In vitro Efficacy Evaluation of Leading Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Found in Bishoftu City Against Salmonella Isolates, Central Ethiopia

References

• Thai T, Salisbury BH, Zito PM. Ciprofloxacin. StatPearls; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535454/. Accessed December 16, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO model list of essential medicines - 22nd list. World Heal Organ. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2021.02. Accessed December 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• EFDA. Ethiopian Essential Medicines List. Ministry of Health/Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority; 2020:6.
   Google Scholar
• Meredith P. Bioequivalence and Other Unresolved Issues in Generic Drug Substitution. Clin Ther. 2003;25(11):2875–2890. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80340-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Vargas FM, Abu-El-Haija MA, Gómez-Duarte OG. Salmonella infections: an update on epidemiology, management, and prevention. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011;9(6):263–277. doi:10.1016/J.TMAID.2011.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King DR, Kanavos P. Encouraging the use of generic medicines: implications for transition economies - PubMed. Croat Med J. 2002;43(4):462–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASPE. Expanding the Use of Generic Drugs: ASPE Issue Brief. ASPE Issue Br; 2010:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Finch R. Generic antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and drug licensing. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(11):754. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70246-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RB, Shakoor O, Behrens RH, et al. Pharmacopoeial quality of drugs supplied by Nigerian pharmacies. Lancet. 2001;357:1933–1936. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05065-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler T, Sridhar CB, Daga MK, et al. Treatment of typhoid fever with azithromycin versus chloramphenicol in a randomized multicentre trial in India. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44(2):243–250. doi:10.1093/jac/44.2.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA, et al. Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011:10. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004530.PUB4
   Google Scholar
• Umair M, Siddiqui SA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi in a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad. Cureus. 2020;12:9. doi:10.7759/CUREUS.10228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa S, Evans DR, Bessias S, et al. Prevalence and estimated economic burden of substandard and falsified medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(4):e181662. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delepierre A, Gayot A, Carpentier A. Update on counterfeit antibiotics worldwide; Public health risks. Médecine Mal Infect. 2012;42(6):247–255. doi:10.1016/J.MEDMAL.2012.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MSF. Drug Quality and Storage. MSF Medical Guidelines; 2022. Available from: https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/EssDr/english/drug-quality-and-storage-16688167.html. Accessed December 16, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Quality assurance of pharmaceuticals: a compendium of guidelines and related materials; 2007. Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/QualityAssurancePharmVol2.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Newton P, Proux S, Green M, Smithuis F, Nosten F, White NJ. Fake artesunate in Southeast Asia. Lancet. 2001;357:1948–1950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05085-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabala GA, Bellingham K, Vidhamaly V, et al. Substandard and falsified antibiotics: neglected drivers of antimicrobial resistance? BMJ Glob Heal. 2022;7(8):8587. doi:10.1136/BMJGH-2022-008587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani E. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston A, Holt DW. Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78(2):218–243. doi:10.1111/bcp.12298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIMEDIA. Nutrient agar: technical data M001. HiMedia Laboratories Technical Data; 2022. Available from: https://www.himedialabs.com/TD/M001.pdf. Accessed August 13, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Vineetha N, Vignesh R, Sridhar D. Preparation, standardization of antibiotic discs and study of resistance pattern for first-line antibiotics in isolates from clinical samples. Int J Appl Res. 2015;1(11):624–631.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. In: Weinstein M, Lewis J, Bobenchik A, editors. CLSI Supplement M100. Vol M100-Ed30. 30th ed. 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Berhe S, Beyene T, Jibat T, Tadese W. Comparative efficacy evaluation of six brands of amoxicillin against S. aureus isolated from subclinical mastitic milking dairy cows in bishoftu. Adv Dairy Res. 2017;5:169.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn P, Carter M, Markey B, Carter G. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Aust Vet J. 2002;72(6):96–344. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb03534.x
   Google Scholar
• Okonko IO, Fajobi EA, Ogunnusi TA, Ogunjobi AA. Antimicrobial chemotherapy and sustainable development: the past, the current trend, and the future. African J Biomed Res. 2009;11:235–250.
   Google Scholar
• OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). Guideline 2.1. Laboratory Methodologies for Bacterial Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Paris, France: OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. The FDA’s drug review process: ensuring drugs are safe and effective. FDA. U.S.Food & Drug Administration; 2017. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs/fdas-drug-review-process-ensuring-drugs-are-safe-and-effective. Accessed December 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Bihari M. Are generic drugs as safe and effective as brand-name? Verywell health; 2022. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/generic-drug-safety-and-effectiveness-1738890. Accessed December 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Eshetie TC, Marcum ZA, Schmader KE, Gray SL. Medication use quality and safety in older adults: 2020 update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(2):389–397. doi:10.1111/JGS.17603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. FDA regulation of animal drugs. FDA. U.S.Food and Drug Administration; 2022. Avilable from: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/resources-you/fda-regulation-animal-drugs. Accessed December 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Generic drug facts. U.S. Food & Drug Administration; 2021. Avilable from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drug-facts. Accessed December 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Paul M. Assessment of commonly available antimicrobial agents. A study from Ilala Tanzania. Tanzania Med Students’ Assoc. 2009;16:16–22.
   Google Scholar
• Azoulay P. Do pharmaceutical sales respond to scientific evidence? J Econ Manag Strateg. 2002;11(4):551–594. doi:10.1162/105864002320757262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA); 2019. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/types-applications/abbreviated-new-drug-application-anda. Accessed May 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar