Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Utility of NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in the Course of COVID-19: A Literature Review

References

• Pollard CA, Morran MP, Nestor-Kalinoski AL. The COVID-19 pandemic: a global health crisis. Physiol Genomics. 2020;52(11):549–557. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J. SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1678–1685. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Li X, Li T, et al. The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(9):1629–1635. doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03899-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Biotechnology. PubChem taxonomy summary for taxonomy 11118, coronaviridae. PubChem taxonomy summary for taxonomy 11118, coronaviridae; 2022. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/Coronaviridae. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn JS, McIntosh K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(11):S223–S227. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yip CCY, et al. Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(6):2063–2071. doi:10.1128/JCM.02614-05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1986–1994. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300(5624):1394–1399. doi:10.1126/science.1085952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1814–1820. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omrani AS, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(8):354–362. doi:10.1080/20477724.2015.1122852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavli A, Tsiodras S, Maltezou HC. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): prevention in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014;12(6):602–608. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren S-Y, Wang W-B, Hao Y-G, et al. Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(8):1391–1399. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquès M, Domingo JL. Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: persistence, stability and infectivity. A review. Environ Res. 2021;193:110559. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D-Y, Shinde SK, Lone S, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: public health risk assessment and risk mitigation strategies. J Pers Med. 2021;11(12):1243. doi:10.3390/jpm11121243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejaz H, Alsrhani A, Zafar A, et al. COVID-19 and comorbidities: deleterious impact on infected patients. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(12):1833–1839. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh KA, Jordan K, Clyne B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity over the course of an infection. J Infect. 2020;81(3):357–371. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi AAT, Fatima K, Mohammad T, et al. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2020;1866(10):165878. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M, Marazuela M. Basic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. What endocrine systems could be implicated? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(2):137–150. doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09678-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyed Hosseini E, Riahi Kashani N, Nikzad H, et al. The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies. Virology. 2020;551:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauring AS, Frydman J, Andino R. The role of mutational robustness in RNA virus evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(5):327–336. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):562–569. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions; 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Cologne GI for Q and E in HC. What is an Inflammation? InformedHealth.org; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin DD. Overview of the immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2):S3–S23. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro-García MA, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, et al. Influence of inflammation in the process of T lymphocyte differentiation: proliferative, metabolic, and oxidative changes. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer C, Janko C, Munoz LE, et al. Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps limit inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines. Nat Med. 2014;20(5):511–517. doi:10.1038/nm.3547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenreich MS. Chapter 153 the white blood cell and differential count. In: Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Butterworth Publishers; 1990. Available from. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261/. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(7):2085–2094. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05190-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Innate immunological pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(67):eabm5505. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abm5505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosyreva A, Dzhalilova D, Lokhonina A, et al. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.682871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Carvalho DCM, Lima É de A, et al. Neutrophils and COVID-19: the road so far. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;90:107233. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:110102. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight. 2020. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.138999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton EA, He X-Y, Denorme F, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood. 2020;136(10):1169–1179. doi:10.1182/blood.2020007008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges L, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R, et al. COVID-19 and neutrophils: the relationship between hyperinflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:1–7. doi:10.1155/2020/8829674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijk LE, Binkhorst M, Bourgonje AR, et al. COVID‐19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. J Pathol. 2021;254(4):307–331. doi:10.1002/path.5642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Tan Y, Ling Y, et al. Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Nature. 2020;583(7816):437–440. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2355-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntjewerff EM, Meesters LD, van den Bogaart G. Antigen cross-presentation by macrophages. Front Immunol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobcakova A, Petriskova J, Vysehradsky R, et al. Immune profile in patients with COVID-19: lymphocytes exhaustion markers in relationship to clinical outcome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.646688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang I, Pranata R. Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care. 2020;8(1):36. doi:10.1186/s40560-020-00453-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anurag A, Jha PK, Kumar A. Differential white blood cell count in the COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of 148 patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(6):2099–2102. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fathi N, Rezaei N. Lymphopenia in COVID‐19: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2020;44(9):1792–1797. doi:10.1002/cbin.11403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba Y, Mizoguchi I, Hasegawa H, et al. Regulation of myelopoiesis by proinflammatory cytokines in infectious diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(8):1363–1376. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2724-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley BT, Maioli H, Johnston R, et al. Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):320–332. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31305-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remmelink M, De Mendonça R, D’Haene N, et al. Unspecific post-mortem findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):495. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03218-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edler C, Schröder AS, Aepfelbacher M, et al. Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection—an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg, Germany. Int J Legal Med. 2020;134(4):1275–1284. doi:10.1007/s00414-020-02317-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottz ED, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelets in immune response to virus and immunopathology of viral infections. Front Med. 2018;5. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delshad M, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, et al. Platelets in the perspective of COVID-19; pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia and its implication as prognostic and therapeutic opportunity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;99:107995. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micota B, Sadowska B, Różalska B. The role of blood platelets in infections. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2015;69:624–632. doi:10.5604/17322693.1153073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohlfing A-K, Rath D, Geisler T, et al. Platelets and COVID-19. Hamostaseologie. 2021;41(05):379–385. doi:10.1055/a-1581-4355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahorec R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives. Bratislava Med J. 2021;122(07):474–488. doi:10.4149/BLL_2021_078
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang L, Liu C, et al. Exploration of prognostic factors for critical COVID-19 patients using a nomogram model. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8192. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87373-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong M, Zhang H, Cao X, et al. Higher level of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte is associated with severe COVID-19. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e139. doi:10.1017/S0950268820001557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddani SS, Gupta N, Umakanth S, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a simple tool to predict requirement of admission to a critical care unit in patients with COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25(5):535–539. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan X, Li F, Wang X, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2573–2581. doi:10.1002/jmv.26061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Li X, Shang Y, et al. Ratios of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte predict all-cause mortality in inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective cohort study in a single medical center. Epidemiol Infect. 2020. doi:10.1017/S0950268820002071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertekin B, Yortanlı M, Özelbaykal O, et al. The relationship between routine blood parameters and the prognosis of COVID-19 patients in the emergency department. Emerg Med Int. 2021;2021:1–7. doi:10.1155/2021/7489675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastug A, Bodur H, Erdogan S, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19: predictors of severe prognosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;88:106950. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Yu C, Ni W, et al. Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in predicting prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Some differences with influenza A. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(1). doi:10.1002/jcla.23657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meena A. Hematological profiles of COVID-19 patients at the Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh State, India. Bioinformation. 2021;17(7):686–690. doi:10.6026/97320630017686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acar E, Demir A, Yıldırım B, et al. The role of hemogram parameters and C-reactive protein in predicting mortality in COVID-19 infection. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75:7. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilge M, Akilli IK, Karaayvaz EB, et al. Comparison of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), early warning score (ANDC) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in hospitalized patients with malignancy, and their influence on mortality from COVID-19. Infect Agent Cancer. 2021;16:1. doi:10.1186/s13027-021-00400-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Peñafiel CO, Santos-González B, Flores-López EN, et al. Utilidad de los índices neutrófilo/linfocito, monocito/linfocito y linfocito/plaqueta para el pronóstico de complicaciones asociadas a COVID-19. Gac Med Mex. 2020;156(5):405–411. doi:10.24875/GMM.M20000428
   Google Scholar
• Sayed AA, Allam AA, Sayed AI, et al. The use of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker for COVID-19 infection in Saudi Arabia: a case-control retrospective multicenter study. Saudi Med J. 2021;42(4):370–376. doi:10.15537/SMJ.2021.42.4.20200818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen FF, Zhong M, Liu Y, et al. The characteristics and outcomes of 681 severe cases with COVID-19 in China. J Crit Care. 2020;60:32–37. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Escobar A, Madurga R, Castellano JM, et al. Hemogram as marker of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. J Investig Med. 2021;69(5):962–969. doi:10.1136/jim-2021-001810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez S, Madurga R, Castellano JM, et al. Hemogram-derived ratios as prognostic markers of ICU admission in COVID-19. BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21:1. doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00480-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilercik M, Demirelce Ö, Serdar MA, et al. A new haematocytometric index: predicting severity and mortality risk value in COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0254073. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citu C, Gorun F, Motoc A, et al. The Predictive Role of NLR, d-NLR, MLR, and SIRI in COVID-19 Mortality. Diagnostics. 2022;12:1. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12010122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisa E, Corneci D, Negoita S, et al. Dynamic changes of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammation index, and derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio independently predict invasive mechanical ventilation need and death in critically ill covid-19 patients. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1656. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:762–768. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248/5803306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirsalehi A, Salari S, Baghestani A, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) greater than 6.5 may reflect the progression of COVID-19 towards an unfavorable clinical outcome; 2020. Available from: http://ijm.tums.ac.ir. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Jain R, Gopal A, Pathak BK, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and their role as predictors of disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Lab Physicians. 2021;13(01):58–63. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1723057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toori KU, Qureshi MA, Chaudhry A, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (Nlr) in covid-19: a cheap prognostic marker in a resource constraint setting. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2021;37(5):1435–1439. doi:10.12669/pjms.37.5.4194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vafadar Moradi E, Teimouri A, Rezaee R, et al. Increased age, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and white blood cells count are associated with higher COVID-19 mortality. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;40:11–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan A, Can FE, Gönüllü H. Evaluation of the prognostic role of NLR, LMR, PLR, and LCR ratio in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5555–5559. doi:10.1002/jmv.27097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyit M, Avci E, Nar R, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio to predict the severity of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.058
   Google Scholar
• Eslamijouybari M, Heydari K, Maleki I, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in COVID-19 patients and control group and relationship with disease prognosis. Casp J Intern Med. 2020;11:S531–S535. doi:10.22088/cjim.11.0.531
   Google Scholar
• Singh Y, Singh A, Rudravaram S, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as markers for predicting the severity in covid-19 patients: a prospective observational study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25(8):847–853. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlucan L, Kutlucan A, Basaran B, et al. The predictive effect of initial complete blood count of intensive care unit patients on mortality, length of hospitalization, and nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20(8):1467–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar S, Kannan S, Khanna P, et al. Role of platelet‐to‐lymphocyte count ratio (PLR), as a prognostic indicator in COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):211–221. doi:10.1002/jmv.27297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fois AG, Paliogiannis P, Scano V, et al. The systemic inflammation index on admission predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. Molecules. 2020;25(23):5725. doi:10.3390/molecules25235725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merekoulias G, Alexopoulos EC, Belezos T, et al. Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio as a screening tool for influenza. PLoS Curr. 2010;2:RRN1154. doi:10.1371/currents.RRN1154
   Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Liu C, Wang L, et al. Peripheral blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a multicenter retrospective study. J Cancer. 2017;8(5):737–743. doi:10.7150/jca.17668
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren H, Liu X, Wang L, et al. Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio: a novel predictor of the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(11):2595–2602. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waris A, Din M, Khalid A, et al. Evaluation of hematological parameters as an indicator of disease severity in Covid-19 patients: pakistan’s experience. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6). doi:10.1002/jcla.23809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu B, Yang X-R, Xu Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):6212–6222. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong X, Cui B, Wang M, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index, based on platelet counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, is useful for predicting prognosis in small cell lung cancer. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2015;236(4):297–304. doi:10.1620/tjem.236.297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu Y-W, Chen P-Y, Lin S-K. Correlation between immune-inflammatory markers and clinical features in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2020;29(4):103–113.
   Google Scholar
• Hamad DA, Aly MM, Abdelhameid MA, et al. Combined blood indexes of systemic inflammation as a mirror to admission to intensive care unit in COVID-19 patients: a multicentric study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;12(1):64–73. doi:10.1007/s44197-021-00021-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliskan Z, Bozdag E, Sonmez S, et al. Assessment of 7 inflammatory indexes as an early predictor of COVID-19 severity. Cerrahpasa Med J. 2022. doi:10.5152/CJM.2022.22004
   Google Scholar
• View of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio as risk factors in critically ill COVID-19 patients, a single centered study. Available from: https://jamc.ayubmed.edu.pk/jamc/index.php/jamc/article/view/8823/3018. Accessed October 28, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Lissoni P. Evidence of abnormally low lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in COVID-19-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Immunol Allergy. 2020. doi:10.37191/MAPSCI-2582-6549-1(2)-011
   Google Scholar
• Eissa M, Shaarawy S, Abdellateif MS. The role of different inflammatory indices in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:7843–7853. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S337488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar