Phosphodiesterase inhibition in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: current status and potential

References

• Castro A, Jerez MJ, Gil C, Martinez A, et al. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in immunomodulatory responses: advances in the development of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Med Res Rev. 2005;25(2):229–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore AR, Willoughby DA. The role of cAMP regulation in controlling inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995;101(3):387–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh R, Sawant O, Ganpathy P, Pitre S, Kadam VJ. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: their role and implications. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2009;1(4):1148–1160.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell-Smith V, Spina D, Page CP. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147(Suppl 1):S252–S257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar S, Alchter MH. Cardiovascular and other pharmacological approaches of phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitors. Int J Adv Pharm Med Bioallied Sci. 2013;1:35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: a new target for the development of specific therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Ther. 2006;109(3):366–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin SL, Ding SL, Lin SC. Phosphodiesterase 4 and its inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Chang Gung Med J. 2012;35(3):197–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Essayan DM. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(5):671–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Full Report of the Expert Panel Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3). Jul 2007; https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/asthma-guidelines/. Accessed May 12, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Schmid-Wirlitsch C, et al. Roflumilast attenuates allergen-induced inflammation in mild asthmatic subjects. Respir Res. 2011;12:140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Mancini JA. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13(27):3253–3262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. Drugs for asthma. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147 Suppl 1: S297–S303.
   Google Scholar
• Spina D. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory lung disease. Drugs. 2003;63(23):2575–2594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giembycz MA. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and the treatment of asthma: where are we now and where do we go from here? Drugs. 2000;59(2):193–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina D. PDE4 inhibitors: current status. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;155(3):308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houslay MD, Schafer P, Zhang KY. Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10(22):1503–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman RB, Fisher BD, Amit O, Dockhorn RJ. SB207499 (Ariflo), a second generation, selective oral phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;157:A413.
   Google Scholar
• Compton C, Cedar E, Nieman RB, Amit O, Langley SJ, Sapene M. Ariflo improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma: results of a study in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(3):A624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton C, Duggan M, Cedar E, et al. Ariflo efficacy in a 12 month study of patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:A505.
   Google Scholar
• Lipworth BJ. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2005;365(9454):167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar N, Goldminz AM, Kim N, Gottlieb AB. Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases. BMC Med. 2013;11:96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer W, Leclerc V, Birraux G, et al. The new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha ex vivo. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42(3):297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet J, Aubier M, Sastre J, et al. Comparison of roflumilast, an oral anti-inflammatory, with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of persistent asthma. Allergy. 2006;61(1):72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk E, Strydom K, Williams Z, et al. Roflumilast, an oral once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, attenuates allergen-induced asthmatic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(2):292–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman ED, Izquierdo JL, Harnest U, et al. Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in the treatment of asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(5):679–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardin PG, Dorward MA, Lampe FC, Franke B, Holgate ST. Effect of selective phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition on the early and late asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;45(4):387–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myou S, Fujimura M, Kamio Y, et al. Bronchodilator effect of inhaled olprinone, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(3):817–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiura Y, Fujimura M, Nobata K, et al. Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition and cough in elderly asthmatics. Cough. 2005;1:11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan Chung K. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;533(1–3):110–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosi LG, Diamant Z, Banner KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of RPL554, a dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from four clinical trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(9):714–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. GOLD; 2014. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jun11.pdf. Accessed June 19, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Abbott-Banner KH, Page CP. Dual PDE3/4 and PDE4 inhibitors: novel treatments for COPD and other inflammatory airway diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;114(5):365–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O’Donnell D, Witte S, Bredenbröker D, Bethke TD. Roflumilast–an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9485):563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, Teichmann P, Bredenbroeker D, Fabbri LM. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(2):154–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring UM, et al; M2-124 and M2-125 study groups. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9691):685–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, et al; M2-127 and M2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with long acting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9691):695–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Savi C, Cox RJ, Warner DJ, et al. Efficacious inhaled PDE4 inhibitors with low emetic potential and long duration of action for the treatment of COPD. J Med Chem. 2014;57(11):4661–4676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostanci Y, Kazzazi A, Momtahen S, Laze J, Djavan B. Correlation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and inflammation. Curr Opin Urol. 2013;23(1):5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribal MJ. The link between benign prostatic hyperplasia and inflammation. Eur Urol Suppl. 2013;12(5):103–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Kaminetsky JC, et al. Tadalafil relieves lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2007;177(4):1401–1407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrborn CG, McVary KT, Elion-Mboussa A, Viktrup L. Tadalafil administered once daily for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a dose finding study. J Urol. 2008;180(4):1228–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmochowski R, Roehrborn C, Klise S, Xu L, Kaminetsky J, Kraus S. Urodynamic effects of once daily tadalafil in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, placebo controlled 12-week clinical trial. J Urol. 2010;183(3):1092–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porst H, Kim ED, Casabé AR, et al; LVHJ study team. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil once daily in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results of an international randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011;60:1105–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVary KT, Monnig W, Camps JL Jr, Young JM, Tseng LJ, van den Ende G. Sildenafil citrate improves erectile function and urinary symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Urol. 2007;177(3):1071–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stief CG, Porst H, Neuser D, Beneke M, Ulbrich E. A randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of twice-daily vardenafil in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2008;53(6):1236–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy H, Rasheed M, Al-Abd S. Vardenafil improves erectile function and urinary symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2009;8(1):238.
   Google Scholar
• Salari-Sharif P, Abdollahi M. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(33):3661–3667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Keshavarzian A, Isaacs K, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study of tetomilast in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(1):76–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari P, Abdollahi M. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(3):261–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinnathurai P, Schrieber L. Treatment of Raynaud phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Intern Med J. 2013;43(5):476–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy P, Agarwal V, Agarwal A, Misra R, Naik S. Potential for phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the management of autoimmune diseases. Drug Dev Res. 2011;72(8):772–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanath V, Phiske M, Gopalani VV. Systemic sclerosis: current concepts in pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects of dermatological manifestations. Indian J Dermatol. 2013;58(4):255–268.
   Google Scholar
• Moore SC, Desantis ER. Treatment of complications associated with systemic sclerosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65(4):315–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roustit M, Blaise S, Allanore Y, Carpentier PH, Caglayan E, Cracowski JL. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(10):1696–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang RC, Jiang FM, Zheng QL, et al. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil treatment in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2014;108(3):531–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiè N, Brundage BH, Ghofrani HA, et al; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Response to Tadalafil (PHIRST) Study Group. Tadalafil therapy for pulmonary artery hypertension. Circulation. 2009;119(22):2894–2903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudiz RJ, Brundage BH, Galiè N, et al; PHIRST Study Group. Tadalafil for the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension: a double-blind 52-week uncontrolled extension study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(8):768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing ZC, Yu ZX, Shen JY, et al; Efficacy and Safety of Vardenafil in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (EVALUATION) Study Group. Vardenafil in pulmonary artery hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(12):1723–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfreeman AC, McNamee KE, McCann FE. New developments in the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a focus on apremilast. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BÄumer W, Hoppmann J, Rundfeldt C, Kietzmann M. Highly selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of allergic skin diseases and psoriasis. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2007;6(1):17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin S. Apremilast for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Future Prescriber. 2013;14(1):8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Strober B, Krueger JG, et al. An open-label, single-arm pilot study in patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis treated with an oral anti-inflammatory agent, apremilast. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(5):1529–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Matheson RT, Menter A, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and pharmacodynamics of apremilast in recalcitrant plaque psoriasis: a phase II open-label study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(8):888–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Cather JC, Rosoph L, et al. Efficacy of apremilast in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9843):738–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Kaufmann R, Thaçi D, Hu C, Sutherland D, Rohane P. Efficacy and safety of apremilast in subjects with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: results from a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-comparison study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(3):e376–e383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand V, Fiorentino D, Hu C, Day RM, Stevens RM, Papp KA. Improvements in patient-reported outcomes with apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: results from a phase IIb randomized, controlled study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole RM, Ballantyne AD. Apremilast: first global approval. Drugs. 2014;74(7):825–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schett G, Wollenhaupt J, Papp K, et al. Oral apremilast in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(10):3156–3167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff E. Potency, selectivity, and consequences of nonselectivity of PDE inhibition. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16 Suppl 1:S11–S14.
   Google Scholar
• chemspider.com [homepage on the Internet]. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2014. Available from http://www.chemspider.com. Accessed August 17, 2014.
   Google Scholar