Potential Anti-Toxoplasmosis Efficiency of Phoenix dactylifera Extracts Loaded on Selenium Nanoparticles

References

• Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis - a waterborne zoonosis. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126(1–2):57–72. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyhani A, Ziaali N, Shakibaie M, et al. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles target chronic toxoplasmosis with minimal cytotoxicity in a mouse model. J Med Microbiol. 2019;68(1):1–7. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khryanin AA, Reshetnikov OV, Kuvshinova IN. Toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment. Antibiot Khimioter. 2015;60(5–6):16–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antczak M, Dzitko K, Długońska H. Human toxoplasmosis searching for novel chemotherapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;82:677–684. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alday PH, Doggett JS. Drugs in development for toxoplasmosis: advances, challenges, and current status. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:273–293. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S60973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanowsky JA, Koshy AA. Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Biol. 2018;28(14):R770–R771. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konradt C, Ueno N, Christian DA, et al. Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(3):16001. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsheikha HM, Marra CM, Zhu XQ. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;34:e00115–e00119. doi:10.1128/CMR.00115-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsawa K, Imai Y, Kanazawa H, Sasaki Y, Kohsaka S. Involvement of Iba1 in membrane ruffling and phagocytosis of macrophages/microglia. J Cell Sci. 2000;113(17):3073–3084. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.17.3073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierezan F, Mansell J, Ambrus A, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Immunohistochemical expression of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 in cutaneous histiocytic proliferative, neoplastic and inflammatory disorders of dogs and cats. J Comp Pathol. 2014;151(4):347–351. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lier J, Streit WJ, Bechmann I. Beyond activation: characterizing microglial functional phenotypes. Cells. 2021;10(9):2236. doi:10.3390/cells10092236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwabenland M, Brück W, Priller J, Stadelmann C, Lassmann H, Prinz M. Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;142(6):923–936. doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02370-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide T, Uchida K, Kagawa Y, Suzuki K, Nakayama H. Pathological and immunohistochemical features of subdural histiocytic sarcomas in 15 dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23(1):127–132. doi:10.1177/104063871102300123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montazeri M, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Mehrzadi S, Ahmadpour E, Daryani A. A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds (2006-2016). Front Microbiol. 2017;8:25. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alajmi RA, Al-Megrin WA, Metwally D, et al. Anti- Toxoplasma activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized with Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus spina-christi extracts which inhibits inflammation through liver regulation of cytokines in Balb/c mice. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(5):BSR20190379. doi:10.1042/BSR20190379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Qarawi A, Mousa HM, Ali B, Abdel-Rahman H, El-Mougy SA. Protective effect of extracts from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. 2004;2:176–180.
   Google Scholar
• Shakibaie M, Khorramizadeh MR, Faramarzi MA, Sabzevari O, Shahverdi AR. Biosynthesis and recovery of selenium nanoparticles and the effects on matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2010;56(1):7–15. doi:10.1042/BA20100042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rayman MP. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64(4):527–542. doi:10.1079/pns2005467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whanger PD. Selenium and its relationship to cancer: an update. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(1):11–28. doi:10.1079/bjn20031015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojouri GA, Jahanabadi S, Shakibaie M, Ahadi AM, Shahverdi AR. Effect of selenium supplementation with sodium selenite and selenium nanoparticles on iron homeostasis and transferrin gene expression in sheep: a preliminary study. Res Vet Sci. 2012;93(1):275–278. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beheshti N, Soflaei S, Shakibaie M, et al. Efficacy of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against Leishmania major: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2013;27(3):203–207. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdi MH, Mahdavi M, Faghfuri E, et al. Th1 immune response induction by biogenic selenium nanoparticles in mice with breast cancer: preliminary vaccine model. Iran J Biotechnol. 2015;13(2):1–9. doi:10.15171/ijb.1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das S, Bhattacharya A, Debnath N, Datta A, Goswami A. Nanoparticle-induced morphological transition of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus: a novel method to treat silkworm grasserie disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(13):6019–6030. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4868-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khadragy M, Alolayan EM, Metwally DM, et al. Clinical efficacy associated with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract, against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model of Leishmania major. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(5):1037. doi:10.3390/ijerph15051037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeyemi OS, Murata Y, Sugi T, Kato K. Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential. Int J Nanomed. 2017;12:1647–1661. doi:10.2147/IJN.S122178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeyemi OS, Sulaiman FA. Evaluation of metal nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. J Biomed Res. 2015;29(2):145–149. doi:10.7555/JBR.28.20130096
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vazini H, Esboei BR. The investigation of nanoparticles of gold’s fatality effect on Toxoplasma gondii parasite in an in vitro study. J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;4:2. doi:10.4172/2472-1212.1000172
   Google Scholar
• Rahul S, Chandrashekhar P, Hemant B, et al. In vitro antiparasitic activity of microbial pigments and their combination with phytosynthesized metal nanoparticles. Parasitol Int. 2015;64(5):353–356. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2015.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djurković-Djaković O, Milenković V, Nikolić A, Bobić B, Grujić J. Efficacy of atovaquone combined with clindamycin against murine infection with a cystogenic (Me49) strain of Toxoplasma gondii. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50(6):981–987. doi:10.1093/jac/dkf251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IS, Yang MR, Lee OH, Kang SN. Antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from various spices. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(6):4120–4131. doi:10.3390/ijms12064120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erian NS, Hamed HB, El-Khateeb AY, Farid M. Total polyphenols, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts for some medicinal plant flowers. Arab J Sci Res Publ. 2016;2:53–61.
   Google Scholar
• Li Q, Chen T, Yang F, Liu J, Zheng W. Facile and controllable one-step fabrication of selenium nanoparticles assisted by L-cysteine. Mater Lett. 2010;64(5):614–617. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.12.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Aswad BW, Sadek GS. Parasitological, pathological and immunological effects of hesperidin treatment on murine schistosomiasis. Mansoni Life Sci J. 2014;11:840–855.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. CSH Protoc. 2008;2008:prot4986. doi:10.1101/pdb.prot4986
   Google Scholar
• El-Deeb NK, El-Tanbouly DM, Khattab MA, El-Yamany MF, Mohamed AF. Crosstalk between PI3K/AKT/KLF4 signaling and microglia M1/M2 polarization as a novel mechanistic approach towards flibanserin repositioning in Parkinson’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;112:109191. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 6th ed. China: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden DC, Camps M, Boothroyd JC. Resistance as a tool in the study of old and new drug targets in Toxoplasma. Drug Resist Updat. 2001;4(2):79–84. doi:10.1054/drup.2001.0184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds MG, Oh J, Roos DS. In vitro generation of novel pyrimethamine resistance mutations in the Toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(4):1271–1277. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.4.1271-1277.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit-Vical F, Santillana-Hayat M, Kone-Bamba D, Mallie M, Derouin F. Anti- Toxoplasma activity of vegetal extracts used in West African traditional medicine. Parasite. 2000;7(1):3–7. doi:10.1051/parasite/2000071003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yan C, Liang LJ, Zheng KY, Zhu XQ. Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):137. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1432-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szewczyk-Golec K, Pawłowska M, Wesołowski R, Wróblewski M, Mila-Kierzenkowska C. Oxidative stress as a possible target in the treatment of toxoplasmosis: perspectives and ambiguities. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5705. doi:10.3390/ijms22115705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif M, Sarvi S, Pagheh AS, et al. The efficacy of herbal medicines against Toxoplasma gondii during the last 3 decades: a systematic review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;94(12):1237–1248. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed MF, Mkashaf IA, Al-Shawi AAA, Hussein KA. antioxidant and anticancer activities of heart components extracted from Iraqi Phoneix dactylifera chick. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021;22(11):3533–3541. doi:10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.11.3533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Essa MM, Singh V, Guizani N, et al. Phoenix dactylifera L. fruits date fruit ameliorate oxidative stress in 3-np intoxicated PC12 cells. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis. 2019;9:41–47. doi:10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_51_18
   Google Scholar
• Salem GA, Shaban A, Diab HA, et al. Phoenix dactylifera protects against oxidative stress and hepatic injury induced by paracetamol intoxication in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;104:366–374. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan F, Khan TJ, Kalamegam G, et al. Anti-cancer effects of Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):418. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1926-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metwaly MS, Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy S. Anti-coccidial and anti-apoptotic activities of palm pollen grains on Eimeria papillata-induced infection in mice. Biologia. 2014;69(2):254–259. doi:10.2478/s11756-013-0297-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, et al. Important flavonoids and their role as a therapeutic agent. Molecules. 2020;25(22):5243. doi:10.3390/molecules25225243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoud A, Malika D, Bakari S, et al. Assessment of polyphenol composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various extracts of date palm pollen (DPP) from two Tunisian cultivars. Arabian J Chem. 2015;12(8):3075–3086. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.014
   Google Scholar
• Biglari F, AlKarkhi AF, Easa AM. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran. Food Chem. 2008;107(4):1636–1641. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall C. Echinacea as a functional food ingredient. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2003;47:113–173. doi:10.1016/s1043-4526(03)47003-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rayan HZ, Wagih HM, Atwa MM. Efficacy of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine infection with cysts of Me49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol United J. 2011;4:165–176.
   Google Scholar
• Rashidian A, Mehrzadi S, Ghannadi AR, Mahzooni P, Sadr S, Minaiyan M. Protective effect of ginger volatile oil against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: a light microscopic evaluation. J Integr Med. 2014;12(2):115–120. doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60011-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi W, Jiang M, Chu J. Antiparasitic effects of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extract against Toxoplasma gondii. J Appl Biomed. 2013;11(1):15–26. doi:10.2478/v10136-012-0014-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GabAllah MR, Barakat AMA, Ahmed NS, El-Nadi NA. Histopathological and biochemical assessment of the therapeutic effect of gold nanoparticles on experimental chronic toxoplasmosis Parasitol United. J. 2021;14:171–177. doi:10.21608/puj.2021.73358.1117
   Google Scholar
• Etewa S, Sarhan M, Moawad H, et al. Behavior and neuropsychiatric changes in experimental chronic toxoplasmosis: histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Parasitol United J. 2021;14(2):183–192. doi:10.21608/PUJ.2021.75319.1120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Sun X, Qin W, et al. From inflammatory reactions to neurotransmitter changes: implications for understanding the neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Behav Brain Res. 2019;359:737–748. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson MJ, Doose JM, Melchior B, Schmid CD, Ploix CC. CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight. Immunol Rev. 2006;213(1):48–65. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00441.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Chao CC. Intracellular survival and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in astrocytes. J Infect Dis. 1993;168(6):1472–1478. doi:10.1093/infdis/168.6.1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas A. Mechanisms of host behavioral change in Toxoplasma gondii rodent association. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11:e1004935. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras-Ochoa CO, Lagunas-Martínez A, Belkind-Gerson J, Díaz-Chávez J, Correa D. Toxoplasma gondii invasion and replication within neonate mouse astrocytes and changes in apoptosis related molecules. Exp Parasitol. 2013;134(2):256–265. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüder CG, Giraldo-Velåsquez M, Sendtner M, Gross U. Toxoplasma gondii in primary rat CNS cells: differential contribution of neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells for the intracerebral development and stage differentiation. Exp Parasitol. 1999;93(1):23–32. doi:10.1006/expr.1999.4421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral CM, Tuladhar S, Dietrich HK, et al. Neurons are the primary target cell for the brain-tropic intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(2):e1005447. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey JP, Ferreira LR, Alsaad M, et al. Experimental toxoplasmosis in rats induced orally with eleven strains of Toxoplasma gondii of seven genotypes: tissue tropism, tissue cyst size, neural lesions, tissue cyst rupture without reactivation, and ocular lesions. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0156255. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermes G, Ajioka JW, Kelly KA, et al. Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection. J Neuroinflam. 2008;5(1):48. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinai AP, Watts EA, Dhara A, Murphy RD, Gentry MS, Patwardhan A. Reexamining chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection: surprising activity for a “dormant” parasite. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2016;3(4):175–185. doi:10.1007/s40588-016-0045-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koshy AA, Dietrich HK, Christian DA, et al. Toxoplasma co-opts host cells it does not invade. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(7):e1002825. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boothroyd JC, Dubremetz JF. Kiss and spit: the dual roles of Toxoplasma rhoptries. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6(1):79–88. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandage AK, Kanatani S, Barragan A. Toxoplasma-induced hypermigration of primary cortical microglia implicates GABAergic signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:73. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brites D, Fernandes A. Neuroinflammation and depression: microglia activation, extracellular microvesicles and microRNA dysregulation. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:476. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(9):732–741. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak D, Roth TL, McGavern DB. Microglia development and function. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32(1):367–402. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meneses CS, Müller HY, Herzberg DE, Uberti B, Bustamante HA, Werner MP. Immunofluorescence characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn microglia and astrocytes in horses. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3965. doi:10.7717/peerj.3965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Temsahy MM, El Kerdany ED, Eissa MM, Shalaby TI, Talaat IM, Mogahed NM. The effect of chitosan nanospheres on the immunogenicity of Toxoplasma lysate vaccine in mice. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(3):611–626. doi:10.1007/s12639-014-0546-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lan HW, Lu YN, Zhao XD, et al. New role of sertraline against Toxoplasma gondii -induced depression-like behaviours in mice. Parasite Immunol. 2021;43(12):e12893. doi:10.1111/pim.12893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang YS, Shin JH, Yang JP, Jung BK, Lee SH, Shin EH. Characteristics of infection immunity regulated by Toxoplasma gondii to maintain chronic infection in the brain. Front Immunol. 2018;9:158. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keat CL, Aziz A, Eid AM, Elmarzugi NA. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles. Bioresources Bioprocess. 2015;2(1):47. doi:10.1186/s40643-015-0076-2
   Google Scholar
• Said DE, Elsamad LM, Gohar YM. Validity of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(2):545–554. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-2866-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar