Public Perceptions Towards Online Health Information: A Mixed-Method Study in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

References

• Jussila J, Suominen AH, Partanen A, Honkanen T. Text analysis methods for misinformation–related research on Finnish language twitter. Future Internet. 2021;13(6):157. doi:10.3390/fi13060157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petratos P. Disinformation, disinformation, and fake news: cyber risks to business. Bus Horiz. 2021;64(6):763–774. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramancion K An exploration of disinformation as a cybersecurity threat. In Proceedings of 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). 2020:440–444. doi:10.1109/icict50521.2020.00076.
   Google Scholar
• Faris R, Donovan J. The future of platform power: quarantining disinformation. J Demo. 2021;32(3):152–156. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore M, Tambini D. Digital Dominance. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Durkee A Federal government sues Facebook—again—after court struck down first lawsuit. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/08/19/federal-government-sues-facebook-again-after-court-struck-down-first-lawsuit/?sh=a1d4daf30e99. Accessed October 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Guo E Facebook is now officially too powerful, says the US government. Available from: https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/09/1013641/facebook-should-be-broken-up-says-us-government/. Accessed October 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• EU: Put fundamental rights at top of digital regulation. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/07/eu-put-fundamental-rights-top-digital-regulation. Accessed October 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi A Social media code of ethics unlikely to tame fake news, say analysts. Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/social-media-code-of-ethics-unlikely-to-tame-fake-news-say-analysts/articleshow/68531164.cms?from=mdr. Accessed October 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Maitland N, Lynch J. Social media, ethics and the privacy paradox. In: Security and Privacy from a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective. IntechOpen; 2020. doi10.5772/intechopen.90906
   Google Scholar
• Borges Do Nascimento IJ, Pizarro AB, Almeida JM, et al. Infodemics and health misinformation: a systematic review of reviews. Bull World Health Organ. 2022;100(9):544–561. doi:10.2471/BLT.21.287654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabarron E, Oyeyemi SO, Wynn R. COVID-19-related misinformation on social media: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2021;99(6):455–463A. doi:10.2471/BLT.20.276782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez-Lledo V, Alvarez-Galvez J. Prevalence of health misinformation on social media: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1):e17187. doi:10.2196/17187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang L, Bie B, Park S-E, Zhi D. Social media and outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases: a systematic review of literature. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(9):962–972. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2018.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, McKee M, Torbica A, Stuckler D. Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Soc Sci Med. 2019;240:112552. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Murad H. The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(5):e19556. doi:10.2196/19556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan X, Wang Y, Thier K. Why do people believe health misinformation and who is at risk? A systematic review of individual differences in susceptibility to health misinformation. Soc Sci Med. 2022;314:115398. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghenai A Health misinformation in search and social media. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Digital HealthJuly; 2017:235–236. doi:10.1145/3079452.3079483.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha YM, de Moura GA, Desidério GA, de Oliveira CH, Lourenço FD, de Figueiredo Nicolete LD. The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2021;1–10. doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z
   Google Scholar
• Thompson TL, Harrington NG. The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Pulido CM, Ruiz-Eugenio L, Redondo-Sama G, Villarejo-Carballido B. A new application of social impact in social media for overcoming fake news in health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2430. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan RL, Loftus EF. Pandemics and infodemics: research on the effects of misinformation on memory. Human Behav Emer Technol. 2020;3(1):8–12. doi:10.1002/hbe2.228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman R, Al-Borie HM. Strengthening the Saudi Arabian healthcare system: role of Vision 2030. Int J Healthcare Manage. 2020;14(4):1483–1491. doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1788334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison M. Research Methods in Education. 6th ed. New York: Routledge; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann S. Unstructured and semi-structured interviewing. Oxford Handbook Qual Res. 2014;2:277–299.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A. Research Methods for Business Students. Essex: Pearson Education Limited; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Zhang Y, Gwizdka J, Trace C. Consumer evaluation of the quality of online health information: Systematic Literature Review of Relevant Criteria and Indicators. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(5):e12522. doi:10.2196/12522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma T, Atkin D. User generated content and credibility evaluation of online health information: a meta analytic study. Telema Inform. 2017;34(5):472–486. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nsoesie EO, Oladeji O. Identifying patterns to prevent the spread of misinformation during epidemics. Harvard Kennedy School Misinform Rev. 2020;1(3):1–9. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-014
   Google Scholar
• Woolson RF, Bean JA, Rojas PB. Sample size for case-control studies using Cochran’s statistic. Biometrics. 1986;42(4):927. doi:10.2307/2530706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin SL. Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Arch Sex Behav. 2012;41(6):1319–1320. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Greenwood M, Prior S, et al. Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. J Res Nurs. 2020;25(8):652–661. doi:10.1177/1744987120927206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Muhammed TS, Mathew SK. The disaster of misinformation: a review of research in social media. Int J Data Sci Analy. 2022;13(4):271–285. doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00311-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barua Z, Barua S, Aktar S, Kabir N, Li M. Effects of misinformation on covid-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. Prog Dis Sci. 2020;8:100119. doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmud A, Islam MR. Social stigma as a barrier to covid-19 responses to community well-being in Bangladesh. Int J Community Wellbeing. 2021;4(3):315–321. doi:10.1007/s42413-020-00071-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Islam A, Pakrashi D, Vlassopoulos M, Wang LC. Stigma and misconceptions in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: a field experiment in India. Soc Sci Med. 2021;278:113966. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha YM, de Moura GA, Desidério GA, de Oliveira CH, Lourenço FD, de Figueiredo Nicolete LD. The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2021;1–10. doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma G, Bhardwaj A, Aledavood T, et al. Examining the impact of sharing COVID-19 misinformation online on mental health. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):8045. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11488-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petratos PN. Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news: cyber risks to business. Bus Horiz. 2021;64(6):763–774. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrami MA, Nasiriani K, Dehghani A, Zarezade M, Kiani P. Counteracting online health misinformation: a qualitative study. Quart J Manag Strate Health Sys. 2019. doi:10.18502/mshsj.v4i3.2056
   Google Scholar
• The Merck Manuals. Doctors and patients both have a role to play in addressing medical misinformation online. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/news/editorial/2022/11/07/04/04/medical-misinformation. Accessed October 24, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton L Impact and consequences of medical misinformation. Available from: https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/impact-and-consequences-of-medical-misinformation. Accessed October 24, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Walter N, Brooks JJ, Saucier CJ, Suresh S. Evaluating the impact of attempts to correct health misinformation on social media: a meta-analysis. Health Commun. 2020;36(13):1776–1784. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au CH, Ho KKW, Chiu DKW. Stopping healthcare misinformation: the effect of financial incentives and legislation. Health Policy (New York). 2021;125(5):627–633. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar