Clinical Characteristics of Severe COVID-19 Patients During Omicron Epidemic and a Nomogram Model Integrating Cell-Free DNA for Predicting Mortality: A Retrospective Analysis

References

• Alimohamadi Y, Tola HH, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Janani M, Sepandi M. Case fatality rate of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021;62(2):E311–E320. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang Y, Wan X, Fu X, et al. Severe versus common COVID-19: an early warning nomogram model. Aging. 2022;14(2):544–556. doi:10.18632/aging.203832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jing W, Ding F, Zhang Y, et al. Trends of SARS-CoV-2 infection in rural area in sentinel community-based surveillance - China, December 2022 to January 2023. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(11):241–247. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren-Gash C, Davidson JA, Strongman H, et al. Severe COVID-19 outcomes by cardiovascular risk profile in England in 2020: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Region Health Europe. 2023;27:100604. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100604
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarębska-Michaluk D, Jaroszewicz J, Rogalska M, et al. Impact of kidney failure on the severity of COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;10(9):2042. doi:10.3390/jcm10092042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakhsha A, Azghandi S, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Decision on chemotherapy amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a review and a practical approach from Iran. Infect Chemother. 2020;52(4):496–502. doi:10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kalita P, Pathak MP. Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: understanding the association in light of current evidence. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(28):8327–8339. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng M, He J, Xue Y, Yang X, Liu S, Gong Z. Role of hypertension on the severity of COVID-19: a review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;78(5):e648–e655. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000001116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur V, Ratho RK. OMICRON (B.1.1.529): a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern mounting worldwide fear. J Med Virol. 2022;94(5):1821–1824. doi:10.1002/jmv.27541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Zhu XF, Huang J, et al. Nomogram for prediction of fatal outcome in patients with severe COVID-19: a multicenter study. Military Med Res. 2021;8(1):21. doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00315-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon HJ, Kim K, Kang EK, Yang H-J, Lee E. Prediction of COVID-19-related mortality and 30-day and 60-day survival probabilities using a nomogram. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(35):e248. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JP, Zhang SC, Pan SY. Value of dynamic plasma cell-free DNA monitoring in septic shock syndrome: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(1):200–207. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i1.200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello S, Lasierra AB, López-Vergara L, et al. IL-6 and cfDNA monitoring throughout COVID-19 hospitalization are accurate markers of its outcomes. Respir Res. 2023;24(1):125. doi:10.1186/s12931-023-02426-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia WY, Gao L, Dai EH, et al. Liquid biopsy for non-invasive assessment of liver injury in hepatitis B patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(29):3985–3995. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i29.3985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes A, Cecconi M. Cell-free DNA and outcome in sepsis. Crit Care. 2012;16(6):170. doi:10.1186/cc11508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andargie TE, Tsuji N, Seifuddin F, et al. Cell-free DNA maps COVID-19 tissue injury and risk of death and can cause tissue injury. JCI Insight. 2021;6(7). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.147610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin X, Wang Y, Xu J, et al. Plasma cell-free DNA promise monitoring and tissue injury assessment of COVID-19. Mol Genet Genom. 2023;298(4):823–836. doi:10.1007/s00438-023-02014-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Pan S, Xie E, et al. Development and evaluation of a duplex real-time PCR assay with a novel internal standard for precise quantification of plasma DNA. Ann Lab Med. 2017;37(1):18–27. doi:10.3343/alm.2017.37.1.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Office of the National Health Commission PGD, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People’s Republic of China. Diagnosis and treatment Plan for novel coronavirus infection (trial version 10). China Med. 2023;02:161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Do TV, Manabe T, Vu GV. Clinical characteristics and mortality risk among critically ill patients with COVID-19 owing to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant in Vietnam: a retrospective observational study. PLoS One. 2023;18(1):e0279713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Zhong F, Zhang H, An W, Liao M, Cao Y. Risk factor analysis and nomogram construction for non-survivors among critical patients with COVID-19. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2020;73(6):452–458. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang L, Liu C, et al. Exploration of prognostic factors for critical COVID-19 patients using a nomogram model. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8192. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87373-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730–1741. doi:10.1111/all.14238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Bai WH, Yang JJ, Chou P, Ning WS. Construction and validation of mortality risk nomograph model for severe/critical patients with COVID-19. Diagnostics. 2022;12(10):2562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Fredj S, Ghammem R, Zammit N, et al. Risk factors for severe Covid-19 breakthrough infections: an observational longitudinal study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):894. doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07859-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu C, Wang G, Geng Y, Guo N, Cui N, Liu J. Establishment of a clinical nomogram model to predict the progression of COVID-19 to severe disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2021;17:553–561. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S308961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiolet T, Kherabi Y, MacDonald CJ, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(2):202–221. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadas SM, Vilches TN, Zhang K, et al. The impact of vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States. medRxiv 2021. doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.20240051
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Chi J, Lv W, Wang Y. Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021;37(2):e3377. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scialo F, Daniele A, Amato F, Pastore L, Matera MG, Cazzola M. ACE2: the major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Lung. 2020;198(6):867–877. doi:10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJ, Dong X, Liu GH, Gao YD. Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and mortality. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2023;64(1):90–107. doi:10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the “Cytokine Storm” in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607–613. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranucci R. Cell-free DNA: applications in different diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1909:3–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papoutsi E, Giannakoulis VG, Xourgia E, Routsi C, Kotanidou A, Siempos II. Effect of timing of intubation on clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized cohort studies. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):121. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03540-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russotto V, Rahmani LS, Parotto M, Bellani G, Laffey JG. Tracheal intubation in the critically ill patient. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(5):463–472. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay B, Meyers M, Rivard L, Stankewicz H, Stoltzfus JC, Rammohan G. Comparison of early and late intubation in COVID-19 and its effect on mortality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):3075. doi:10.3390/ijerph19053075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wu J, et al. Risks and features of secondary infections in severe and critical ill COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microb Infect. 2020;9(1):1958–1964. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1812437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumlein D, Griffiths I. Shock: aetiology, pathophysiology and management. Br J Nurs. 2022;31(8):422–428. doi:10.12968/bjon.2022.31.8.422
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Standl T, Annecke T, Cascorbi I, Heller AR, Sabashnikov A, Teske W. The nomenclature, definition and distinction of types of shock. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(45):757–768. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao M, Li X, Liu F, Tian T, Luo J, Yang Y. Acute kidney injury is associated with severe infection and fatality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies and 24,527 patients. Pharmacol Res. 2020;161:105107. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Lu J, Song Z, Zhou Y, Liu T, Zhang D. From past to future: bibliometric analysis of global research productivity on nomogram (2000–2021). Front Public Health. 2022;10:997713. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.997713
   PubMedGoogle Scholar