Cryptococcosis in Southern China: Insights from a Six-Year Retrospective Study in Eastern Guangdong

References

• Rathore SS, Sathiyamoorthy J, Lalitha C, Ramakrishnan J. A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans. Microb Pathog. 2022;166:105521. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton PM, Thanh LT, Trieu PH, et al. Three phylogenetic groups have driven the recent population expansion of Cryptococcus neoformans. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2035. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10092-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGuire CN, Walter DJ, Wopperer SB. Cryptococcus neoformans endocarditis in an immunocompetentpatient a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):565. doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02997-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, et al. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):873–881. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30243-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Xu Y, Hong N, et al. Epidemiology of fungal infections in China. Front Med. 2018;12(1):58–75. doi:10.1007/s11684-017-0601-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou LH, Jiang YK, Li RY, et al. Risk-based estimate of human fungal disease burden, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(9):2137–2147. doi:10.3201/eid2609.200016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Guo L, Liu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of pediatric cryptococcosis in Beijing Children’s Hospital, 2002–2014. Eur J Pediatr. 2017;176(9):1235–1244. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-2974-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang YK, Wu JQ, Zhao HZ, et al. Genetic influence of Toll-like receptors on non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis: an observational cohort study. EBioMedicine. 2018;37:401–409. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liu J, Su X, et al. Amphotericin B plus fluorocytosine combined with voriconazole for the treatment of non-HIV and non-transplant-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):274. doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02803-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer KR, Revie NM, Fu C, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(7):454–466. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00511-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy SF, Kanyama C, Heyderman RS, et al. Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(11):1004–1017. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1710922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albehaijani SHI, Macreadie I, Morrissey CO, Boyce KJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of polygenetic antifungal drug resistance in msh2 mismatch repair mutants of Cryptococcus. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022;4(2):dlac033. doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlac033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoy MJ, Park E, Lee H, et al. Structure-guided synthesis of FK506 and FK520 analogs with increased selectivity exhibit in vivo therapeutic efficacy against Cryptococcus. mBio. 2022;13(3):e0104922. doi:10.1128/mbio.01049-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zou M, Yin J, Liu Z, Lu B. Microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of patients with cryptococcal meningitis at a tertiary hospital in china: a 6-year retrospective analysis. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1837. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang W, Fa Z, Liao W. Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China. Fungal Genet Biol. 2015;78:7–15. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal H, Zhang D, Shafiq M, et al. Six-year retrospective analysis of epidemiology, risk factors, and antifungal susceptibilities of candidiasis from a tertiary care hospital in South China. Microbiol Spectr. 2023:e00708–e00723. doi:10.1128/spectrum.00708-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Epidemiological cutoff values for antifungal susceptibility testing. In: CLSI Supplement M57s. 4th ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cao W, Jian C, Zhang H, Xu S. Comparison of clinical features and prognostic factors of cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with and without pulmonary nodules. Mycopathologia. 2019;184(1):73–80. doi:10.1007/s11046-018-0263-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai WC, Lien CY, Lee JJ, et al. The clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in elderly patients: a hospital-based study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):91. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1108-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Halloran JA, Powderly WG, Spec A. Cryptococcosis today: it is not all about HIV infection. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2017;4(2):88–95. doi:10.1007/s40588-017-0064-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao T, Xu X, Wu Y, et al. Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):677. doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07665-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-Santana L, Rezende CP, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM, Almeida F. Addressing microbial resistance worldwide: challenges over controlling life-threatening fungal infections. Pathogens. 2023;12(2):293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolnik K, Huston S, Mody CH. Cryptococcal lung infections. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(3):451–464. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2017.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou X, Kou L, Han X, Zhu R, Song L, Liu T. Pulmonary cryptococcosis characteristics in immunocompetent patients-A 20-year clinical retrospective analysis in China. Mycoses. 2019;62(10):937–944. doi:10.1111/myc.12966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao LW, Jiao AX, Wu XR, et al. Clinical characteristics of disseminated cryptococcosis in previously healthy children in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):359. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2450-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escandón P, Lizarazo J, Agudelo CI, Castañeda E. Cryptococcosis in Colombia: compilation and analysis of data from laboratory-based surveillance. J Fungi. 2018;4(1):32. doi:10.3390/jof4010032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves Soares E, Lazera MDS, Wanke B, et al. Mortality by cryptococcosis in Brazil from 2000 to 2012: a descriptive epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(7):e0007569. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan A, Sachu A, Samuel A, Vasudevapanicker J. Cryptococcal antigen prevalence in HIV patients from a tertiary care centre in South India. Iran J Microbiol. 2022;14(5):740–745. doi:10.18502/ijm.v14i5.10970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thambidurai L, Prabhuradhan R, Singhvi P, Ilanchezhian S, Ramachandran R, Shankar H. Cryptococcal pneumonia: the great mimicker. BJR Case Rep. 2017;3(2):20150358. doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20150358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diniz-Lima I, Fonseca L, Silva-Junior E, et al. Cryptococcus: history, epidemiology and immune evasion. Appl Sci. 2022;12(14):7086. doi:10.3390/app12147086
   Google Scholar
• Lahiri S, Manjunath N, Bhat M, et al. Clinical insights and epidemiology of central nervous system infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii species complexes: a prospective study from South India. Med Mycol. 2020;58(5):600–608. doi:10.1093/mmy/myz097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J, Bangdiwala AS, Cresswell FV, et al. The changing epidemiology of HIV-associated adult meningitis, Uganda 2015–2017. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(10):ofz419. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel D, Kale P, Khillan V, Sarin SK. P406 Rise in HIV negative Cryptococcal infection in liver disease patient: epidemiology, risk factor, antifungal susceptibility profile from tertiary care hepatobiliary center. Med Mycol. 2022;60(Supplement_1):myac072P406. doi:10.1093/mmy/myac072.P406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippa VM, Chenna S, Gujarathi R, Candula N. Disseminated Cryptococcosis in an HIV-negative patient with liver cirrhosis and asplenia: a rare but dreadful disease. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37243. doi:10.7759/cureus.37243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzic-Vukicevic T, Cevik M, Poluga J, et al. An exceptional case report of disseminated cryptococcosis in a hitherto immunocompetent patient. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020;62:e3. doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202062003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Xu B, Yu C, et al. Clinical analysis of pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-HIV patients in south China. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(3):3114–3119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohno S, Kakeya H, Izumikawa K, et al. Clinical features of pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-HIV patients in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21(1):23–30. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Varma A, Diaz MR, Litvintseva AP, Wollenberg KK, Kwon-Chung KJ. Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(5):755–762. doi:10.3201/eid1405.071312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Ding H, Xu B, et al. Clinical analysis of non-AIDS patients pathologically diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(10):2813–2821. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.10.36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz-Lima I, da Fonseca LM, Dos Reis JS, et al. Non-self glycan structures as possible modulators of cancer progression: would polysaccharides from Cryptococcus spp. impact this phenomenon? Braz J Microbiol. 2023;54(2):907–919. doi:10.1007/s42770-023-00936-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essien F, Westbrook M, Wolfley G, Patterson S, Carrol M. “When Cryptococcus strikes and lupus is found”: a unique covert unveiling of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as subacute meningitis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022;13:20406223221102784. doi:10.1177/20406223221102784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Sun Y, Spec A, et al. A multicenter, longitudinal cohort study of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative people in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(2):252–261. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudiki N, Tigas E, Jones E. The entity of cryptosarc-cryptococcosis in sarcoid. B61 fungal infection cases. Am Thorac Soc. 2020:A3956. doi:10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_MeetingAbstracts.A3956
   Google Scholar
• Nsenga L, Kajjimu J, Olum R, et al. Cryptococcosis complicating diabetes mellitus: a scoping review. Therap Adv Infect Dis. 2021;8:20499361211014769. doi:10.1177/20499361211014769
   Google Scholar
• Zhou QH, Hu CQ, Shi Y, et al. Cryptococcosis in patients with liver cirrhosis: death risk factors and predictive value of prognostic models. Hepatobil Pancr Dis Int. 2021;20(5):460–468. doi:10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao M, Li C, Li J, Chen D, Ding M, Gong Y. Opportunistic invasive fungal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Southern China: clinical features and associated factors. J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(3):731–744. doi:10.1111/jdi.13183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu J, Lv X. Cryptococcal meningitis in apparently immunocompetent patients. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2022;1–11. doi:10.1080/1040841x.2022.2159786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z, Zhu C, Ip M, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antifungal resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans from human immunodeficiency virus-negative and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Eastern China. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:942940. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.942940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KS, Lai CC, Yu WL, Chao CM. COVID-19 associated with cryptococcosis: a new challenge during the pandemic. J Fungi. 2022;8(10):1111. doi:10.3390/jof8101111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Xiao M, Chen S, et al. Predominance of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii multilocus sequence type 5 and emergence of isolates with non-wild-type minimum inhibitory concentrations to fluconazole: a multi-centre study in China. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(10):887.e1–887.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermas A, Geddes-McAlister J. Combatting the evolution of antifungal resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol. 2020;114(5):721–734. doi:10.1111/mmi.14565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Xu M, Zhou H, Yao Y, Zhou J, Pan Z. Microbiological and clinical characteristics of cryptococcemia: a retrospective analysis of 85 cases in a Chinese hospital. Med Mycol. 2020;58(4):478–484. doi:10.1093/mmy/myz089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, et al. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of noncandidal yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(1):117–123. doi:10.1128/jcm.01747-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YC, Chang TY, Liu JW, et al. Increasing trend of fluconazole-non-susceptible Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with invasive cryptococcosis: a 12-year longitudinal study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):277. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1023-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith KD, Achan B, Hullsiek KH, et al. Increased antifungal drug resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12):7197–7204. doi:10.1128/aac.01299-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongomin F, Oladele RO, Gago S, Moore CB, Richardson MD. A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species. Mycoses. 2018;61(5):290–297. doi:10.1111/myc.12747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal H, Shafiq M, Hou B, et al. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species from mainland China: a systematic analysis. Virulence. 2022;13(1):1573–1589. doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2123325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal H, Hou B, Shafiq M, Chen X, Shahid MA, Zeng Y. Antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolated from cutaneous candidiasis patients in eastern Guangdong region: a retrospective study of the past 10 years. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:981181. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.981181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar