Antifungal Selection for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: Patient Considerations and Outcomes

References

• Veiga FF, Gadelha MC, da Silva MRT, et al. Propolis extract for onychomycosis topical treatment: from bench to clinic. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:779. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickles MA, Lio PA, Mervak JE. Complementary and alternative therapies for onychomycosis: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Skin Appendage Disorders. 2022;8(4):269–279. doi:10.1159/000521703
   Google Scholar
• Lipner S, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: current and future therapies. Cutis. 2014;93(2):60–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: treatment and prevention of recurrence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):853–867. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.05.1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodman MA, Krishnamurthy K. Onychomycosis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(3):415–429. doi:10.1128/cmr.11.3.415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Shear NHO. Going for cure. Can Fam Physician. 1997;43:299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aris P, Wei Y, Mohamadzadeh M, Xia X. Griseofulvin: an Updated Overview of Old and Current Knowledge. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7034. doi:10.3390/molecules27207034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baran R, Gupta AK, Piérard GE. Pharmacotherapy of onychomycosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6(4):609–624. doi:10.1517/14656566.6.4.609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falotico JM, Lipner SR. Updated perspectives on the diagnosis and management of onychomycosis. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatol. 2022;15:1933–1957. doi:10.2147/ccid.S362635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson JM, Troxell T. Griseofulvin. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Ameen M, Lear JT, Madan V, Mohd Mustapa MF, Richardson M. British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):937–958. doi:10.1111/bjd.13358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piérard GE, Arrese-Estrada J, Piérard-Franchimont C. Treatment of onychomycosis: traditional approaches. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29(1):S41–5. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81836-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies RR, Everall JD, Hamilton E. Mycological and clinical evaluation of griseofulvin for chronic onychomycosis. Br Med J. 1967;3:5563):464–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5563.464
   Google Scholar
• Griseofulvin. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Redeker AG, Sterling RE, Bronow RS. Effect of griseofulvin in acute intermittent porphyria. JAMA. 1964;188(5):466–468. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060310066017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watsky MS, Lynfield YL. Lupus erythematosus exacerbated by griseofulvin. Cutis. 1976;17(2):361–363.
   Google Scholar
• Madhok R, Zoma A, Capell H. Fatal exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus after treatment with griseofulvin. Br Med J Clin Res Ed. 1985;291:6490):249–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6490.249
   Google Scholar
• Rosa FW, Hernandez C, Carlo WA. Griseofulvin teratology, including two thoracopagus conjoined twins. Lancet. 1987;1(8525):171. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92015-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko EM, Lowry RB, Martin RH. Analysis of sperm karyotypes in a patient treated with griseofulvin. Arch Androl. 2007;53(3):157–160. doi:10.1080/01485010701314024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Paquet M. Systemic antifungals to treat onychomycosis in children: a systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(3):294–302. doi:10.1111/pde.12048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajeed M, Wei L, Murdan S. What can GP data tell us about the treatment of onychomycosis in the UK? Skin Health Dis. 2022;2(1):e84. doi:10.1002/ski2.84
   Google Scholar
• Okino K, Weibert RT. Warfarin-griseofulvin interaction. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986;20(4):291–293. doi:10.1177/106002808602000417
   Google Scholar
• Katz HI. Systemic antifungal agents used to treat onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(5):S48–52. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70484-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beule K, Van Gestel J. Pharmacology of itraconazole. Drugs. 2001;61:27–37. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161001-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricardo JW, Lipner SR. Recommendations for treatment of nail lichen planus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13551. doi:10.1111/dth.13551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slain D, Rogers PD, Cleary JD, Chapman SW. Intravenous itraconazole. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35(6):720–729. doi:10.1345/aph.10262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers P, Bassler M. Treating onychomycosis. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63(4):663–72, 677–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, Paul C, Billstein S, Evans EG. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(3):353–357. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.3.353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigurgeirsson B, Billstein S, Rantanen T, et al. Study: efficacy and tolerability of continuous terbinafine (Lamisil) compared to intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Lamisil vs. Itraconazole in Onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(56):5–14. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.00008.x
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Konnikov N, Lynde CW. Single-blind, randomized, prospective study on terbinafine and itraconazole for treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in the elderly. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(3):479–484. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.110874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer M, De Keyser P, De Vroey C, Lesaffre E. A 12-week treatment for dermatophyte toe onychomycosis: terbinafine 250 mg/day vs. itraconazole 200 mg/day--a double-blind comparative trial. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134(46):16–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb15653.x
   Google Scholar
• Sigurgeirsson B, Elewski BE, Rich PA, et al. Intermittent versus continuous terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison. J DermatolTreat. 2006;17(1):38–44. doi:10.1080/09546630500504713
   Google Scholar
• Bräutigam M. Terbinafine versus itraconazole: a controlled clinical comparison in onychomycosis of the toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(5):S53–6. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70485-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranawaka RR, Nagahawatte A, Gunasekara TA, Weerakoon HS, de Silva SH. Randomized, double-blind, comparative study on efficacy and safety of itraconazole pulse therapy and terbinafine pulse therapy on nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis: a study with 90 patients. J DermatolTreat. 2016;27(4):364–372. doi:10.3109/09546634.2015.1119781
   Google Scholar
• Degreef H, Del Palacio A, Mygind S, Ginter G, Pinto Soares A, Zuluaga de Cadena A. Randomized double-blind comparison of short-term itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for toenail onychomycosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79(3):221–223. doi:10.1080/000155599750011020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddin S, Quiring J, Bulger L. Randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study of itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(7):758–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odom RB, Aly R, Scher RK, et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of intermittent therapy with itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis of the fingernail. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(2):231–235. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70286-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Xu H, Shi Y, Yu J, Tao Y, Li X. An exploration of the optimum dosage and number of cycles of itraconazole pulse therapy for severe onychomycosis. Mycoses. 2018;61(10):736–742. doi:10.1111/myc.12799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havu V, Brandt H, Heikkilä H, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing itraconazole pulse therapy with continuous dosing for the treatment of toe-nail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(2):230–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricardo JW, Lipner SR. Safety of current therapies for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(11):1395–1408. doi:10.1080/14740338.2020.1829592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haneke E, Abeck D, Ring J. Safety and efficacy of intermittent therapy with itraconazole in finger- and toenail onychomycosis: a multicentre trial. Mycoses. 1998;41(11–12):521–527. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00716.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-e-Silva M, Marques SA, Gontijo B, Zaitz C, Campbell I, Veloso ST. Efficacy and safety of itraconazole pulse therapy: Brazilian multicentric study on toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998;11(2):109–116. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.1998.tb00762.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Scher RK, et al. Itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(4):303–308. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00360.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporanox (itraconazole) capsules. PriCara; 2023. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020083s040s041s044lbl.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Wang DL, Wang AP, Li RY, Wang R. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of one-week intermittent therapy with itraconazole for onychomycosis in a Chinese patient population. Dermatology. 1999;199(1):47–49. doi:10.1159/000018177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad SR, Singer SJ, Leissa BG. Congestive heart failure associated with itraconazole. Lancet. 2001;357(9270):1766–1767. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04891-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie-Wood AR, Whitfeld MJ, Ray JE. Itraconazole and HIV protease inhibitors: an important interaction. Med J Aust. 1999;170(1):46–47. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb126872.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albreski DA, Gross EG. The safety of itraconazole in the diabetic population. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999;89(7):339–345. doi:10.7547/87507315-89-7-339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis M, Di Gianantonio E, Cesari E, Ambrosini G, Straface G, Clementi M. First-trimester itraconazole exposure and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study of women contacting teratology information services in Italy. Drug Saf. 2009;32(3):239–244. doi:10.2165/00002018-200932030-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Oz B, Moretti ME, Bishai R, et al. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to itraconazole: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(3):617–620. doi:10.1067/mob.2000.105962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginter G. Mycoses in Children, Systemic Treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;7(98):3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Huang PH, Paller AS. Itraconazole pulse therapy for dermatophyte onychomycosis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(6):614–618. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.6.614
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Ginter G. Efficacy and safety of itraconazole use in children. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(3):521–535. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00030-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of adverse events with systemic onychomycosis medications reported to the United States food and drug administration. J DermatolTreat. 2021;32(7):783–787. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1708242
   Google Scholar
• Salem M, Reichlin T, Fasel D, Leuppi-Taegtmeyer A. Torsade de pointes and systemic azole antifungal agents: analysis of global spontaneous safety reports. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2017;2017(2):11. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2017.11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipner SR, Joseph WS, Vlahovic TC, et al. Therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis in the US. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(10):1076–1084. doi:10.36849/jdd.6291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia A, Kanish B, Badyal DK, Kate P, Choudhary S. Efficacy of oral terbinafine versus itraconazole in treatment of dermatophytic infection of skin - A prospective, randomized comparative study. Indian J Pharmacol. 2019;51(2):116–119. doi:10.4103/ijp.IJP_578_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Effron G, Gomez-Lopez A, Mellado E, Monzon A, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. In vitro activity of terbinafine against medically important non-dermatophyte species of filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(6):1086–1089. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAMISIL (terbinafine hydrochloride) tablets. Novartis pharmaceuticals corporation; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Tavakkol A, Fellman S, Kianifard F. Safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: analysis of the elderly subgroup in improving results in onychomycosis-concomitant lamisil and debridement (IRON-CLAD), an open-label, randomized trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4(1):1–13. doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2005.12.012
   Google Scholar
• Evans EG, Sigurgeirsson B. Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. The LION Study Group. BMJ. 1999;318(7190):1031–1035. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):578–584. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billstein S, Kianifard F, Justice A. Terbinafine vs. placebo for onychomycosis in black patients. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(5):377–379. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00713.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svejgaard EL, Brandrup F, Kragballe K, et al. Oral terbinafine in toenail dermatophytosis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study with 12 months’ follow-up. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997;77(1):66–69. doi:10.2340/0001555555776669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräutigam M, Nolting S, Schopf RE, Weidinger G. German randomized double-blind multicentre comparison of terbinafine and itraconazole for the treatment of toenail tinea infection. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134(46):18–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb15654.x
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Stec N, Summerbell RC, et al. Onychomycosis: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(9):1972–1990. doi:10.1111/jdv.16394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings MB, Pollak R, Harkless LB, Kianifard F, Tavakkol A. Treatment of toenail onychomycosis with oral terbinafine plus aggressive debridement: IRON-CLAD, a large, randomized, open-label, multicenter trial. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2006;96(6):465–473. doi:10.7547/0960465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, et al. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7(7):Cd010031. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010031.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Johnson AM. Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(3):537–544. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05728.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi NA, Shah PC. A meta-analysis comparing efficacy of continuous terbinafine with intermittent itraconazole for toenail onychomycosis. Indian J Dermatol. 2010;55(2):198–199. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.62746
   Google Scholar
• Doty RL, Haxel BR. Objective assessment of terbinafine-induced taste loss. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(11):2035–2037. doi:10.1097/01.Mlg.0000181462.08683.0c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty RL, Bromley SM. Effects of drugs on olfaction and taste. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;37(6):1229–1254. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2004.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxbury AJ, Oliver RJ, Pemberton MN. Persistent impairment of taste associated with terbinafine. Br Dent J. 2000;188(6):295–296. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan DP, Needham CA, Bangs A, Atkin K, Kendall FD. Postmarketing surveillance of oral terbinafine in the UK: report of a large cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42(5):559–565. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00110.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker BH, Van Riemsdijk MM, Sturkenboom MC, Ottervanger JP. Taste loss to terbinafine: a case-control study of potential risk factors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42(3):313–318. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.04105.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, Groll AH. Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(2):149–165. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1270264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2010;52(6):2065–2076. doi:10.1002/hep.23937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolmeier DA, Stratman HB, McIntee TJ, Stratman EJ. Utility of laboratory test result monitoring in patients taking oral terbinafine or griseofulvin for dermatophyte infections. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1409–1416. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderweil SG, Yang C, Pagani K, Chuprin J, Bernhard J, Harris JE. Assessing risk amid uncertainty inside and outside the dermatology clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;89:864–866. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.06.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishack S, Miller RC, Lipner SR. Insights into the ”fear factor” regarding terbinafine-associated hepatoxicity in an assessment of online information. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(6):e269–e271. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2022.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang R, Lipner S. Evaluation of onychomycosis information on the internet. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(5):484–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Konnikov N, MacDonald P, et al. Prevalence and epidemiology of toenail onychomycosis in diabetic subjects: a multicentre survey. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(4):665–671. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02464.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Gover MD, Lynde CW. Pulse itraconazole vs. continuous terbinafine for the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(10):1188–1193. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01698.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cribier BJ, Bakshi R. Terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: a review of its efficacy in high-risk populations and in patients with nondermatophyte infections. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(3):414–420. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05726.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Lynch LE, Tavakkol A. The use of terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis in adults and special populations: a review of the evidence. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(3):302–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nandwani R, Parnell A, Youle M, et al. Use of terbinafine in HIV-positive subjects: pilot studies in onychomycosis and oral candidiasis. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134(46):22–24. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb15655.x
   Google Scholar
• Herranz P, García J, De Lucas R, et al. Toenail onychomycosis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: treatment with terbinafine. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(4):577–580. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03789.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson NW, Thomsen SF, Andersen JT. Exposure to terbinafine in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, and stillbirth: a nationwide cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(3):763–767. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel VM, Schwartz RA, Lambert WC. Topical antiviral and antifungal medications in pregnancy: a review of safety profiles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(9):1440–1446. doi:10.1111/jdv.14297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Chang P, Del Rosso JQ, Adam P, Hofstader SL. Onychomycosis in children: prevalence and management. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15(6):464–471. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015464.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M. Management of onychomycosis in children. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(3):507–509. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00034-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldstein S, Totri C, Friedlander SF. Antifungal therapy for onychomycosis in children. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(3):333–339. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of abnormal laboratory test results in pediatric patients prescribed terbinafine for superficial fungal infections. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(4):1042–1044. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen P, Lehne G, Fauchald P, Simonsen S. Effect of oral terbinafine treatment on cyclosporin pharmacokinetics in organ transplant recipients with dermatophyte nail infection. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76(4):280–281. doi:10.2340/0001555576280281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KH, Kim YS, Kim MS, Chung HS, Park K. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis in renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 1996;28(3):1488–1489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Sabater A, Ouali N, Chasset F, et al. Severe onychomycosis management with oral terbinafine in a kidney transplantation setting: clinical follow-up by image analysis. Mycoses. 2021;64(3):309–315. doi:10.1111/myc.13220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarikoski T, Saari TI, Hagelberg NM, et al. Effects of terbinafine and itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(3):321–327. doi:10.1007/s00228-014-1799-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami A, Hori S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Analysis of the mechanism of prolonged persistence of drug interaction between terbinafine and amitriptyline or nortriptyline. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017;40(7):1010–1020. doi:10.1248/bpb.b16-01004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YM. Prolonged Drug-Drug Interaction between Terbinafine and Perphenazine. Psychiatry Invest. 2012;9(4):422–424. doi:10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebawi E, Jouni SS, Tessier AA, Frenette AJ, Brindamour D, Doré M. A metoprolol-terbinafine combination induced bradycardia. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40(3):295–299. doi:10.1007/s13318-014-0205-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SJ. Efficacy of fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(10):1684–1691. doi:10.1345/aph.1M165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF, et al. Onychomycosis: an Updated Review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2020;14(1):32–45. doi:10.2174/1872213x13666191026090713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakshir K, Kamali M, Nouraei H, Zomorodian K, Motamedi M, Mahmoodi M. Molecular characterization and antifungal activity against non-dermatophyte molds causing onychomycosis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20736. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00104-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Scher RK, Rich P. Fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis: an update. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(11):815–820. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4632.1998.00564.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C, Paquet M. Evidence-based optimal fluconazole dosing regimen for onychomycosis treatment. J DermatolTreat. 2013;24(1):75–80. doi:10.3109/09546634.2012.703308
   Google Scholar
• Montero-Gei F, Robles-Soto ME, Schlager H. Fluconazole in the treatment of severe onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35(8):587–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03666.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SW, Sealy DP, Schneider E, Lackland D. An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. South Med J. 1995;88(12):1217–1220. doi:10.1097/00007611-199512000-00006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaf RR, Elewski BE. Intermittent fluconazole dosing in patients with onychomycosis: results of a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(2):216–219. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90327-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diflucan (fluconazole) tablets. Pfizer Inc; 2023. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/020083s062lbl.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhou YY, Jiang CM, Jiang HY. The safety of oral fluconazole during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bjog. 2019;126(13):1546–1552. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan YC, Koren G, Bozzo P. Fluconazole exposure during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61(8):685–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association between use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. JAMA. 2016;315(1):58–67. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.17844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette VC, Elwood C. The safety of oral fluconazole therapy in pregnancy. Cmaj. 2019;191(7):E177–e178. doi:10.1503/cmaj.190079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton TL, Celum CL, Black DJ. Possible potentiation of warfarin by fluconazole. Dicp. 1990;24(12):1177–1178. doi:10.1177/106002809002401207
   Google Scholar
• Nofal A, Fawzy MM, El-Hawary EE. Successful treatment of resistant onychomycosis with voriconazole in a liver transplant patient. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14014. doi:10.1111/dth.14014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Talukder M, Venkataraman M. Review of the alternative therapies for onychomycosis and superficial fungal infections: posaconazole, fosravuconazole, voriconazole, oteseconazole. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61(12):1431–1441. doi:10.1111/ijd.15999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott LJ, Simpson D. Voriconazole: a review of its use in the management of invasive fungal infections. Drugs. 2007;67(2):269–298. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767020-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea S, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Comparison of in vitro activities of voriconazole and five established antifungal agents against different species of dermatophytes using a broth macrodilution method. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(1):385–388. doi:10.1128/jcm.39.1.385-388.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spriet I, Lambrecht C, Lagrou K, Verhamme B. Successful eradication of Scytalidium dimidiatum-induced ungual and cutaneous infection with voriconazole. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22(2):197–199. doi:10.1684/ejd.2011.1616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MT, Chandrasekar PH. Adverse effects of voriconazole: over a decade of use. Clin Transplant. 2016;30(11):1377–1386. doi:10.1111/ctr.12834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JL, Chang CH, Young-Xu Y, Chan KA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the tolerability and hepatotoxicity of antifungals in empirical and definitive therapy for invasive fungal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(6):2409–2419. doi:10.1128/aac.01657-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson LB, Kauffman CA. Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(5):630–637. doi:10.1086/367933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoai Tehrani M, de Fontbrune F S, Roth P, et al. Case report of exposure to voriconazole in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(2):1094–1095. doi:10.1128/aac.00899-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VFEND (voriconazole) oral suspension. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021266s032lbl.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Tomas E. New antifungal agents. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(3):565–576. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00024-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elewski B, Pollak R, Ashton S, Rich P, Schlessinger J, Tavakkol A. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, investigator-blinded study of four treatment regimens of posaconazole in adults with toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(2):389–398. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10660.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jachiet M, Lanternier F, Rybojad M, et al. Posaconazole treatment of extensive skin and nail dermatophytosis due to autosomal recessive deficiency of CARD9. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(2):192–194. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.2154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noxafil (posaconazole) Label. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/022003s018s020,0205053s002s004,0205596s001s003lbl.pdfAccessed February 26, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Venkataraman M, Bamimore MA. Relative impact of traditional vs. newer oral antifungals for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis: a network meta-analysis study. Br J Dermatol. 2023;189(1):12–22. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne S, Fisher BT, Ellis D, Zaoutis TE, Downes KJ. Posaconazole Administration in Hospitalized Children in the United States. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019;8(5):481–484. doi:10.1093/jpids/piy119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hatmi AM, Bonifaz A, Calderón L, et al. Proximal subungual onychomycosis caused by Fusarium falciforme successfully cured with posaconazole. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(1):253–255. doi:10.1111/bjd.13589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguchi H, Matsumoto T, Kimura U, et al. Fosravuconazole to treat severe onychomycosis in the elderly. J Dermatol. 2021;48(2):228–231. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoyama H, Yo A, Sei Y, Kuwano Y. Treatment Outcome with Fosravuconazole for Onychomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2021;186(2):259–267. doi:10.1007/s11046-021-00540-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Tsubouchi I, Okubo A. Efficacy and safety of fosravuconazole L-lysine ethanolate, a novel oral triazole antifungal agent, for the treatment of onychomycosis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase III study. J Dermatol. 2018;45(10):1151–1159. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano M, Aoki Y, Yamaguchi H. Drug properties of fosravuconazole L-lysine ethanolate (NAILIN(®) Capsules 100 mg), a new oral azole therapeutic for onychomycosis: an analysis based on non-clinical and clinical trial data. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2019;153(2):79–87. doi:10.1254/fpj.153.79
   Google Scholar
• Inoue T, Watabe D, Tsunemi Y, Amano H. Outcome of fosravuconazole treatment for onychomycosis refractory to topical antifungal agents. J Dermatol. 2023;50(8):1014–1019. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.16824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Baran R. The use of topical therapies to treat onychomycosis. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(3):481–489. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00025-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabara K, Szewczyk AE, Bienias W, et al. Amorolfine vs. ciclopirox - lacquers for the treatment of onychomycosis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2015;32(1):40–45. doi:10.5114/pdia.2014.40968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunyaratavej S, Leeyaphan C, Rujitharanawong C, Surawan TM, Muanprasat C, Matthapan L. Efficacy of 5% amorolfine nail lacquer in Neoscytalidium dimidiatum onychomycosis. J DermatolTreat. 2016;27(4):359–363. doi:10.3109/09546634.2015.1109029
   Google Scholar
• Reinel D. Topical treatment of onychomycosis with amorolfine 5% nail lacquer: comparative efficacy and tolerability of once and twice weekly use. Dermatology. 2009;184(Suppl. 1):21–24. doi:10.1159/000247612
   Google Scholar
• Reinel D, Clarke C. Comparative efficacy and safety of amorolfine nail lacquer 5% in onychomycosis, once-weekly versus twice-weekly. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1992;17 Suppl 1:44–49. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1992.tb00278.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorolfine 5% Medicated nail lacquer, package leaflet: information for the user. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.7414.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Chen S, Ran Y-P, Dai Y-L, Lama J, Hu W-Y. Case of infantile onychomycosis successfully cured by 5% amorolfine nail lacquer. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(11):933–934. doi:10.1111/jpc.12740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn M, Kraemer KT. Dermatopharmacology of ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4 Suppl):S57–69. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geizhals S, Lipner SR. A timeline of onychomycosis therapy and future directions. Skinmed. 2020;18(6):367–371.
   Google Scholar
• Bohn M, Kraemer K. The dermatopharmacologic profile of ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90(10):491–494. doi:10.7547/87507315-90-10-491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Baran R. Ciclopirox nail lacquer solution 8% in the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4 Suppl):S96–102. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Fleckman P, Baran R. Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4 Suppl):S70–80. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemer A, Nathansohn N, Trau H, Amichai B, Grunwald MH. Ciclopirox nail lacquer for the treatment of onychomycosis: an open non-comparative study. J Dermatol. 2010;37(2):137–139. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00773.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avner S, Nir N, Henri T. Combination of oral terbinafine and topical ciclopirox compared to oral terbinafine for the treatment of onychomycosis. J DermatolTreat. 2005;16(5–6):327–330. doi:10.1080/09546630500420183
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of adverse events with topical onychomycosis medications reported to the United States food and drug administration. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020;312(8):581–586. doi:10.1007/s00403-020-02044-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebacher C, Nietsch KH, Ulbricht HM. A multicenter, open-label study of the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox nail lacquer solution 8% for the treatment of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes. Cutis. 2001;68(2 Suppl):1.
   Google Scholar
• Brenner MA, Harkless LB, Mendicino RW, Page JC. Ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer topical solution for the treatment of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes: a multicenter, open-label study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2007;97(3):195–202. doi:10.7547/0970195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander SF, Chan YC, Chan YH, Eichenfield LF. Onychomycosis does not always require systemic treatment for cure: a trial using topical therapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(3):316–322. doi:10.1111/pde.12064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatsumi Y, Nagashima M, Shibanushi T, et al. Mechanism of action of efinaconazole, a novel triazole antifungal agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(5):2405–2409. doi:10.1128/aac.02063-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura K, Sugimoto N, Hosaka S, et al. The low keratin affinity of efinaconazole contributes to its nail penetration and fungicidal activity in topical onychomycosis treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(7):3837–3842. doi:10.1128/aac.00111-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipner SR, Scher RK. Efinaconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:163–172. doi:10.2147/idr.S69596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iozumi K, Abe M, Ito Y, et al. Efficacy of long-term treatment with efinaconazole 10% solution in patients with onychomycosis, including severe cases: a multicenter, single-arm study. J Dermatol. 2019;46(8):641–651. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, et al. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):600–608. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Cernea M. How effective is efinaconazole in the management of onychomycosis? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(4):611–618. doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1146687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Cantrell W, Canavan T, Elewski B. Successful treatment of dermatophytomas in 19 patients using efinaconazole 10% solution. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5(5):304–308. doi:10.1159/000495042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Venkataraman M, Shear NH, Piguet V. Labeled use of efinaconazole topical solution 10% in treating onychomycosis in children and a review of the management of pediatric onychomycosis. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13613. doi:10.1111/dth.13613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto K, Yamaguchi H, Otsuka Y, Mayumi N, Saeki H. Contact dermatitis caused by efinaconazole and luliconazole. J Nippon Med Sch. 2021;88(3):253–257. doi:10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2021_88-312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata A, Hanafusa T, Mabuchi-Kiyohara E, Ikegami R. Contact dermatitis caused by efinaconazole solution for treatment of onychomycosis. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(3):190–192. doi:10.1111/cod.12414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oiso N, Tatebayashi M, Kawada A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by efinaconazole: positive patch test reactions up to 0.1% pet. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;76(1):53–54. doi:10.1111/cod.12643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jublia (efinaconazole) topical solution, 10%. Valent Pharmaceuticals; 2023. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/203567s009lbl.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF, Elewski B, Sugarman JL, et al. Efinaconazole 10% topical solution for the treatment of onychomycosis in pediatric patients: open-label Phase 4 study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(4):1140–1142. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shofler D, Hamedani E, Seun J, Navarrete R, Thamby R, Harkless L. Efficacy and safety of efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of onychomycosis in diabetic patients. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2020;37(2):401–407. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2019.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahovic TC, Joseph WS. Efinaconazole topical, 10% for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with diabetes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(10):1186–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elewski BE, Tosti A. Tavaborole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(10):1439–1448. doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.921158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinna S, Finch J. Spotlight on tavaborole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:6185–6190. doi:10.2147/dddt.S81944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui X, Baker SJ, Wester RC, et al. In Vitro penetration of a novel oxaborole antifungal (AN2690) into the human nail plate. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96(10):2622–2631. doi:10.1002/jps.20901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elewski BE, Aly R, Baldwin SL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tavaborole topical solution, 5%, a novel boron-based antifungal agent, for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: results from 2 randomized phase-III studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73(1):62–69. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly R, Winter T, Hall S, Vlahovic T. Topical tavaborole in the treatment of onychomycosis complicated by dermatophytoma: a post-hoc assessment of phase II subjects. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(3):347–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley K, Gupta AK, Versteeg S, Mays R, Villanueva E, John D. Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):Cd012093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012093.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Foley KA, Mays RR, Shear NH, Piguet V. Monotherapy for toenail onychomycosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(2):287–299. doi:10.1111/bjd.18155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich P, Spellman M, Purohit V, Zang C, Crook TJ. Tavaborole 5% topical solution for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis in pediatric patients: results from a phase 4 open-label study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(2):190–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna D, Bharti S. Luliconazole for the treatment of fungal infections: an evidence-based review. Core Evid. 2014;9:113–124. doi:10.2147/ce.S49629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregoriou S, Kyriazopoulou M, Tsiogka A, Rigopoulos D. Novel and investigational treatments for onychomycosis. J Fungi. 2022;8:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher RK, Nakamura N, Tavakkol A. Luliconazole: a review of a new antifungal agent for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. Mycoses. 2014;57(7):389–393. doi:10.1111/myc.12168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Kishida H, Okubo A. Efficacy and safety of luliconazole 5% nail solution for the treatment of onychomycosis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase III study. J Dermatol. 2017;44(7):753–759. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones T, Tavakkol A. Safety and tolerability of luliconazole solution 10-percent in patients with moderate to severe distal subungual onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2684–2689. doi:10.1128/aac.02370-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shono M. Allergic contact dermatitis from luliconazole. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56(5):296–297. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.01023.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar