Incidence Pattern, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors of Bacterial Uropathogens Among General Population of Pakistan

References

• Dordevic Z, Folic M, Jankovic S. Community-acquired urinary tract infections: causative agents and their resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2016;73:1109–1115. doi:10.2298/VSP150122218D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacovelli V, Gaziev G, Topazio L, Bove P, Vespasiani G, Finazzi Agrò E. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: a review. Urologia. 2014;81:222–227. doi:10.5301/uro.5000092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(12):653–660. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucheria R, Dasgupta P, Sacks SH, Khan MS, Sheerin NS. Urinary tract infections: new insights into a common problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(952):83–86. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.023036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Badr A, Al-Shaikh G. Recurrent urinary tract infections management in women: a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2013;13:359–367. doi:10.12816/0003256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olowe OA, Ojo-Johnson BB, Makanjuola OB, Olowe RA, Mabayoje VO. Detection of bacteriuria among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals in Osogbo, south-western Nigeria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2015;5:126–130. doi:10.1556/EuJMI-D-14-00036
   Google Scholar
• Awaness AM, Al-Saadi MG, Aadoas SA. Antibiotics resistance in recurrent urinary tract infection. Kufa Med J. 2000;3:159.
   Google Scholar
• John AS, Mboto CI, Agbo B. A review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults. Eur J Exp Bio. 2016;6:7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mahato S, Mahato A, Yadav J. Prevalence and identification of uropathogens in Eastern Nepal and understanding their antibiogram due to multidrug resistance and ESBL. Asian Pac J Microbiol Res. 2018;2:09–17.
   Google Scholar
• Amali O, Indinyero M, Umeh E, Awodi N. Urinary tract infections among female students of the university of agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol. 2009;7:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial uropathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma university specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011;21:141–146. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v21i2.69055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turpin C, Minkah B, Danso K, Frimpong E. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Komfo Anokye teaching hospital, kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2007;41:26–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le TP, Miller LG. Empirical therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance: a decision and cost analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(5):615–621. doi:10.1086/322603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M; ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005;365(9459):579–587. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17907-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanafani ZA, Mehio-Sibai A, Araj GF, Kanaan M, Kanj SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms: a case control study at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:326–332. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topaloglu R, Er I, Dogan BG, et al. Risk factors in community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(5):919–925. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1431-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odoki M, Almustapha Aliero A, Tibyangye J, et al. Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:1–8. doi:10.1155/2019/4246780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessema NN, Ali MM, Zenebe MH. Bacterial associated urinary tract infection, risk factors, and drug susceptibility profile among adult people living with HIV at Haswassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, South Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–9. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67840-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ifeanyichukwu I, Emmanuel N, Chika E, et al. Frequency and antibiogram of uropathogens isolated from urine samples of HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Am J Biosci. 2013;1:50–53. doi:10.11648/j.ajbio.20130103.11
   Google Scholar
• Marami D, Balakrishnan S, Seyoum B. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates, and associated factors of urinary tract infections among HIV-positive patients at Hiwot Fana specialized university hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2019;2019:1–8. doi:10.1155/2019/6780354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He K, Hu Y, Shi JC, Zhu YQ, Mao XM. Prevalence, risk factors and microorganisms of urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in China. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:403–408. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S147078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okonko I, Ijandipe LA, Ilusanya OA, Donbraye-Emmanuel OB, Ejembi J, Udeze AO. Incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009;8(23):6649–6652.
   Google Scholar
• Onuoha SC, Fatokun K. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am J Life Sci. 2014;2:46–52. doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.12
   Google Scholar
• Rahiman FO, Balasubramanian T, Shejina M, Musambil M. A review on urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Int J Pharma Res Rev. 2015;4:26–33.
   Google Scholar
• Honkinen O, Jahnukainen T, Mertsola J, Eskola J, Ruuskanen O. Bacteremic urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:630–634. doi:10.1097/00006454-200007000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy KM, Glynn LG, Dineen B. A survey of the management of urinary tract infection in children in primary care and comparison with the NICE guidelines. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11:1–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebremariam G, Legese H, Woldu Y, Araya T, Hagos K, Gebreyesus Wasihun A. Bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1–11. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4610-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramzan M, Bakhsh S, Salam A, Khan GM, Mustafa G. Risk factors in urinary tract infection. Gomal J Med Sci. 2004;2:50–53.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M100-Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kolawole AS, Kolawole OM, Kandaki-Olukemi YT, Babatunde SK, Durowade KA, Kolawole CF. Prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among patients attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Int J Med Med Sci. 2009;1:163–167. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.060
   Google Scholar
• Maheswary D, Saikumar C. Profile of urinary tract infections and resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital in India. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;27(03):506–512. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.060
   Google Scholar
• Moue A, Aktaruzzaman SA, Ferdous N, Karim MR, Khalil MM, Das AK. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in both outpatient department and in patient department at a medical college setting of Bangladesh. Int J Biosci. 2015;7:146–152.
   Google Scholar
• Seifu WD, Gebissa AD. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infections (UTI) in Shashemene referral hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2911-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hailay A, Zereabruk K, Mebrahtom G, Aberhe W, Bahrey D. Magnitude and its associated factors of urinary tract infection among adult patients attending Tigray Region Hospitals, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. Int J Microbiol. 2020;2020:1–8. doi:10.1155/2020/8896990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbar DH. Urinary tract infection: diabetics and non-diabetic patients. Saudi Med J. 2001;22:326–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabugo D, Kizito S, Ashok DD, et al. Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16:1131–1142. doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i4.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farajnia S, Alikhani MY, Ghotaslou R, Naghili B, Nakhlband A. Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:140–144. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan IU, Mirza IA, Ikram A, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2014;24:840–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah A, Shah SRH, Almugadam BS, Sadiqui S. Prevalence of symptomatic urinary tract infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated uropathogens in Kohat region of Pakistan. MOJ Biol Med. 2018;3(2):85–89. doi:10.15406/mojbm.2018.03.00082
   Google Scholar
• Angoti G, Goudarzi H, Hajizadeh M, Tabatabaii Z. Bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection among patients and determination of the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the gram negative bacteria in Iran. Novel Biomed. 2016;4:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, DeCorby M, Adam H, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Canadian hospitals: results of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(11):4684–4693. doi:10.1128/AAC.00469-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwai SS, Nageen A, Ghaznavi S, Bashir F, Ara J. Antibiotic susceptibility in commonly isolated pathogens from urinary tract infection in a cohort of subjects from low socioeconomic strata. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33:254–259. doi:10.12669/pjms.332.11569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amjad A, Mirza IA, Abbasi SA, Farwa U, Sattar A, Qureshi ZA. Spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pathogens causing urinary tract infection: experience in a tertiary care setting. Infect Dis J. 2011;20:297–301.
   Google Scholar
• Sabir S, Anjum AA, Ijaz T, Ali MA, Khan MR, Nawaz M. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30:389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahzad KA, Ullah F, Muhammad K, Khatoon F, Qazi MH, Ahmed I. Multiple drug resistance patterns in urinary tract infection patients in Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan. J Inf Mol Biol. 2013;1:67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna-Wakim RH, Ghanem ST, El Helou MW, et al. Epidemiology and characteristics of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015;5:45. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2015.00045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekhar D, Dollychan A, Roy BM, Cholamughath S, Parambil JC. Prevalence and antibiotic utilization pattern of uropathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infection in Kerala, India. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;29:671–677. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hryniewicz K, Szczypa K, Sulikowska A, Jankowski K, Betlejewska K, Hryniewicz W. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Poland. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:773–780. doi:10.1093/jac/47.6.773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khameneh ZR, Afshar AT. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract pathogens. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20:251–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bi XC, Zhang B, Ye YK, et al. Pathogen incidence and antibiotic resistance patterns of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in children. J Chemother. 2009;21:661–665. doi:10.1179/joc.2009.21.6.661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemu A, Moges F, Shiferaw Y, et al. Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at university of Gondar teaching Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:197. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohail M, Khurshid M, Saleem HG, Javed H, Khan AA. Characteristics and antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens isolated from Punjab, Pakistan. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(7):e19272. doi:10.5812/jjm.19272v2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshwarappa M, Dosegowda R, Aprameya IV, Khan MW, Kumar PS. Clinico-microbiological profile of urinary tract infection in south India. Indian J Nephrol. 2011;21:30–36. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.75226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasew D, Desalegn B, Aynalem M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance trend of bacterial uropathogens at the university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a 10 years retrospective study. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0266878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar