peptide nanotubes – an experimental and computational study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2020;196:111349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham TN, Loupias P, Dassonville‐Klimpt A, Sonnet P. Drug delivery systems designed to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Med Res Rev. 2019;39(6):2343–2396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamoen LW, Wenzel M. Editorial: antimicrobial peptides - interaction with membrane lipids and proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2017;5:4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechinger B, Gorr SU. Antimicrobial peptides: mechanisms of action and resistance. J Dent Res. 2016;96(3):254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravej H, Moravej Z, Yazdanparast M, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: features, action, and their resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Microb Drug Resist. 2018;24(6):747–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Cunha NB, Cobacho NB, Viana JFC, et al. The next generation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as molecular therapeutic tools for the treatment of diseases with social and economic impacts. Drug Discov Today. 2017;22(2):234–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Li X, Wang Z. APD3: the antimicrobial peptide database as a tool for research and education. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(D1):D1087–D1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurpe SR, Grishin SY, Surin AK, et al. Antimicrobial and amyloidogenic activity of peptides. can antimicrobial peptides be used against SARS-CoV-2? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabrouk DM. Antimicrobial peptides: features, applications and the potential use against covid-19. Mol Biol Rep. 2022;49(10):10039–10050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock RE. Peptide antibiotics. Lancet. 1997;349(9049):418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahar A, Ren D. Antimicrobial peptides. Pharmaceuticals. 2013;6(12):1543–1575.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu W-X, Zhang M-K, Liu L-H, et al. A self-delivery membrane system for enhanced anti-tumor therapy. Biomaterials. 2018;161:81–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias C, Rauter AP. Membrane-targeting antibiotics: recent developments outside the peptide space. Future Med Chem. 2019;11(3):211–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushpanathan M, Gunasekaran P, Rajendhran J. Antimicrobial peptides: versatile biological properties. Int J Pept. 2013;2013:675391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaara M. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56(3):395–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anunthawan T, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Hancock RE, Klaynongsruang S. Cationic amphipathic peptides KT2 and RT2 are taken up into bacterial cells and kill planktonic and biofilm bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1848(6):1352–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider T, Sahl H-G. An oldie but a goodie – cell wall biosynthesis as antibiotic target pathway. Int J Med Microbiol. 2010;300(2–3):161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller A, Wenzel M, Strahl H, et al. Daptomycin inhibits cell envelope synthesis by interfering with fluid membrane microdomains. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113(45):E7077–E7086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omardien S, Drijfhout JW, Vaz FM, et al. Bactericidal activity of amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides involves altering the membrane fluidity when interacting with the phospholipid bilayer. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2018;1860(11):2404–2415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer A-B, Wenzel M. A how-to guide for mode of action analysis of antimicrobial peptides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:540898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scocchi M, Mardirossian M, Runti G, Benincasa M. Non-membrane permeabilizing modes of action of antimicrobial peptides on bacteria. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(1):76–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malanovic N, Lohner K. Gram-positive bacterial cell envelopes: the impact on the activity of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1858(5):936–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfalzgraff A, Brandenburg K, Weindl G. Antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential for bacterial skin infections and wounds. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciumac D, Gong H, Hu X, Lu JR. Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019;537:163–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira V, Feio MJ, Bastos M. Role of lipids in the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes. Prog Lipid Res. 2012;51(2):149–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeaman MR, Yount NY. Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance. Pharmacol Rev. 2003;55(1):27–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter AA, Lay FT, Poon IKH, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Tumor cell membrane-targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides: novel insights into mechanisms of action and therapeutic prospects. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(20):3809–3825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr AK, Gooderham WJ, Hancock RE. Antibacterial peptides for therapeutic use: obstacles and realistic outlook. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6(5):468–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlapuu M, Håkansson J, Ringstad L, Björn C. Antimicrobial peptides: an emerging category of therapeutic agents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016;6:194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne K, Chakraborty S, Chen R, et al. A new era of antibiotics: the clinical potential of antimicrobial peptides. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlapuu M, Björn C, Ekblom J. Antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents: opportunities and challenges. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2020;40(7):978–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Li J, Nation RL. Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(6):1206–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra JM, Fusté E, Rabanal F, Vinuesa T, Viñas M. An overview of antimicrobial peptides and the latest advances in their development. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(6):663–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doern CD. When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(12):4124–4128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Li Z, Li X, et al. Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptide DP7 combined with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas ED, Bataglioli RA, Oshodi J, Beppu MM. Antimicrobial peptides and their potential application in antiviral coating agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2022;217:112693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretta A, Scieuzo C, Petrone AM, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: a new hope in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.668632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mba IE, Nweze EI. Antimicrobial peptides therapy: an emerging alternative for treating drug-resistant bacteria. Yale J Biol Med. 2022;95(4):445–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boparai JK, Sharma PK. Mini review on antimicrobial peptides, sources, mechanism and recent applications. Protein Pept Lett. 2020;27(1):4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjell CD, Hiss JA, Hancock RE, Schneider G. Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;11(1):37–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annunziato G, Costantino G. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): a patent review (2015–2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020;30(12):931–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppusamy R, Willcox M, Black DS, Kumar N. Short cationic peptidomimetic antimicrobials. Antibiotics. 2019;8(2):44.
   Google Scholar
• Drayton M, Kizhakkedathu JN, Straus SK. Towards robust delivery of antimicrobial peptides to combat bacterial resistance. Molecules. 2020;25(13):3048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounds T, Straus SK. Lipidation of antimicrobial peptides as a design strategy for future alternatives to antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu H-L, Chih Y-H, Peng K-L, et al. Antimicrobial peptides with enhanced salt resistance and antiendotoxin properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faya M, Hazzah HA, Omolo CA, et al. Novel formulation of antimicrobial peptides enhances antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Amino Acids. 2020;52(10):1439–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi R, Kawano K, Yamaoka Y, et al. Development of antimicrobial peptide-antibiotic conjugates to improve the outer membrane permeability of antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria. ACS Infect Dis. 2022;8(11):2339–2347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardoso MH, Orozco RQ, Rezende SB, et al. Computer-aided design of antimicrobial peptides: are we generating effective drug candidates? Front Microbiol. 2019;10:3097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raucher D, Ryu JS. Cell-penetrating peptides: strategies for anticancer treatment. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(9):560–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J, Liu E, Yu Z, et al. CPP-assisted intracellular drug delivery, what is next? Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(11):1892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruseska I, Zimmer A. Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2020;11:101–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio G, Trejo Perez Mario A, Brizuela Carlos A. Antimicrobial peptides with cell-penetrating activity as prophylactic and treatment drugs. Biosci Rep. 2022;42(9):BSR20221789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grdisa M. The delivery of biologically active (therapeutic) peptides and proteins into cells. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(9):1373–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milletti F. Cell-penetrating peptides: classes, origin, and current landscape. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17(15–16):850–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam A, Chaudhary K, Kumar R, et al. In silico approaches for designing highly effective cell penetrating peptides. J Transl Med. 2013;11:74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Coupade C, Fittipaldi A, Chagnas V, et al. Novel human-derived cell-penetrating peptides for specific subcellular delivery of therapeutic biomolecules. Biochem J. 2005;390(Pt 2):407–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Kitamatsu M, Ohtsuki T. Enhanced intracellular peptide delivery by multivalent cell-penetrating peptide with bioreducible linkage. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018;28(3):378–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshayes S, Konate K, Aldrian G, Heitz F, Divita G. Interactions of amphipathic CPPs with model membranes. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;683:41–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vasconcelos L, Pärn K, Langel U. Therapeutic potential of cell-penetrating peptides. Ther Deliv. 2013;4(5):573–591.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gros E, Deshayes S, Morris MC, et al. A non-covalent peptide-based strategy for protein and peptide nucleic acid transduction. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1758(3):384–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshankhah H, Jafari S. Cell penetrating peptides: a concise review with emphasis on biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:1090–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhmová E, Machová D, Pechar M, et al. Cell-penetrating peptides: a useful tool for the delivery of various cargoes into cells. Physiol Res. 2018;67(Suppl 2):S267–S279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasrollahi SA, Taghibiglou C, Azizi E, Farboud ES. Cell-penetrating peptides as a novel transdermal drug delivery system. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2012;80(5):639–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorko M, Langel Ü. Studies of cell-penetrating peptides by biophysical methods. Q Rev Biophys. 2022;1–55:e3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiolo JR, Ferrer M, Ottinger EA. Effects of cargo molecules on the cellular uptake of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1712(2):161–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey JD, Flynn NH. Cell-penetrating peptides transport therapeutics into cells. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;154:78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gestin M, Dowaidar M, Langel Ü. Uptake mechanism of cell-penetrating peptides. In: Peptides and Peptide-Based Biomaterials and their Biomedical Applications. Springer;2017:255–264.
   Google Scholar
• Kardani K, Milani A, Shabani S, Bolhassani A. Cell penetrating peptides: the potent multi-cargo intracellular carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019;16(11):1227–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruczynski J, Wierzbicki PM, Kogut-Wierzbicka M, Mucha P, Siedlecka-Kroplewska K, Rekowski P. Cell-penetrating peptides as a promising tool for delivery of various molecules into the cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2014;52(4):257–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadia JS, Stan RV, Dowdy SF. Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis. Nat Med. 2004;10(3):310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorén PE, Persson D, Isakson P, Goksör M, Onfelt A, Nordén B. Uptake of analogs of penetratin, Tat(48–60) and oligoarginine in live cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;307(1):100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derossi D, Chassaing G, Prochiantz A. Trojan peptides: the penetratin system for intracellular delivery. Trends Cell Biol. 1998;8(2):84–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidotti G, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Cell-penetrating peptides: from basic research to clinics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38(4):406–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futaki S, Nakase I, Tadokoro A, Takeuchi T, Jones AT. Arginine-rich peptides and their internalization mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35(Pt 4):784–787.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam SH, Park J, Koo H. Recent advances in selective and targeted drug/gene delivery systems using cell-penetrating peptides. Arch Pharm Res. 2023;46:18–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bechara C, Sagan S. Cell‐penetrating peptides: 20 years later, where do we stand? FEBS Lett. 2013;587(12):1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó I, Yousef M, Soltész D, Bató C, Mező G, Bánóczi Z. Redesigning of cell-penetrating peptides to improve their efficacy as a drug delivery system. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter-Avetisyan G, Tünnemann G, Nowak D, et al. Cell entry of arginine-rich peptides is independent of endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(6):3370–3378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillaireau H, Couvreur P. Nanocarriers’ entry into the cell: relevance to drug delivery. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009;66(17):2873–2896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Luo Y, Shibu MA, Toth I, Skwarczynskia M. Cell-penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for vaccine delivery. Curr Drug Deliv. 2019;16(5):430–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeng J, Lee K. Systemic and brain delivery of antidiabetic peptides through nasal administration using cell-penetrating peptides. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1068495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habault J, Poyet J-L. Recent advances in cell penetrating peptide-based anticancer therapies. Molecules. 2019;24(5):927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhassani A, Jafarzade BS, Mardani G. In vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins using cell penetrating peptides. Peptides. 2017;87:50–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahid M, Robbins P. Cell-type specific penetrating peptides: therapeutic promises and challenges. Molecules. 2015;20(7):13055–13070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feni L, Neundorf I. The current role of cell-penetrating peptides in cancer therapy. In: Peptides and Peptide-Based Biomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications. Springer;2017:279–295.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg P, El-Andaloussi S, Sütlü T, Johansson H, Langel U. Delivery of short interfering RNA using endosomolytic cell-penetrating peptides. FASEB J. 2007;21(11):2664–2671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissmann S. Cell penetration: scope and limitations by the application of cell-penetrating peptides. J Pept Sci. 2014;20(10):760–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skotland T, Iversen T, Torgersen M, Sandvig K. Cell-penetrating peptides: possibilities and challenges for drug delivery in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2015;20(7):13313–13323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SE, Sajid MI, Parang K, Tiwari RK. Cyclic cell-penetrating peptides as efficient intracellular drug delivery tools. Mol Pharm. 2019;16(9):3727–3743.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozhikhova KV, Andreev SM, Shilovskiy IP, et al. A novel peptide dendrimer LTP efficiently facilitates transfection of mammalian cells. Org Biomol Chem. 2018;16(43):8181–8190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesei G, Vazdar M, Jensen MR, et al. Self-association of a highly charged arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(43):11428–11433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demizu Y, Oba M, Okitsu K, et al. A preorganized β-amino acid bearing a guanidinium side chain and its use in cell-penetrating peptides. Org Biomol Chem. 2015;13(20):5617–5620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copolovici DM, Langel K, Eriste E, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides: design, synthesis, and applications. ACS nano. 2014;8(3):1972–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzat K, Andaloussi SE, Zaghloul EM, et al. PepFect 14, a novel cell-penetrating peptide for oligonucleotide delivery in solution and as solid formulation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(12):5284–5298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Z, Ding G, Meng Z, Meng Q. The rational design of cell-penetrating peptides for application in delivery systems. Peptides. 2019;121:170149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andaloussi SE, Lehto T, Mäger I, et al. Design of a peptide-based vector, PepFect6, for efficient delivery of siRNA in cell culture and systemically in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(9):3972–3987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed A, Futaki S, Harashima H. Delivery of macromolecules using arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides: ways to overcome endosomal entrapment. AAPS J. 2009;11(1):13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endoh T, Ohtsuki T. Cellular siRNA delivery using cell-penetrating peptides modified for endosomal escape. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(9):704–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Taheri-Ledari R, Hajizadeh Z, et al. Enhanced activity of vancomycin by encapsulation in hybrid magnetic nanoparticles conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide. Nanoscale. 2020;12(6):3855–3870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taheri-Ledari R, Ahghari MR, Ansari F, et al. Synergies in antimicrobial treatment by a levofloxacin-loaded halloysite and gold nanoparticles with a conjugation to a cell-penetrating peptide. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4(20):4418–4433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, et al. Curb challenges of the “Trojan Horse” approach: smart strategies in achieving effective yet safe cell-penetrating peptide-based drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(10):1299–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang B, Zaro JL, Shen Y, et al. Acid-sensitive hybrid polymeric micelles containing a reversibly activatable cell-penetrating peptide for tumor-specific cytoplasm targeting. J Control Release. 2018;279:147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescina S, Ostacolo C, Gomez-Monterrey IM, et al. Cell penetrating peptides in ocular drug delivery: state of the art. J Control Release. 2018;284:84–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luong HX, Thanh TT, Tran TH. Antimicrobial peptides - advances in development of therapeutic applications. Life Sci. 2020;260:118407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjya S, Straus SK. Design, engineering and discovery of novel α-helical and β-boomerang antimicrobial peptides against drug resistant bacteria. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splith K, Neundorf I. Antimicrobial peptides with cell-penetrating peptide properties and vice versa. Eur Biophys J. 2011;40(4):387–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirtskhalava M, Amstrong AA, Grigolava M, et al. DBAASP v3: database of antimicrobial/cytotoxic activity and structure of peptides as a resource for development of new therapeutics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(D1):D288–D297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riahifard N, Mozaffari S, Aldakhil T, et al. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of amphiphilic cyclic and linear peptides composed of hydrophobic and positively-charged amino acids as antibacterial agents. Molecules. 2018;23:10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huan Y, Kong Q, Mou H, Yi H. Antimicrobial peptides: classification, design, application and research progress in multiple fields. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:582779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar