273
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Stroke-Associated Pneumonia

, ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1581-1593 | Received 01 Dec 2022, Accepted 02 Mar 2023, Published online: 17 Apr 2023

References

  • Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO.; Collaborators GBDS. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795–820. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0
  • Tu WJ, Hua Y, Yan F, et al. Prevalence of stroke in China, 2013–2019: a population-based study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;28:100550. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100550
  • Smith CJ, Bray BD, Hoffman A, et al. Can a novel clinical risk score improve pneumonia prediction in acute stroke care? A UK multicenter cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001307. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.001307
  • Ji R, Shen H, Pan Y, et al. Novel risk score to predict pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44:1303–1309. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000598
  • Finlayson O, Kapral M, Hall R, et al. Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2011;77:1338–1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823152b1
  • Kishore AK, Vail A, Chamorro A, et al. How is pneumonia diagnosed in clinical stroke research? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2015;46:1202–1209. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007843
  • Ji R, Wang D, Shen H, et al. Interrelationship among common medical complications after acute stroke: pneumonia plays an important role. Stroke. 2013;44:3436–3444. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001931
  • Annette IM, Andersen G, Heidi H, Marie L, Svendsen MSPJ. In-hospital medical complications, length of stay, and mortality among stroke unit patients. Stroke. 2011;2011:1.
  • Katzan IL, Dawson NV, Thomas CL, Votruba ME, Cebul RD. The cost of pneumonia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2007;68:1938–1943. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000263187.08969.45
  • Hoffmann S, Malzahn U, Harms H, et al. Development of a clinical score (a²ds²) to predict pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2012;43:2617–2623. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.653055
  • Huang J, Liu M, He W, Liu F, Cheng J, Wang H. Use of the a2ds2 scale to predict morbidity in stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2021;21:33. doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02060-8
  • Li X, Wu M, Sun C, et al. Using machine learning to predict stroke-associated pneumonia in Chinese acute ischaemic stroke patients. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:1656–1663. doi:10.1111/ene.14295
  • Tinker RJ, Smith CJ, Heal C, et al. Predictors of mortality and disability in stroke-associated pneumonia. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121:379–385. doi:10.1007/s13760-019-01148-w
  • Xue J, Huang W, Chen X, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a prognostic marker in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26:650–657. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.010
  • Gong P, Liu Y, Gong Y, et al. The association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio with post-thrombolysis early neurological outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:51. doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02090-6
  • Cury VF, Antoniazzi LQ, Oliveira PHK, et al. Developing the pneumonia-optimized ratio for community-acquired pneumonia: an easy, inexpensive and accurate prognostic biomarker. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0248897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248897
  • Moulis G, Christiansen CF, Darvalics B, Andersen IT, Norgaard M. Platelet count within the normal range at hospital admission is associated with mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:711–716. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S245067
  • Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:6212–6222. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442
  • Zhou YX, Li WC, Xia SH, et al. Predictive value of the systemic immune inflammation index for adverse outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol. 2022;13:836595. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.836595
  • Hou D, Wang C, Luo Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index (sii) but not platelet-albumin-bilirubin (palbi) grade is associated with severity of acute ischemic stroke (ais). Int J Neurosci. 2021;131:1203–1208. doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1784166
  • Jin Z, Wu Q, Chen S, et al. The associations of two novel inflammation indexes, sii and siri with the risks for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: a ten-year follow-up study in 85,154 individuals. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:131–140. doi:10.2147/JIR.S283835
  • Liu X, Xu G, Wu W, Zhang R, Yin Q, Zhu W. Subtypes and one-year survival of first-ever stroke in Chinese patients: the Nanjing stroke registry. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22:130–136. doi:10.1159/000093241
  • Smith CJ, Kishore AK, Vail A, et al. Diagnosis of stroke-associated pneumonia: recommendations from the pneumonia in stroke consensus group. Stroke. 2015;46:2335–2340. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009617
  • Brott T, Adams HP Jr., Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864–870. doi:10.1161/01.STR.20.7.864
  • Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Toast. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35–41. doi:10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35
  • Shah BA, Ahmed W, Dhobi GN, Shah NN, Khursheed SQ, Haq I. Validity of pneumonia severity index and curb-65 severity scoring systems in community acquired pneumonia in an Indian setting. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2010;52:9–17. doi:10.5005/ijcdas-52-1-9
  • Aujesky D, Fine MJ. The pneumonia severity index: a decade after the initial derivation and validation. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(Suppl 3):S133–139. doi:10.1086/591394
  • Thomas LE, O’Brien EC, Piccini JP, D’Agostino RB, Pencina MJ. Application of net reclassification index to non-nested and point-based risk prediction models: a review. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:1880–1887. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy345
  • Durrleman S, Simon R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med. 1989;8:551–561. doi:10.1002/sim.4780080504
  • Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Nam KW, Kim TJ, Lee JS, et al. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts stroke-associated pneumonia. Stroke. 2018;49:1886–1892. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021228
  • Ding R, Logemann JA. Pneumonia in stroke patients: a retrospective study. Dysphagia. 2000;15:51–57. doi:10.1007/s004550010001
  • Katzan IL, Cebul RD, Husak SH, Dawson NV, Baker DW. The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke. Neurology. 2003;60:620–625. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000046586.38284.60
  • Roever L, Resende ES, Roerver-Borges AS. Hypertroponinemia, structural cardiac disease, and stroke mortality. Stroke. 2017;48:1134–1135. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017061
  • Dieplinger B, Bocksrucker C, Egger M, Eggers C, Haltmayer M, Mueller T. Prognostic value of inflammatory and cardiovascular biomarkers for prediction of 90-day all-cause mortality after acute ischemic stroke-results from the linz stroke unit study. Clin Chem. 2017;63:1101–1109. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2016.269969
  • Yi SW, Shin DH, Kim H, Yi JJ, Ohrr H. Total cholesterol and stroke mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: a prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;270:211–217. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.003
  • Tu WJ, Liu Q, Cao JL, Zhao SJ, Zeng XW, Deng AJ. Gamma-glutamyl transferase as a risk factor for all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality among 5912 ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48:2888–2891. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017776
  • Hojs Fabjan T, Penko M, Hojs R. Newer glomerular filtration rate estimating equations for the full age spectrum based on serum creatinine and cystatin c in predicting mortality in patients with ischemic stroke. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;52:67–72. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.02.005
  • Gendron TF, Badi MK, Heckman MG, et al. Plasma neurofilament light predicts mortality in patients with stroke. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12:eaay1913. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1913
  • Marta-Enguita J, Navarro-Oviedo M, Rubio-Baines I, et al. Association of calprotectin with other inflammatory parameters in the prediction of mortality for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:3. doi:10.1186/s12974-020-02047-1
  • Shi G, Li M, Zhou R, et al. Procalcitonin related to stroke-associated pneumonia and clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke after iv rt-pa treatment. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022;42:1419–1427. doi:10.1007/s10571-020-01031-w
  • Li YM, Liu XY. Serum levels of procalcitonin and high sensitivity c-reactive protein are associated with long-term mortality in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2015;352:68–73. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.032
  • Johnstone J, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Jin Y, Marrie TJ. Long-term morbidity and mortality after hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based cohort study. Medicine. 2008;87:329–334. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e318190f444
  • Yende S, Angus DC, Ali IS, et al. Influence of comorbid conditions on long-term mortality after pneumonia in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:518–525. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01100.x
  • Huang H, Liu Q, Zhu L, et al. Prognostic value of preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index in patients with cervical cancer. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3284. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39150-0
  • Zhang P, Xu P, Duan Z, et al. Effects of admission systemic inflammatory indicators on clinical outcomes in patients with vertebrobasilar artery occlusion: insight from the persist registry. J Neurointerv Surg;2022:jnis-2022–019437. doi:10.1136/jnis-2022-019437
  • Wang N, Yang Y, Qiu B, et al. Correlation of the systemic immune-inflammation index with short- and long-term prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. Aging. 2022;14:6567–6578. doi:10.18632/aging.204228
  • Li W, He C. Association of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio with stroke-associated pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke. J Healthc Eng. 2022;2022:1033332. doi:10.1155/2022/1033332
  • Faura J, Bustamante A, Miro-Mur F, Montaner J. Stroke-induced immunosuppression: implications for the prevention and prediction of post-stroke infections. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:127. doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02177-0
  • Ruhnau J, Schulze K, Gaida B, et al. Stroke alters respiratory burst in neutrophils and monocytes. Stroke. 2014;45:794–800. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003342
  • Dirnagl U, Klehmet J, Braun JS, et al. Stroke-induced immunodepression: experimental evidence and clinical relevance. Stroke. 2007;38:770–773. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000251441.89665.bc
  • Vogelgesang A, Grunwald U, Langner S, et al. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets in patients with stroke and their influence on infection after stroke. Stroke. 2008;39:237–241. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.493635
  • Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, Meisel A, Buckwalter MS. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020;51:3156–3168. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030429
  • Tsai AS, Berry K, Beneyto MM, et al. A year-long immune profile of the systemic response in acute stroke survivors. Brain. 2019;142:978–991. doi:10.1093/brain/awz022
  • Xu XR, Zhang D, Oswald BE, et al. Platelets are versatile cells: new discoveries in hemostasis, thrombosis, immune responses, tumor metastasis and beyond. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2016;53:409–430. doi:10.1080/10408363.2016.1200008
  • Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, et al. Platelet tlr4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med. 2007;13:463–469. doi:10.1038/nm1565
  • Semple JW, Italiano JE Jr., Freedman J. Platelets and the immune continuum. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:264–274. doi:10.1038/nri2956
  • Cangemi R, Pignatelli P, Carnevale R, et al. Low-grade endotoxemia, gut permeability and platelet activation in community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect. 2016;73:107–114. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.05.013
  • Corrales-Medina VF, Musher DM, Shachkina S, Chirinos JA. Acute pneumonia and the cardiovascular system. Lancet. 2013;381:496–505. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61266-5
  • Tsakiridou E, Makris D, Chatzipantazi V, et al. Diabetes and hemoglobin a1c as risk factors for nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:279479. doi:10.1155/2013/279479
  • Dylla L, Herson PS, Poisson SN, Rice JD, Ginde AA. Association between chronic inflammatory diseases and stroke-associated pneumonia - an epidemiological study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30:105605. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105605