Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis Among Human Population in Duhok City, Iraq

References

• Głowack P, Żakowska D, Naylor K, et al. Brucella – virulence factors, pathogenesis and treatment. Pol J Microbiol. 2018;67:151–161. doi:10.21307/pjm-2018-029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seleem MN, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N. Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140:392–398. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier MN, Costa EA, Paixão TA, et al. The genus Brucella and clinical manifestations of brucellosis. Ciênc Rural. 2009;39:2252–2260. doi:10.1590/S0103-84782009005000167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukhari EE. Pediatric brucellosis. An update review for the new millennium. Saudi Med J. 2018;9:336–341. doi:10.15537/smj.2018.4.21896
   Google Scholar
• Godfroid J, Al Dahouk S, Pappas G, et al. One Health” surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: moving away from improvisation. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;36:241–248. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2012.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay N, Kaya S, Anil M, et al. Pulmonary involvement in brucellosis, a rare complication of renal transplant: case report and brief review. Exp Clin Transplant. 2018;16:757–760. doi:10.6002/ect.2015.0324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzgan T, Karahocagil MK, Irmak H, et al. Clinical manifestations and complications in 1028 cases of brucellosis: a retrospective evaluation and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e469–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.06.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick JA, Lederman RJ, Sullivan B, et al. Brucella arteritis: clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:520–526. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70270-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, et al. Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1865. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubach MP, Halliday JE, Cleaveland S, et al. Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:404–412. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283638104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adel M. Survey on therapeutic protocols of Human brucellosis prescribed by urban and rural physicians and persistence risk factors in the Governorate of Biskra. Algeria J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2018;5(4):437–448.
   Google Scholar
• Chomel BB, Debess EE, Mangiamele DM, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in California from 1973 To 1992: a shift toward foodborne transmission. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1216–1223. doi:10.1093/infdis/170.5.1216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling E, Diguimbaye C, Daoud S, et al. Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Prev Vet Med. 2003;61:279–293. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almashhadany DA. Prevalence of brucellosis in human and camels in Thamar Province/Yemen. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2014;13:132–137.
   Google Scholar
• Di Bonaventura G, Angeletti S, Ianni A, et al. Microbiological laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis: an overview. Pathogens. 2021:101623. doi:10.3390/pathogens10121623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Mesa JD, Sánchez-Gonzalez J, Reguera JM, et al. Rose Bengal test: diagnostic yield and use for the rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis in emergency departments in endemic areas. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11:221–225. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01063.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS. Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:188–202. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.34758
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assafi MS, Allu MA, Abdulrahman IS, et al. The seroprevalence of human brucellosis in different age groups patients and other associated risk factors in Duhok, Iraq. Rev Innovaciencia. 2019;7:1–7. doi:10.15649/2346075X.479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasul D, Mansoor I, Hussein K. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in Erbil city. Zanco J Med Sci. 2012;16:220–226. doi:10.15218/zjms.2012.0038
   Google Scholar
• Keramat F, Karami M, Alikhani MY, et al. Cohort profile: famenin brucellosis cohort study. J Res Health Sci. 2019;19:e00453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkahtani AM, Assiry MM, Chandramoorthy HC, et al. Sero-prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among suspected febrile patients attending a referral hospital in southern Saudi Arabia (2014–2018). BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:1–8. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4763-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aypak C, Altunsoy A, Çelik AK. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human brucellosis in eastern Anatolia. J Nippon Med Sch. 2012;79:343–348. doi:10.1272/jnms.79.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gafirita J, Kiiza G, Murekatete A, et al. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among patients attending a district hospital in Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:831–835. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal Y, Aggarwal A, Gadepalli R, et al. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in Western Rajasthan: a study from a tertiary care centre. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019;37:426–429. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiambi SG, Fèvre EM, Omolo J, et al. Risk factors for acute human brucellosis in Ijara, northeastern Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0008108. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sekait MA. Epidemiology of brucellosis in al Medina region, Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2000;7:47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niaz S, Raqeeb A, Khan A, et al. Status of human brucellosis in district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14:423–427. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2019.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloufi AD, Memish ZA, Assiri AM, et al. Trends of reported human cases of brucellosis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2004–2012. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016;6:11–18. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2015.09.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik S, Sarwar I, Rauf A, et al. Seroprevalence of brucellosis among patients presenting with non-specific symptoms at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2018;30:566–570.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebrahimpour S, Youssefi MR, Karimi N, et al. The prevalence of human Brucellosis in Mazandaran province, Iran. African J Microbiol Res. 2012;6:4090–4094. doi:10.5897/AJMR11.1076
   Google Scholar
• Dieckhaus KD, Kyebambe PS. Human brucellosis in rural Uganda: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and comorbidities at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, Kabale, Uganda. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4:1–6. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez A, Berhe M. Brucella, a bacterium with multiple ways of causing infection. Baylor Univ Med Cent Proc. 2020;34:99–101. doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1805674
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• González-Espinoza G, Arce-Gorvel V, Mémet S, et al. Brucella: reservoirs and niches in animals and humans. Pathogens. 2021;10:186. doi:10.3390/pathogens10020186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refai M. Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Vet Microbiol. 2002;90:81–110. doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00248-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemifar I, Yadegar A, Jazi FM, Amirmozafari N. Molecular prevalence of putative virulence-associated genes in Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus isolates from human and livestock specimens in Iran. Microb Pathog. 2017;105:334–339. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfaki MG, Uz-Zaman T, Al-Hokail AA, et al. Detection of Brucella DNA in sera from patients with brucellosis by polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;53:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal T, Kara SS, Cikman A. Comparison of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with serological tests and culture for diagnosing human brucellosis. J Infect Public Health. 2019;12:337–342. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana SK, Sehrawat A, Tiwari R, et al. Bovine brucellosis – a comprehensive review. Vet Q. 2021;41:61–88. doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1868616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raies Ul Islam M, Pratap GM, Kaur SP, et al. Comparative evaluation of indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Rose Bengal plate test, microagglutination test, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2013;37:306–310. doi:10.3906/vet-1201-39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekiri AB, Kilonzo C, Bird BH, et al. Utility of the Rose Bengal Test as a point-of-care test for human brucellosis in endemic African settings: a systematic review. J Trop Med. 2020:6586182. doi:10.1155/2020/6586182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar