Current Antibiotic Use Among Hospitals in the sub-Saharan Africa Region; Findings and Implications

References

• O’neill J. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations; 2014:4–5. Available from: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Murray C, Ikuta K, Sharara F, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629–655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):47. doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Egwuenu A, Wesangula E, et al. Tackling antimicrobial resistance across sub-Saharan Africa: current challenges and implications for the future. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2022;21(8):1089–1111. doi:10.1080/14740338.2022.2106368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versporten A, Zarb P, Caniaux I, et al. Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence survey. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(6):e619–e629. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30186-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JA, Vlieghe E, Mendelson M, et al. Antibiotic stewardship in low- and middle-income countries: the same but different? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(11):812–818. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Egwuenu A, Haque M, et al. Strategies to improve antimicrobial utilization with a special focus on developing countries. Life. 2021;11:6. doi:10.3390/life11060528
   Google Scholar
• Fadare JO, Ogunleye O, Iliyasu G, et al. Status of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Nigerian tertiary healthcare facilities: findings and implications. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019;17:132–136. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2018.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwita JC, Ogunleye OO, Olalekan A. Key issues surrounding appropriate antibiotic use for prevention of surgical site infections in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review and the implications. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:515–530. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S253216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afriyie DK, Sefah IA, Sneddon J, et al. Antimicrobial point prevalence surveys in two Ghanaian hospitals: opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship. JAC. 2020;2(1):dlaa001. doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlaa001
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. WHO Global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance; 2001. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-global-strategy-for-containment-of-antimicrobial-resistance. Accessed June 21, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Akpan MR, Isemin NU, Udoh AE, Ashiru-Oredope D. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in African countries: a systematic literature review. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;22:317–324. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siachalinga L, Mufwambi W, Lee IH. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing for hospital inpatients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2022;129:124–143. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.07.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de With K, Allerberger F, Amann S, et al. Strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in hospital: a guideline by the German Society for Infectious Diseases. Infection. 2016;44(3):395–439. doi:10.1007/s15010-016-0885-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EY, Milkowska-Shibata M, Tseng KK, et al. Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000–15: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):107–115. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30332-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels I, Versporten A, Drapier N, Vlieghe E, Goossens H. Hospital antibiotic prescribing patterns in adult patients according to the WHO Access, Watch and Reserve classification (AWaRe): results from a worldwide point prevalence survey in 69 countries. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(6):1614–1624. doi:10.1093/jac/dkab050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalungia AC, Mwambula H, Munkombwe D, Marshall S, Schellack N. Antimicrobial stewardship knowledge and perception among physicians and pharmacists at leading tertiary teaching hospitals in Zambia: implications for future policy and practice. J Chemother. 2019;31(7–8):378–387. doi:10.1080/1120009X.2019.1622293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpundu M. Moving from paper to action – the status of National AMR action plans in African countries; 2020. Available from: https://revive.gardp.org/moving-from-paper-to-action-The-status-of-national-amr-action-plans-in-african-countries/. Accessed March 31, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Harant A. Assessing transparency and accountability of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance in 15 African countries. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):15. doi:10.1186/s13756-021-01040-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem Z, Godman B, Cook A, et al. Ongoing efforts to improve Antimicrobial Utilization in Hospitals among African countries and implications for the future. Antibiotics. 2022;11(12):1824. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121824
   Google Scholar
• Campbell SMM, Johanna C, Godman B. Why compliance to national prescribing guidelines is important especially across sub-Saharan Africa and suggestions for the future. J Biomedl Pharm Sci. 2021;4:6.
   Google Scholar
• Sefah IA, Sarkodie SA, Pichierri G, Schellack N, Godman B. Assessing the clinical characteristics and management of COVID-19 among pediatric patients in Ghana: findings and Implications. Antibiotics. 2023;12(2):283. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12020283
   Google Scholar
• Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, et al. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(12):1622–1629. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshaikh FS, Godman B, Sindi ON, Andrew Seaton R, Kurdi A. Prevalence of bacterial coinfection and patterns of antibiotics prescribing in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebisi YA, Jimoh ND, Ogunkola IO, et al. The use of antibiotics in COVID-19 management: a rapid review of national treatment guidelines in 10 African countries. Trop Med Health. 2021;49(1):51. doi:10.1186/s41182-021-00344-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramzan K, Shafiq S, Raees I, et al. Co-Infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first five waves of the pandemic in Pakistan; findings and implications. Antibiotics. 2022;11:6. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11060789
   Google Scholar
• Ogunleye OO, Oyawole MR, Odunuga PT, et al. A multicentre point prevalence study of antibiotics utilization in hospitalized patients in an urban secondary and a tertiary healthcare facilities in Nigeria: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;2021:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuts EC, Hulscher MEJL, Mouton JW, et al. Current evidence on hospital antimicrobial stewardship objectives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):847–856. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00065-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dlamini NN, Meyer JC, Kruger D, Kurdi A, Godman B, Schellack N. Feasibility of using point prevalence surveys to assess antimicrobial utilisation in public hospitals in South Africa: a pilot study and implications. Hosp Pract. 2019;47(2):88–95. doi:10.1080/21548331.2019.1592880
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abubakar U. Antibiotic use among hospitalized patients in northern Nigeria: a multicenter point-prevalence survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):86. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4815-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momanyi L, Opanga S, Nyamu D, Oluka M, Kurdi A, Godman B. Antibiotic prescribing patterns at a leading referral hospital in Kenya: a point prevalence survey. J Res Pharm Prac. 2019;8(3):149. doi:10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_18_68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horumpende PG, Mshana SE, Mouw EF, Mmbaga BT, Chilongola JO, de Mast Q. Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in three hospitals in North-Eastern Tanzania. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00809-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umeokonkwo CD, Madubueze UC, Onah CK, et al. Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescription in a tertiary hospital in South East Nigeria: a call for improved antibiotic stewardship. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019;17:291–295. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell SM, Braspenning J, Hutchinson A, Marshall M. Research methods used in developing and applying quality indicators in primary care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002;11(4):358–364. doi:10.1136/qhc.11.4.358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell SM, Godman BB, Diògene E, et al. Quality indicators as a tool in improving the introduction of new medicines. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;2015:116.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell SM, Kontopantelis E, Hannon K, Burke M, Barber A, Lester HE. Framework and indicator testing protocol for developing and piloting quality indicators for the UK quality and outcomes framework. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:85. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-12-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Fadare J, Kwon H-Y. Evidence-based public policy making for medicines across countries: findings and implications for the future. J Comp Eff Res. 2021;10(12):1019–1052. doi:10.2217/cer-2020-0273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oduyebo O, Olayinka A, Iregbu K, et al. A point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in four Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Ann Trop Pathol. 2017;8(1):42. doi:10.4103/atp.atp_38_17
   Google Scholar
• Fowotade A, Fasuyi T, Aigbovo O, et al. Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in a Nigerian hospital: findings and implications on antimicrobial resistance. West Afr J Med. 2020;37(3):216–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anand Paramadhas BD, Tiroyakgosi C, Mpinda-Joseph P, et al. Point prevalence study of antimicrobial use among hospitals across Botswana; findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(7):535–546. doi:10.1080/14787210.2019.1629288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina M, Mwaniki P, Odira E, et al. Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: prevalence, appropriateness and link to guideline availability. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:10–18. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wambale J, Mulwahali E, Iyamba JML, Mathe DM, Kavuo SK. Point prevalence study of antibiotic use in hospitals in Butembo. Int J Medical Sci. 2016;8(12):133–139. doi:10.5897/IJMMS2016.1249
   Google Scholar
• Bediako-Bowan AAA, Owusu E, Labi AK, et al. Antibiotic use in surgical units of selected hospitals in Ghana: a multi-centre point prevalence survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):797. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7162-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niaz Q, Godman B, Massele A, et al. Validity of World Health Organisation prescribing indicators in Namibia’s primary health care: findings and implications. Int J Qual Health Care. 2019;31(5):338–345. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzy172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niaz Q, Godman B. Compliance to prescribing guidelines among public health care facilities in Namibia; findings and implications. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;42(4):1227–1236.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotic Book. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062382. Accessed March 31, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO methodology for point prevalence survey on antibiotic use in hospitals, version 1.1; 2018. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/280063. Accessed July 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Chijioke A, Amadi ES, Ukwandu NCD, et al. “Prevalence of antimicrobial use in major hospitals in Owerri, Nigeria”. EC Microbiol. 2016;3:522–527.
   Google Scholar
• Labi A-K, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Sunkwa-Mills G, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in paediatric inpatients in Ghana: a multi-centre point prevalence survey. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1367-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seni J, Mapunjo SG, Wittenauer R, et al. Antimicrobial use across six referral hospitals in Tanzania: a point prevalence survey. BMJ open. 2020;10(12):e042819. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abubakar U, Sulaiman SAS, Adesiyun AG. Impact of pharmacist-led antibiotic stewardship interventions on compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetric and gynecologic surgeries in Nigeria. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213395. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken AM, Wanyoro AK, Mwangi J, Juma F, Mugoya IK, Scott JAG. Changing Use of Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Thika Hospital, Kenya: a quality improvement intervention with an interrupted time series design. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e78942. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alabi AS, Picka S, Sirleaf R, et al. Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in three regional hospitals in the south-east of Liberia: lessons learned. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022;4(3):dlac069. doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlac069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bashar MA, Miot J, Shoul E, van Zyl RL. Shoul E and van Zyl RL. Impact of an antibiotic stewardship programme in a surgical setting. S Afr J Infect Dis. 2021;36(1):307. doi:10.4102/sajid.v36i1.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassiouny DM, Hassan RM, Shalaby A, Halim MMA, Wassef MA. Establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship strategy on the surgical NICU at Cairo University specialized pediatric hospital. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(9):1959–1964. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyles TH, Whitelaw A, Bamford C, et al. Antibiotic stewardship ward rounds and a dedicated prescription chart reduce antibiotic consumption and pharmacy costs without affecting inpatient mortality or Re-Admission rates. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e79747. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink AJ, Messina AP, Feldman C, Richards GA, van den Bergh D. From guidelines to practice: a pharmacist-driven prospective audit and feedback improvement model for peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis in 34 South African hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;72(4):1227–1234. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebretekle GB, Mariam DH, Taye WA, et al. Half of prescribed antibiotics are not needed: a pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship intervention and clinical outcomes in a referral hospital in Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2020;8:109. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester R, Haigh K, Wood A, et al. Sustained reduction in third-generation cephalosporin usage in adult inpatients following introduction of an antimicrobial stewardship program in a large, Urban Hospital in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):e478–e486. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngonzi J, Bebell LM, Boatin AA, et al. Impact of an educational intervention on WHO surgical safety checklist and pre-operative antibiotic use at a referral hospital in southwestern Uganda. Int J Qual Health Care. 2021;33(3):mzab089. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzab089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opondo C, Ayieko P, Ntoburi S, et al. Effect of a multi-faceted quality improvement intervention on inappropriate antibiotic use in children with non-bloody diarrhoea admitted to district hospitals in Kenya. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11(1):109. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Bergh D, Messina AP, Goff DA, et al. A pharmacist-led prospective antibiotic stewardship intervention improves compliance to community-acquired pneumonia guidelines in 39 public and private hospitals across South Africa. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(6):106189. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar