363
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Efficacy and Safety of Add-On Plant-Based Drugs for COVID-19 Patients: A Review of the Randomized Control Trials

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 3879-3891 | Received 18 Apr 2023, Accepted 13 Jun 2023, Published online: 19 Jun 2023

References

  • World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 13 April 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---13-april-2023. Accessed April 18, 2023.
  • Looi M-K. How are covid-19 symptoms changing? BMJ. 2023;380:3. doi:10.1136/bmj.p3
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
  • Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):e52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30558-4
  • Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Pöhlmann S. Priming Time: how Cellular Proteases Arm Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Act Viruses by Host Proteases. 2018;71–98. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_4
  • Megantara S, Levita J, Ibrahim S, Nguyen BP. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone compound of andrographis paniculata, binds to lys353 and asp38 in the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Rasayan J Chem. 2021;14(1):241–247. doi:10.31788/RJC.2021.1416070
  • Lestari K, Sitorus T, Instiaty I, Megantara S, Levita J. Molecular Docking of Quinine, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Receptor for Discovering New Potential COVID-19 Antidote. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2020;10(2):1–4.
  • Hillen HS, Kokic G, Farnung L, Dienemann C, Tegunov D, Cramer P. Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. Nature. 2020;584(7819):154–156. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2368-8
  • Aftab SO, Ghouri MZ, Masood MU, et al. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):275. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02439-0
  • Hofmeyr SA. An interpretative introduction to the immune system. Des Princ Immune Syst Other Distrib Auton Syst. 2000;3:3–26.
  • Jantan I, Ahmad W, Bukhari SNA. Plant-derived immunomodulators: an insight on their preclinical evaluation and clinical trials. Front Plant Sci. 2015;6:655. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00655
  • Yuandani JI, Rohani AS, Sumantri IB. Immunomodulatory Effects and Mechanisms of Curcuma Species and Their Bioactive Compounds: a Review. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12(April):1–26. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.643119
  • Shanker K, Rangnekar H, Wele A, et al. A randomized controlled pilot study of add-on therapy of CIM-MEG19 (standardized Andrographis paniculata formulation) in mild to moderate COVID-19. Phytomedicine Plus Int J Phyther Phytopharm. 2023;3(1):100398. doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100398
  • Adel Mehraban MS, Shirzad M, Taghizadeh Kashani L M, et al. Efficacy and safety of add-on Viola odorata L. in the treatment of COVID-19: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;304:116058. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.116058
  • Taghavi MR, Tavanaei Tamanaei T, Oghazian MB, et al. Effectiveness of Fortified Garlic Extract Oral Capsules as Adjuvant Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2023;98:100699. doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2023.100699
  • Chitre D, Nadkarni S, Jagtap N, et al. Phase III randomized clinical trial of BV-4051, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation in moderate SARS-CoV-2 infections and its impact on inflammatory biomarkers. Phytother Res. 2023;37(4):1232–1241. doi:10.1002/ptr.7683
  • Hasanpour M, Safari H, Mohammadpour AH, et al. Efficacy of Covexir® (Ferula foetida oleo-gum) treatment in symptomatic improvement of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2022;36(12):4504–4515. doi:10.1002/ptr.7567
  • Damle L, Damle H, Br B. Plant formulation ATRICOV 452 in improving the level of COVID-19 specific inflammatory markers in patients. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2022;28:100961. doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100961
  • Shakeeb N, Varkey P, Hynse A, Mandlecha A. Anti-inflammatory response of cardamom extract and prediction of therapeutic window in COVID-19 patients by assessing inflammatory markers using RT-PCR. Inflammopharmacology. 2022;30(3):883–894. doi:10.1007/s10787-022-00951-x
  • Singh H, Srivastava S, Yadav B, et al. AYUSH-64 as an adjunct to standard care in mild to moderate COVID-19: an open-label randomized controlled trial in Chandigarh, India. Complement Ther Med. 2022;66:102814. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102814
  • Ebrahimi M, Farhadian N, Amiri AR, Hataminia F, Soflaei SS, Karimi M. Evaluating the efficacy of extracted squalene from seed oil in the form of microemulsion for the treatment of COVID-19: a clinical study. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):119–130. doi:10.1002/jmv.27273
  • Devpura G, Tomar BS, Nathiya D, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial on the efficacy of ayurvedic treatment regime on COVID-19 positive patients. Phytomedicine. 2021;84:153494. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153494
  • Shohan M, Nashibi R, Mahmoudian-Sani M-R, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in combination with antiviral drugs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;914:174615. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174615
  • Hawkins J, Hires C, Keenan L, Dunne E. Aromatherapy blend of thyme, Orange, clove bud, and frankincense boosts energy levels in post-COVID-19 female patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2022;67:102823. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102823
  • Mahmoud N, Radwan N, Alkattan A, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: nature of symptoms and associated factors. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2023. doi:10.1007/s10389-022-01802-3
  • Liu T, Zhang J, Yang Y, et al. The role of interleukin-6 in monitoring severe case of coronavirus disease 2019. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(7):e12421. doi:10.15252/emmm.202012421
  • Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016295
  • Nehring SM, Goyal A, Patel BC. C Reactive Protein. Treasure Island (FL); 2023.
  • Young B, Gleeson M, Cripps AW. C-reactive protein: a critical review. Pathology. 1991;23(2):118–124. doi:10.3109/00313029109060809
  • Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
  • Gao Y, Li T, Han M, et al. Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):791–796. doi:10.1002/jmv.25770
  • Soleymani S, Naghizadeh A, Karimi M, et al. COVID-19: general Strategies for Herbal Therapies. J Evidence-Based Integr Med. 2022;27:2515690X211053641. doi:10.1177/2515690X211053641
  • Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Javed SA, et al. Medicinal Plants and Isolated Molecules Demonstrating Immunomodulation Activity as Potential Alternative Therapies for Viral Diseases Including COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:1–24. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.637553
  • Rajanna M, Bharathi B, Shivakumar BR, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract in healthy adults - An open-label study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021;12(3):529–534. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2021.06.004
  • Zhang X-Y, Lv L, Zhou Y-L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Xiyanping injection in the treatment of COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective, open-label and randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2021;35(8):4401–4410. doi:10.1002/ptr.7141
  • Discovery C-D. A Comprehensive Review of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Its Constituents as Potential Lead Compounds for COVID-19 Drug Discovery. Molecules. 2022;27:4479.
  • Jayakumar T, Hsieh CY, Lee JJ, Sheu JR. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of andrographis paniculata and its major bioactive phytoconstituent andrographolide. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2013;2013. doi:10.1155/2013/846740
  • Enmozhi SK, Raja K, Sebastine I, Joseph J. Andrographolide as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: an in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39(9):3092–3098. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136
  • Chandramohan V, Kaphle A, Chekuri M, Gangarudraiah S, Bychapur Siddaiah G. Evaluating Andrographolide as a Potent Inhibitor of NS3-4A Protease and Its Drug-Resistant Mutants Using In Silico Approaches. Adv Virol. 2015;2015:972067. doi:10.1155/2015/972067
  • Li Y, He S, Tang J, et al. Andrographolide Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells through Suppression of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8248142. doi:10.1155/2017/8248142
  • Tharakan A, Shukla H, Benny IR, Tharakan M, George L, Koshy S. Immunomodulatory Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Extract-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial with an Open Label Extension on Healthy Participants. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16). doi:10.3390/jcm10163644
  • Albassam AA, Alanazi A, Alhaqbani N, et al. The potential of drug-herbal interaction among patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021;43:101324. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101324
  • Chen X-W, Serag ES, Sneed KB, et al. Clinical herbal interactions with conventional drugs: from molecules to maladies. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(31):4836–4850. doi:10.2174/092986711797535317
  • Kasarla SS, Borse SP, Kumar Y, Sharma N, Dikshit M. In vitro effect of Withania somnifera, AYUSH-64, and remdesivir on the activity of CYP-450 enzymes: implications for possible herb-drug interactions in the management of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:973768. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.973768
  • Ye L, Cheng L, Deng Y, et al. Herb-Drug Interaction Between Xiyanping Injection and Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Two Agents Used in COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:773126. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.773126