Exploring the Connectivity of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Microglia as the Center

References

• Sahu MR, Rani L, Subba R, Mondal AC. Cellular senescence in the aging brain: a promising target for neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev. 2022;204:111675. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combes GF, Pellay FX, Radman M. Cause commune et mécanisme commun aux maladies du vieillissement ? [Common cause and mechanism for all pathologies of aging?]. Med Sci. 2020;36(12):1129–1134. doi:10.1051/medsci/2020221 French.
   Google Scholar
• Esquerda-Canals G, Montoliu-Gaya L, Güell-Bosch J, Villegas S. Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):1171–1183. doi:10.3233/JAD-170045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MT. Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism. Am J Med. 2019;132(7):802–807. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, McKinnon BJ. Hearing Loss in the Elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018;34(2):163–174. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2018.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindle JV. Ageing, neurodegeneration and Parkinson’s disease. Age Ageing. 2010;39(2):156–161. doi:10.1093/ageing/afp223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara S, Urata K, Oto T, et al. Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury. Vivo. 2023;37(1):132–142. doi:10.21873/invivo.13062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuppagounder V, Giridharan VV, Arumugam S. Modulation of Macrophage Polarization and HMGB1-TLR2/TLR4 Cascade Plays a Crucial Role for Cardiac Remodeling in Senescence-Accelerated Prone Mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152922. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak D, Roth TL, McGavern DB. Microglia development and function. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:367–402. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(6):752–758. doi:10.1038/nn1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colonna M, Butovsky O. Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017;35:441–468. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright-Jin EC, Gutmann DH. Microglia as Dynamic Cellular Mediators of Brain Function. Trends Mol Med. 2019;25(11):967–979. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman S, Izzy S, Sen P, Morsett L, El Khoury J. Microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(10):1359–1369. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0242-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orihuela R, McPherson CA, Harry GJ. Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173(4):649–665. doi:10.1111/bph.13139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorfi M, Maaser-Hecker A, Tanzi RE. The neuroimmune axis of Alzheimer’s disease. Genome Med. 2023;15(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13073-023-01155-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian B, Yang Y, Tang N, et al. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes impair beta cell insulin secretion via miR-212-5p by targeting SIRT2 and inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in mice. Diabetologia. 2021;64(9):2037–2051. doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05489-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu B, Liu Y, Hwang S, et al. Trem2 deletion enhances tau dispersion and pathology through microglia exosomes. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):58. doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00562-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stucky SR, Wolf KE, Kuo T. The economic effect of age-related hearing loss: national, state, and local estimates, 2002 and 2030. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:618–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Zhou J, Qiu J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α mediated inflammation versus apoptosis in age-related hearing loss [J]. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:956503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seicol BJ, Lin S, Xie R. Age-Related Hearing Loss Is Accompanied by Chronic Inflammation in the Cochlea and the Cochlear Nucleus. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:846804. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.846804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens B, Allen NJ, Vazquez LE, et al. The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination. Cell. 2007;131(6):1164–1178. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou W, Ma L, Zhu A, Cui H, Huang Y. Astrocyte-microglia interaction through C3/C3aR pathway modulates neuropathic pain in rats model of chronic constriction injury. Mol Pain. 2022;18:17448069221140532. doi:10.1177/17448069221140532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouw RB, Ricklin D. Tipping the balance: intricate roles of the complement system in disease and therapy. Semin Immunopathol. 2021;43(6):757–771. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00892-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziyang L. Research on Specific Pro-Regression Mediators in Delaying the Progression of Retinal Degenerative Diseases and Their Mechanisms[D]. Chinese People’s Liberation Army Army Medical University; 2019; doi:10.27001/d.cnki.gtjyu.2019.000109
   Google Scholar
• Fan W, Huang W, Chen J, Li N, Mao L, Hou S. Retinal microglia: functions and diseases. Immunology. 2022;166(3):268–286. doi:10.1111/imm.13479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao H, Huang X, He J, Zou T, Chen X, Xu H. The roles of microglia in neural remodeling during retinal degeneration. Histol Histopathol. 2022;37(1):1–10. doi:10.14670/HH-18-384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Luo C, Zhao J, Devarajan G, Xu H. Immune regulation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;69:159–172. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yulin Q, Qianyu J, Hejiang Y. CX3CR1 Research progress of microglia in retinal degenerative diseases. Int J Ophthalmol. 2021;21(8):1363.
   Google Scholar
• Lane CA, Hardy J, Schott JM. Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(1):59–70. doi:10.1111/ene.13439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria Lopez JA, González HM, Léger GC. Alzheimer’s disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;167:231–255. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804766-8.00013-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang H, Zheng Y. β淀粉样蛋白级联假说相关的阿尔茨海默病发病机制及防治策略研究进展 [β Amyloid Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease:Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Management]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2019;41(5):702–708. doi:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.10875 Chinese.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condello C, Yuan P, Schain A, Grutzendler J. Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Aβ42 hotspots around plaques. Nat Commun. 2015;6(6176). doi:10.1038/ncomms7176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen AT, Wang K, Hu G, et al. APOE and TREM2 regulate amyloid-responsive microglia in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;140(4):477–493. doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02200-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemiller SM, McCray TJ, Allan K, et al. TREM2 deficiency exacerbates tau pathology through dysregulated kinase signaling in a mouse model of tauopathy. Mol Neurodegener. 2017;12(74):216.
   Google Scholar
• Asai H, Ikezu S, Tsunoda S, et al. Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(11):1584–1593. doi:10.1038/nn.4132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen DV, Hanson JE, Sheng M. Microglia in Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Biol. 2018;217(2):459–472. doi:10.1083/jcb.201709069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George S, Rey NL, Tyson T, et al. Microglia affect α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):34. doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0335-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Guajardo V, Tentillier N, Romero-Ramos M. The relation between α-synuclein and microglia in Parkinson’s disease: recent developments. Neuroscience. 2015;302:47–58. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu TW, Chen CM, Chang KH. Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4148. doi:10.3390/ijms23084148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YN, Fan JK, Gu L, Yang HM, Zhan SQ, Zhang H. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 inhibits α-synuclein-induced microglia inflammation to protect from neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):23. doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02079-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Li Y, Wang C, et al. The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson’s disease: a double-edged sword. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):33. doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02723-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho MS. Microglia in Parkinson’s Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1175:335–353. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Andaloussi S, Lakhal S, Mäger I, Wood MJ. Exosomes for targeted siRNA delivery across biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(3):391–397. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo M, Wang J, Zhao Y, et al. Microglial exosomes facilitate α-synuclein transmission in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2020;143(5):1476–1497. doi:10.1093/brain/awaa090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Wei X, Yan H, et al. TREM2 deficiency aggravates α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease models. FASEB J. 2019;33(11):12164–12174. doi:10.1096/fj.201900992R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Feng S, Nie K, et al. TREM2 modulates microglia phenotypes in the neuroinflammation of Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;499(4):797–802. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boillée S, Ande V Elde C V, Cleveland DW. ALS: a disease of motor neurons and their nonneuronal neighbors. Neuron. 2006a;52:39–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassa RM, Mariotti R, Bonaconsa M, Bertini G, Bentivoglio M. Gene, cell, and axon changes in the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse sensorimotor cortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68:59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisse K, Strong MJ. Innate immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1762:1083–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkel JS, Beers DR, Zhao W, Appel SH. Microglia in ALS: the good, the bad, and the resting. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009;4(4):389–398. doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9171-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geloso MC, Corvino V, Marchese E, Serrano A, Michetti F, D’Ambrosi N. The Dual Role of Microglia in ALS: mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:242. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brites D, Vaz AR. Microglia centered pathogenesis in ALS: insights in cell interconnectivity. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:117. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Retinal and Brain Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. Cells. 2021;10(6):1507. doi:10.3390/cells10061507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara NB, Munro DAD, Bestard-Cuche N, et al. Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity. Nature. 2023;613(7942):120–129. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05534-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero BL, Sicotte NL. Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: friend or Foe? Front Immunol. 2020;11:374. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yong VW. Microglia in multiple sclerosis: protectors turn destroyers. Neuron. 2022;110(21):3534–3548. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Nguyen TD, Pitt D. Significance and In Vivo Detection of Iron-Laden Microglia in White Matter Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Front Immunol. 2018;9:255. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogie JF, Stinissen P, Hendriks JJ. Macrophage subsets and microglia in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(2):191–213. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1310-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawji KS, Yong VW. The benefits and detriments of macrophages/microglia in models of multiple sclerosis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:948976. doi:10.1155/2013/948976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voet S, Prinz M, van Loo G. Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. Trends Mol Med. 2019;25(2):112–123. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyss-Coray T. Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation. Nature. 2016;539:180–186. doi:10.1038/nature20411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi T, Ota H, Matsuda T, Murase S, Mizumura K. Cutaneous C-fiber nociceptor responses and nociceptive behaviors in aged Sprague–Dawley rats. Pain. 2010;151:771–782. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledeboer A, Sloane EM, Milligan ED, et al. Minocycline attenuates mechanical allodynia and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat models of pain facilitation. Pain. 2005;115:71–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata H, Eisenach JC, Hussain H, Bynum T, Vincler M. Spinal glial activation contributes to postoperative mechanical hypersensitivity in the rat. J Pain. 2006;7:816–822. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2006.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan TT, Pan F, Gao W, Hu SS, Wang D. Involvement of Macrophages and Spinal Microglia in Osteoarthritis Pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2021;23(5):29. doi:10.1007/s11926-021-00997-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahm SC, Lee JS, Yoon YW, Kim J. Analgesic Tolerance Development during Repetitive Electric Stimulations Is Associated with Changes in the Expression of Activated Microglia in Rats with Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines. 2020;8(12):575. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8120575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sago T, Ono K, Harano N, et al. Distinct time courses of microglial and astrocytic hyperactivation and the glial contribution to pain hypersensitivity in a facial cancer model. Brain Res. 2012;1457:70–80. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinoda M, Kubo A, Hayashi Y, Iwata K. Peripheral and central mechanisms of persistent orofacial Pain. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1227. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikutame D, Urata K, Oto T, et al. Aging-Related Phenotypic Conversion of Medullary Microglia Enhances Intraoral Incisional Pain Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):7871. doi:10.3390/ijms21217871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin MM, Wang F, Qi D, et al. A Critical role of autophagy in regulating microglia polarization in neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:378. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffer B, Bauer D, Wasmuth S, et al. Loss of IL-10 Promotes Differentiation of Microglia to a M1 Phenotype. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:430. doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du X, Xu Y, Chen S, Fang M. Inhibited CSF1R Alleviates Ischemia Injury via Inhibition of Microglia M1 Polarization and NLRP3 Pathway. Neural Plast. 2020;2020:8825954. doi:10.1155/2020/8825954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin W, Xu D, Austin CD, et al. Function of CSF1 and IL34 in Macrophage Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2019. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzan DE, Brügger-Verdon V, West BL, Liddelow S, Samanta J, Salzer JL. Activated microglia drive demyelination via CSF1R signaling. Glia. 2021;69(6):1583–1604. doi:10.1002/glia.23980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosna J, Philipp S, Albay R 3rd, et al. Early long-term administration of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 ablates microglia and reduces accumulation of intraneuronal amyloid, neuritic plaque deposition and pre-fibrillar oligomers in 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2018;13(1):11. doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0244-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiani Shabestari S, Morabito S, Danhash EP, et al. Absence of microglia promotes diverse pathologies and early lethality in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Cell Rep. 2022;39(11):110961. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng X, Valdearcos M, Uchida Y, Lutrin D, Maze M, Koliwad SK. Microglia mediate postoperative hippocampal inflammation and cognitive decline in mice. JCI Insight. 2017;2(7):e91229. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.91229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Spangenberg EE, Tang B, Holmes TC, Green KN, Xu X. Microglia Elimination Increases Neural Circuit Connectivity and Activity in Adult Mouse Cortex. J Neurosci. 2021;41(6):1274–1287. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2140-20.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Yakoub MA, Chandler A, et al. CSF1/CSF1R Signaling Inhibitor Pexidartinib (PLX3397) Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Stimulates T-cell Infiltration in the Sarcoma Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther. 2021;20(8):1388–1399. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-20-0591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry RJ, Ritzel RM, Barrett JP, et al. Microglial Depletion with CSF1R Inhibitor During Chronic Phase of Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Reduces Neurodegeneration and Neurological Deficits. J Neurosci. 2020;40(14):2960–2974. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2402-19.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokr SM, Milinkeviciute G, Jimenez GA, Abubakr H, Cramer KS. Long-term microglia depletion impairs synapse elimination and auditory brainstem function. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18521. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23250-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zeller M, Sebastião AM, Valente CA. Microglia Depletion from Primary Glial Cultures Enables to Accurately Address the Immune Response of Astrocytes. Biomolecules. 2022;12(5):666. doi:10.3390/biom12050666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu S, Palavicini JP, Wang J, et al. Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer’s disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener. 2021;16(1):64. doi:10.1186/s13024-021-00488-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmore MR, Najafi AR, Koike MA, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron. 2014;82(2):380–397. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(2):155–164. doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Dong Y, Ma J, et al. Microglial Calhm2 regulates neuroinflammation and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Sci Adv. 2021;7(35):eabe3600. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe3600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarty S, Herkenham M. Toll-like receptor 4 on nonhematopoietic cells sustains CNS inflammation during endotoxemia, independent of systemic cytokines. J Neurosci. 2005;25:1788–1796. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4268-04.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenkhuis B, Somarakis A, Kleindouwel LRT, van Roon-Mom WMC, Höllt T, van der Weerd L. Co-expression patterns of microglia markers iba-1, TMEM119 and P2RY12 in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2022;167:105684. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo S, Kohsaka S, Okabe S. Long-term changes of spine dynamics and microglia after transient peripheral immune response triggered by LPS in vivo. Mol Brain. 2011;4:27. doi:10.1186/1756-6606-4-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Brennan FH, Popovich PG, Zhou M. Microglia maintain the normal structure and function of the hippocampal astrocyte network. Glia. 2022;70(7):1359–1379. doi:10.1002/glia.24179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo M, Hao Y, Feng Y, et al. Microglial Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021;14:630808. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.630808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: a Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:842320. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.842320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai SN, Singh P. Advancement in the modelling and therapeutics of Parkinson’s disease. J Chem Neuroanat. 2020;104:101752. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav SK, Rai SN, Singh SP. Mucuna pruriens reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in Parkinsonian mice model. J Chem Neuroanat. 2017;80:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai SN, Singh P, Steinbusch HWM, Vamanu E, Ashraf G, Singh MP. The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: an Update. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10):1284. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai SN, Dilnashin H, Birla H, et al. The Role of PI3K/Akt and ERK in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res. 2019;35(3):775–795. doi:10.1007/s12640-019-0003-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna K, Nalla LV, Naresh D, et al. WNT-β Catenin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases: current Status and Future Perspective. Diseases. 2023;11(3):89. doi:10.3390/diseases11030089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai SN, Yadav SK, Singh D, Singh SP. Ursolic acid attenuates oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in MPTP-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016;71:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar