Future Biomarkers for Infection and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

References

• Alivernini S, Firestein GS, McInnes IB. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunity. 2022;55:2255–2270. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avouac J, Amrouche F, Meune C, Rey G, Kahan A, Allanore Y. Mortality profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in France and its change in 10 years. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46:537–543. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe K, Quandt D, Schubert K, et al. Latent cytomegalovirus infection in rheumatoid arthritis and increased frequencies of cytolytic LIR-1+CD8+ T cells. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:337–346. doi:10.1002/art.39331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Masala IF, Di Franco M, Sarzi-Puttini P. Infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017;29:323–330. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein OA, El-Toukhy MA, El-Rahman HS. Neutrophil CD64 expression in inflammatory autoimmune diseases: its value in distinguishing infection from disease flare. Immunol Invest. 2010;39:699–712. doi:10.3109/08820139.2010.491520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng KJ, Yu HC, Huang Tseng HY, Hsu CW, Lu MC. Modestly elevated serum procalcitonin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis free of active infection. Medicina. 2020;56. doi:10.3390/medicina56100545
   Google Scholar
• Zandstra J, Jongerius I, Kuijpers TW. Future biomarkers for infection and inflammation in febrile children. Front Immunol. 2021;12:631308. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.631308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaky DS, El-Nahrery EM. Role of interleukin-23 as a biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis patients and its correlation with disease activity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;31:105–108. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Shen J, Yang H, Xu S, Ma Y, Pan F. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as diagnostic markers for distinguishing bacterial infections from lupus flares in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;101:108304. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Min L, Zhang X. Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21:386. doi:10.1186/s12890-021-01756-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Choi SJ, Lee J, et al. Serum procalcitonin as an independent diagnostic markers of bacteremia in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0225765. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stol K, Nijman RG, van Herk W, van Rossum AMC. Biomarkers for infection in children: current clinical practice and future perspectives. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38:S7–S13. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escadafal C, Incardona S, Fernandez-Carballo BL, Dittrich S. The good and the bad: using C reactive protein to distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial infection among febrile patients in low-resource settings. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marnell L, Mold C, Du Clos TW. C-reactive protein: ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol. 2005;117:104–111. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newling M, Sritharan L, van der Ham AJ, et al. C-Reactive protein promotes inflammation through fcgammar-induced glycolytic reprogramming of human macrophages. J Immunol. 2019;203:225–235. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato H, Tanabe N, Murasawa A, et al. Procalcitonin is a specific marker for detecting bacterial infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1517–1523. doi:10.3899/jrheum.111601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwase S, Nakada TA, Hattori N, et al. Interleukin-6 as a diagnostic marker for infection in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:260–265. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Feng M, Wu Y, et al. Comprehensive analysis of multiple cytokines and blood parameters for the diagnosis of bacterial infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine. 2020;136:155251. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamoto K, Ito T, Ozaki Y, et al. Serum interleukin 6 before and after therapy with tocilizumab is a principal biomarker in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1074–1081. doi:10.3899/jrheum.121389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naciute M, Mieliauskaite D, Rugiene R, et al. Frequency and significance of parvovirus B19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Gen Virol. 2016;97:3302–3312. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao L, Liu X, Zhang D, et al. Early diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with septicopyemia by laboratory analysis of PCT, CRP and IL-6. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13:3479–3483. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaats J, Ten Oever J, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. IL-1beta/IL-6/CRP and IL-18/ferritin: distinct inflammatory programs in infections. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12:e1005973. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rincon-Lopez EM, Navarro Gomez ML, Hernandez-Sampelayo Matos T, et al. Interleukin 6 as a marker of severe bacterial infection in children with sickle cell disease and fever: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:741. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06470-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inam Illahi M, Amjad S, Alam SM, Ahmed ST, Fatima M, Shahid MA. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a competent biomarker for evaluation of disease activity in early rheumatoid arthritis. Cureus. 2021;13:e15314. doi:10.7759/cureus.15314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer A, Lainati F, Aguilera Vasquez N, et al. Biomarkers that correlate with active pulmonary tuberculosis treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60:e0185921. doi:10.1128/jcm.01859-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Yuan X, Wang C. The clinical value of IL-3, IL-4, IL-12p70, IL17A, IFN-gamma, MIP-1beta, NLR, P-selectin, and TNF-alpha in differentiating bloodstream infections caused by gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and fungi in hospitalized patients: an observational study. Medicine. 2019;98:e17315. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Chen S, Zheng S, et al. The role of lung ultrasound B-lines and serum KL-6 in the screening and follow-up of rheumatoid arthritis patients for an identification of interstitial lung disease: review of the literature, proposal for a preliminary algorithm, and clinical application to cases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23:212. doi:10.1186/s13075-021-02586-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseda K, Ocho K, Hasegawa K, et al. Increased serum KL-6 levels induced by pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with RA-associated lung disease. Acta Med Okayama. 2016;70:217–221. doi:10.18926/amo/54422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujimoto K, Hata A, Fujita M, Hatachi S, Yagita M. Presepsin and procalcitonin as biomarkers of systemic bacterial infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21:1406–1413. doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Russo A, Righi E, et al. Role of procalcitonin in bacteremic patients and its potential use in predicting infection etiology. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17:99–105. doi:10.1080/14787210.2019.1562335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddaloni C, De Rose DU, Santisi A, et al. The emerging role of presepsin (P-SEP) in the diagnosis of sepsis in the critically ill infant: a literature review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23:22. doi:10.3390/ijms222212154
   Google Scholar
• Memar MY, Baghi HB. Presepsin: a promising biomarker for the detection of bacterial infections. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:649–656. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hincu MA, Zonda GI, Stanciu GD, Nemescu D, Paduraru L. Relevance of biomarkers currently in use or research for practical diagnosis approach of neonatal early-onset sepsis. Children. 2020;7. doi:10.3390/children7120309
   Google Scholar
• Nys G, Cobraiville G, Servais AC, Malaise MG, de Seny D, Fillet M. Targeted proteomics reveals serum amyloid A variants and alarmins S100A8-S100A9 as key plasma biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis. Talanta. 2019;204:507–517. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawka M, Brzostek A, Dzitko K, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis binds human serum amyloid A, and the interaction modulates the colonization of human macrophages and the transcriptional response of the pathogen. Cells. 2021;11:10. doi:10.3390/cells10051264
   Google Scholar
• Puentes-Osorio Y, Amariles P, Calleja MA, Merino V, Diaz-Coronado JC, Taborda D. Potential clinical biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis with an omic approach. Auto Immun Highlights. 2021;12:9. doi:10.1186/s13317-021-00152-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Li H, Wang R. Acute phase reactant serum amyloid A in inflammation and other diseases. Adv Clin Chem. 2019;90:25–80. doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiphorou E, de Lusignan S, Mallen C, et al. Haematological abnormalities in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis and risk of common infections: a population-based study. Rheumatology. 2020;59:997–1005. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai Y, Yokogawa N, Shimada K, Sugii S. Utility of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting bacterial infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving Tocilizumab. Rheumatol Int. 2020;40:2039–2046. doi:10.1007/s00296-020-04705-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Li J, Zhao C, et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, hypersensitive C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for bloodstream infections in pediatric tumor patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61:366–376. doi:10.1515/cclm-2022-0801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrashekara S, Mukhtar Ahmad M, Renuka P, Anupama KR, Renuka K. Characterization of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a measure of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20:1457–1467. doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cong S, Ma T, Di X, Tian C, Zhao M, Wang K. Diagnostic value of neutrophil CD64, procalcitonin, and interleukin-6 in sepsis: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:384. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06064-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu BQ, Yang Y, Zhao CJ, et al. Accuracy of neutrophil CD64 expression in diagnosing infection in patients with autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:1319–1328. doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04518-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng M, Zhang SL, Liang ZJ, et al. Peripheral neutrophil CD64 index combined with complement, CRP, WBC count and B cells improves the ability of diagnosing bacterial infection in SLE. Lupus. 2019;28:304–316. doi:10.1177/0961203319827646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui T, Ohsumi K, Ozawa N, et al. CD64 on neutrophils is a sensitive and specific marker for detection of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:2416–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Lin L, Zhao J, Peng X, Li L. Neutrophil CD64 index as a superior indicator for diagnosing, monitoring bacterial infection, and evaluating antibiotic therapy: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:892. doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07725-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Hu N, Li X, Chen Y, Wang J, Huang W. Evaluation of synovial fluid neutrophil CD64 index as a screening biomarker of prosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2020;102-B:463–469. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.102b4.Bjj-2019-1271.R1
   Google Scholar
• Xiong SD, Pu LF, Wang HP, et al. Neutrophil CD64 Index as a superior biomarker for early diagnosis of infection in febrile patients in the hematology department. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55:82–90. doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino J, Tanaka S, Kadono Y, et al. The usefulness of neutrophil CD64 expression in the diagnosis of local infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in daily practice. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15:547–552. doi:10.1007/s00776-010-1498-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bano A, Pera A, Almoukayed A, et al. CD28 (null) CD4 T-cell expansions in autoimmune disease suggest a link with cytomegalovirus infection. F1000Res. 2019;8:327. doi:10.12688/f1000research.17119.1
   Google Scholar
• Broadley I, Pera A, Morrow G, Davies KA, Kern F. Expansions of Cytotoxic CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells drive excess cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory conditions and are triggered by CMV infection. Front Immunol. 2017;8:195. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minichiello E, Semerano L, Boissier MC. Time trends in the incidence, prevalence, and severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83:625–630. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agosto G, Trento E, Nosotti L, et al. CD81 expression on CD19+ peripheral blood lymphocytes is associated with chronic HCV disease and increased risk for HCV infection: a putative role for inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2009;23:155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamin R, Berhani O, Peleg H, et al. High percentages and activity of synovial fluid NK cells present in patients with advanced stage active rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37448-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SJ, Hsu CY, Kuo ML, Lee PT, Hsiao HS, Chen JY. Phenotypic and functional characterization of natural killer cells in rheumatoid arthritis-regulation with interleukin-15. Sci Rep. 2020;10:5858. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62654-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt SL, Hodgkin PD, Tarlinton DM, Corcoran LM. The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:160–171. doi:10.1038/nri3795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez MJ, Desiderio SV, Wang NY, et al. Soluble markers of antibody secreting cell function as predictors of infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:3658215. doi:10.1155/2019/3658215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto N, Hara S, Ishimoto H, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a biomarker for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia among patients with rheumatoid arthritis under methotrexate therapy. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2019;248:209–216. doi:10.1620/tjem.248.209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar