236
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Investigating the Role of BDNF in Insomnia: Current Insights

, , &
Pages 1045-1060 | Received 28 Jul 2023, Accepted 28 Nov 2023, Published online: 07 Dec 2023

References

  • Ananthakrishnan AN, Long MD, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Sleep disturbance and risk of active disease in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(8):965–971. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.01.021
  • Seo HM, Kim TL, Kim JS. The risk of alopecia areata and other related autoimmune diseases in patients with sleep disorders: a Korean population-based retrospective cohort study. Sleep. 2018;41(9). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy111
  • Young KA, Munroe ME, Harley JB, et al. Less than 7 hours of sleep per night is associated with transitioning to systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27(9):1524–1531. doi:10.1177/0961203318778368
  • Sang N, Gao RC, Zhang MY, Wu ZZ, Wu ZG, Wu GC. Causal relationship between sleep traits and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:918749. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.918749
  • Serchov T, Clement HW, Schwarz MK, et al. Increased signaling via adenosine A1 receptors, sleep deprivation, imipramine, and ketamine inhibit depressive-like behavior via induction of Homer1a. Neuron. 2015;87(3):549–562. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.010
  • Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487–504. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27286
  • Bhaskar S, Hemavathy D, Prasad S. Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016;5(4):780–784. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.201153
  • Ditmer M, Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Bialasiewicz P, Malecka-Wojciesko E, Sochal M. Sleep problems in chronic inflammatory diseases: prevalence, treatment, and new perspectives: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2021;11(1):67. doi:10.3390/jcm11010067
  • Sochal M, Binienda A, Ditmer M, et al. Relation between symptoms of insomnia, depression, sleep quality, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and disrupted circadian clock genes’ expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2023. doi:10.20452/pamw.16487
  • Sochal M, Ditmer M, Binienda A, et al. Relation between selected sleep parameters, depression, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Metabolites. 2023;13(3):450. doi:10.3390/metabo13030450
  • Harvey C-J, Gehrman P, Espie CA. Who is predisposed to insomnia: a review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and coping style. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(3):237–247. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.004
  • Kalmbach DA, Cuamatzi-Castelan AS, Tonnu CV, et al. Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: current insights. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:193–201. doi:10.2147/nss.S138823
  • Spielman AJ, Caruso LS, Glovinsky PB. A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987;10(4):541–553. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30532-X
  • Haynes J, Talbert M, Fox S, Close E. Cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of insomnia. South Med J. 2018;111(2):75–80. doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000000769
  • Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675–700. doi:10.1111/jsr.12594
  • Ballesio A, Zagaria A, Curti DG, et al. Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;67:101738. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101738
  • Miranda M, Morici JF, Zanoni MB, Bekinschtein P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a key molecule for memory in the healthy and the pathological brain. Review. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13. doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00363
  • Sochal M, Ditmer M, Gabryelska A, Białasiewicz P. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in immune-related diseases: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6023. doi:10.3390/jcm11206023
  • Chen SD, Wu CL, Hwang WC, Yang DI. More insight into BDNF against neurodegeneration: anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and suppression of autophagy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3). doi:10.3390/ijms18030545
  • Rahmani M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor: missing link between sleep deprivation, insomnia, and depression. Neurochem Res. 2020;45(2):221–231. doi:10.1007/s11064-019-02914-1
  • Molano J, Vaughn BV. Approach to insomnia in patients with dementia. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(1):7–15. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0b013e3182a78edf
  • Nutt D, Wilson S, Paterson L. Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(3):329–336. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/dnutt
  • Gao L, Zhang Y, Sterling K, Song W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer’s disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl Neurodegener. 2022;11(1):4. doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0
  • Nazareth AM. BDNF, A focus to major depression. Open J Psychol. 2021;1(1):10–21.
  • Rosenfeld RD, Zeni L, Haniu N, et al. Purification and identification of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from human serum. Protein Expr Purif. 1995;6(4):465–471. doi:10.1006/prep.1995.1062
  • Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Ditmer M, et al. BDNF and proBDNF serum protein levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients and their involvement in insomnia and depression symptoms. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23):7135. doi:10.3390/jcm11237135
  • Gabryelska A, Sochal M. Evaluation of HIF-1 involvement in the BDNF and ProBDNF signaling pathways among obstructive sleep apnea patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):14876. doi:10.3390/ijms232314876
  • S-Y W, Pan B-S, Tsai S-F, et al. BDNF reverses aging-related microglial activation. J Neuroinflam. 2020;17(1):210. doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01887-1
  • Walsh EI, Smith L, Northey J, Rattray B, Cherbuin N. Towards an understanding of the physical activity-BDNF-cognition triumvirate: a review of associations and dosage. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;60:101044. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101044
  • Causing CG, Gloster A, Aloyz R, et al. Synaptic innervation density is regulated by neuron-derived BDNF. Neuron. 1997;18(2):257–267. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80266-4
  • Alonso M, Medina JH, Pozzo-Miller L. ERK1/2 activation is necessary for BDNF to increase dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Learn Mem. 2004;11(2):172–178. doi:10.1101/lm.67804
  • Horch HW, Krüttgen A, Portbury SD, Katz LC. Destabilization of cortical dendrites and spines by BDNF. Neuron. 1999;23(2):353–364. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80785-0
  • Lom B, Cohen-Cory S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor differentially regulates retinal ganglion cell dendritic and axonal arborization in vivo. J Neurosci. 1999;19(22):9928–9938. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-22-09928.1999
  • Niblock MM, Brunso-Bechtold JK, Riddle DR. Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates dendritic growth in primary somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci. 2000;20(11):4165. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-11-04165.2000
  • Kwon M, Fernández JR, Zegarek GF, Lo SB, Firestein BL. BDNF-promoted increases in proximal dendrites occur via CREB-dependent transcriptional regulation of cypin. J Neurosci. 2011;31(26):9735–9745. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6785-10.2011
  • Jovanovic JN, Czernik AJ, Fienberg AA, Greengard P, Sihra TS. Synapsins as mediators of BDNF-enhanced neurotransmitter release. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3(4):323–329. doi:10.1038/73888
  • Pascual M, Climent E, Guerri C. BDNF induces glutamate release in cerebrocortical nerve terminals and in cortical astrocytes. NeuroReport. 2001;12(12):2673–2677. doi:10.1097/00001756-200108280-00017
  • Chen A, Xiong LJ, Tong Y, Mao M. Neuroprotective effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediated by autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2013;8(4):1011–1016. doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1628
  • Caldeira MV, Melo CV, Pereira DB, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor subunits in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(17):12619–12628. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700607200
  • Lin SY, Wu K, Levine ES, Mount HT, Suen PC, Black IB. BDNF acutely increases tyrosine phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit 2B in cortical and hippocampal postsynaptic densities. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998;55(1):20–27. doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00349-5
  • Suen P-C, Wu K, Levine ES, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rapidly enhances phosphorylation of the postsynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1997;94(15):8191–8195. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8191
  • Almeida RD, Manadas BJ, Melo CV, et al. Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways. Cell Death Differ. 2005;12(10):1329–1343. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401662
  • Porcher C, Medina I, Gaiarsa JL. Mechanism of BDNF modulation in GABAergic synaptic transmission in healthy and disease brains. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12:273. doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00273
  • Song J, Kim E, Kim C-H, Song H-T, Lee JE. The role of orexin in post-stroke inflammation, cognitive decline, and depression. Molecular Brain. 2015;8(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0106-1
  • Guo Y, Feng P. OX2R activation induces PKC-mediated ERK and CREB phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318(16):2004–2013. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.04.015
  • Erman MK. Sleep architecture and its relationship to insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 10):9–17.
  • Yetton BD, McDevitt EA, Cellini N, Shelton C, Mednick SC. Quantifying sleep architecture dynamics and individual differences using big data and Bayesian networks. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0194604. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194604
  • Drake CL, Roehrs T, Roth T. Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: an overview. Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(4):163–176. doi:10.1002/da.10151
  • Moline M, Murphy P, Pinner K, et al. 0369 effect of lemborexant on sleep architecture in older adults with insomnia disorder. Sleep. 2019;42(Supplement_1):A150–A150. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz067.368
  • Watson AJ, Henson K, Dorsey SG, Frank MG. The truncated TrkB receptor influences mammalian sleep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;308(3):R199–R207. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00422.2014
  • Garner JM, Chambers J, Barnes AK, Datta S. Changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression influence sleep-wake activity and homeostatic regulation of rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep. 2018;41(2). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx194
  • Henechowicz TL, Chen JL, Cohen LG, Thaut MH, Li Z. The prevalence of the Val66Met polymorphism in musicians: possible evidence for compensatory neuroplasticity from a pilot study. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0245107. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245107
  • Greene RW, Frank MG. Slow wave activity during sleep: functional and therapeutic implications. Neuroscientist. 2010;16(6):618–633. doi:10.1177/1073858410377064
  • Mongrain V, Warby SC. Determinants of cortical synchrony. Sleep. 2012;35(3):309–310. doi:10.5665/sleep.1680
  • Monteiro BC, Monteiro S, Candida M, et al. Relationship between brain-derived neurotrofic factor (Bdnf) and sleep on depression: a critical review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2017;13(1):213–219. doi:10.2174/1745017901713010213
  • Kushikata T, Kubota T, Fang J, Krueger JM. Neurotrophins 3 and 4 enhance non-rapid eye movement sleep in rabbits. Neurosci Lett. 2003;346(3):161–164. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00564-0
  • Faraguna U, Vyazovskiy VV, Nelson AB, Tononi G, Cirelli C. A causal role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. J Neurosci. 2008;28(15):4088–4095. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5510-07.2008
  • Muheim CM, Singletary KG, Frank MG. A chemical-genetic investigation of BDNF-NtrkB signaling in mammalian sleep. Sleep. 2022;45(2). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab237
  • Kaczmarski P, Sochal M, Strzelecki D, Białasiewicz P, Gabryelska A. Influence of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission on obstructive sleep apnea. Review. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1213971
  • Reddy S, Reddy V, Sharma S. Physiology, circadian rhythm. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023.
  • Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Karuga FF, Sochal M, Strzelecki D, Białasiewicz P. Disruption of circadian rhythm genes in obstructive sleep apnea patients—possible mechanisms involved and clinical implication. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):709. doi:10.3390/ijms23020709
  • Reid KJ, Zee PC. Chapter 41 - circadian disorders of the sleep–wake cycle. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 5th ed. W.B. Saunders; 2011:470–482.
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1460–1483. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1460
  • Archer SN, Carpen JD, Gibson M, et al. Polymorphism in the PER3 promoter associates with diurnal preference and delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2010;33(5):695–701. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.695
  • Semenova NV, Madaeva IM, Bairova TI, et al. 3111T/C clock gene polymorphism in women with insomnia. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;163(4):461–464. doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3828-5
  • Charrier A, Olliac B, Roubertoux P, Tordjman S. Clock genes and altered sleep-wake rhythms: their role in the development of psychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):938. doi:10.3390/ijms18050938
  • Wickwire EM, Geiger-Brown J, Scharf SM, Drake CL. Shift work and shift work sleep disorder: clinical and organizational perspectives. Chest. 2017;151(5):1156–1172. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.12.007
  • Liang FQ, Sohrabji F, Miranda R, Earnest B, Earnest D. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its cognate receptor, TrkB, in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Exp Neurol. 1998;151(2):184–193. doi:10.1006/exnr.1998.6804
  • D’Agostino Y, Frigato E, Noviello TMR, et al. Loss of circadian rhythmicity in bdnf knockout zebrafish larvae. iScience. 2022;25(4):104054. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104054
  • Cain SW, Chang AM, Vlasac I, et al. Circadian rhythms in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor differ in men and women. J Biol Rhythms. 2017;32(1):75–82. doi:10.1177/0748730417693124
  • Piccinni A, Marazziti D, Del Debbio A, et al. Diurnal variation of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: an analysis of sex differences. Chronobiol Int. 2008;25(5):819–826. doi:10.1080/07420520802387773
  • Choi SW, Bhang S, Ahn JH. Diurnal variation and gender differences of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy human subjects. Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(2–3):427–430. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.028
  • Begliuomini S, Lenzi E, Ninni F, et al. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor daily variations in men: correlation with cortisol circadian rhythm. J Endocrinol. 2008;197(2):429–435. doi:10.1677/joe-07-0376
  • Miranda-Riestra A, Estrada-Reyes R, Torres-Sanchez ED, Carreño-García S, Ortiz GG, Benítez-King GM. A neurotrophic factor? Molecules. 2022;27(22):7742. doi:10.3390/molecules27227742
  • Shokri-Mashhadi N, Darand M, Rouhani MH, Yahay M, Feltham BA, Saraf-Bank S. Effects of melatonin supplementation on BDNF concentrations and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Behav Brain Res. 2023;436:114083. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114083
  • Otsuka Y, Itani O, Matsumoto Y, Kaneita Y. Associations between coping strategies and insomnia: a longitudinal study of Japanese workers. Sleep. 2022;45(2). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab244
  • Kowalczuk K, Krajewska-Kułak E, Sobolewski M. Relationships between sleep problems and stress coping strategies adopted by nurses including socio-occupational factors. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:660776. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660776
  • Serafin LI, Fukowska M, Zyskowska D, Olechowska J, Czarkowska-Pączek B. Impact of stress and coping strategies on insomnia among Polish novice nurses who are employed in their field while continuing their education: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(12):e049787. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049787
  • Soehner AM, Harvey AG. Prevalence and functional consequences of severe insomnia symptoms in mood and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally representative sample. Sleep. 2012;35(10):1367–1375. doi:10.5665/sleep.2116
  • Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep. 2007;30(7):873–880. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.7.873
  • Cano G, Mochizuki T, Saper CB. Neural circuitry of stress-induced insomnia in rats. J Neurosci. 2008;28(40):10167–10184. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1809-08.2008
  • Dressle RJ, Riemann D. Hyperarousal in insomnia disorder: current evidence and potential mechanisms. J Sleep Res. 2023;e13928. doi:10.1111/jsr.13928
  • Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):19–31. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002
  • Sudheimer KD, O’Hara R, Spiegel D, et al. Cortisol, cytokines, and hippocampal volume interactions in the elderly. Original Research. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00153
  • Hall BS, Moda RN, Liston C. Glucocorticoid mechanisms of functional connectivity changes in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Stress. 2015;1:174–183. doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.008
  • Jeanneteau F, Chao MV. Are BDNF and glucocorticoid activities calibrated? Neuroscience. 2013;239:173–195. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.017
  • Dressle RJ, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, et al. HPA axis activity in patients with chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;62:101588. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101588
  • Jeanneteau F, Borie A, Chao MV, Garabedian MJ. Bridging the gap between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoid effects on brain networks. Neuroendocrinology. 2019;109(3):277–284. doi:10.1159/000496392
  • Suri D, Vaidya VA. Glucocorticoid regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: relevance to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. Neuroscience. 2013;239:196–213. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.065
  • Chiba S, Numakawa T, Ninomiya M, Richards MC, Wakabayashi C, Kunugi H. Chronic restraint stress causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, downregulates glucocorticoid receptor expression, and attenuates glutamate release induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(1):112–119. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.018
  • Naert G, Ixart G, Maurice T, Tapia-Arancibia L, Givalois L. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis adaptation processes in a depressive-like state induced by chronic restraint stress. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011;46(1):55–66. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2010.08.006
  • Ambrus L, Lindqvist D, Träskman-Bendz L, Å W. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity is associated with decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in female suicide attempters. Nordic J Psychiatry. 2016;70(8):575–581. doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1184310
  • Onen Sertoz O, Tolga Binbay I, Koylu E, Noyan A, Yildirim E, Elbi Mete H. The role of BDNF and HPA axis in the neurobiology of burnout syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(6):1459–1465. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.001
  • Suliman S, Hemmings S, Seedat S. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) protein levels in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Original Research. Front Integrat Neurosci. 2013;7. doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00055
  • Baik J-H. Stress and the dopaminergic reward system. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52(12):1879–1890. doi:10.1038/s12276-020-00532-4
  • Rosenblum M. Substance abuse and insomnia. Minn Med. 2017;100(3):38–39.
  • Furihata R, Saitoh K, Otsuki R, et al. Association between reduced serum BDNF levels and insomnia with short sleep duration among female hospital nurses. Sleep Med. 2020;68:167–172. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.011
  • Giese M, Unternährer E, Hüttig H, et al. BDNF: an indicator of insomnia? Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(2):151–152. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.10
  • Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Ditmer M, Sochal M. Neurotrophins in the neuropathophysiology, course, and complications of obstructive sleep apnea—a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):1808. doi:10.3390/ijms24031808
  • Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(8):1169–1180. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009309
  • Fan TT, Chen WH, Shi L, et al. Objective sleep duration is associated with cognitive deficits in primary insomnia: BDNF may play a role. Sleep. 2019;42(1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy192
  • Sanchez-Garcia S, Moreno-Tamayo K, Ramirez-Aldana R, et al. Insomnia impairs both the Pro-BDNF and the BDNF levels similarly to older adults with cognitive decline: an exploratory study. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7387. doi:10.3390/ijms24087387
  • Satyanarayanan SK, Chien YC, Chang JP, et al. Melatonergic agonist regulates circadian clock genes and peripheral inflammatory and neuroplasticity markers in patients with depression and anxiety. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;85:142–151. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.003
  • Zhang P, Li YX, Zhang ZZ, et al. Astroglial mechanisms underlying chronic insomnia disorder: a clinical study. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020;12:693–704. doi:10.2147/nss.S263528
  • Mikoteit T, Brand S, Eckert A, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Beck J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a biomarker for subjective insomnia but not objectively assessable poor sleep continuity. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;110:103–109. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.020
  • Deuschle M, Schredl M, Wisch C, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sleep-disordered patients: relation to sleep stage N3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep across diagnostic entities. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(1):73–77. doi:10.1111/jsr.12577
  • Schmitt K, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Eckert A. BDNF in sleep, insomnia, and sleep deprivation. Ann Med. 2016;48(1–2):42–51. doi:10.3109/07853890.2015.1131327
  • Xue J, Li H, Xu Z, et al. Paradoxical sleep deprivation aggravates and prolongs incision-induced pain hypersensitivity via BDNF signaling-mediated descending facilitation in rats. Neurochem Res. 2018;43(12):2353–2361. doi:10.1007/s11064-018-2660-2
  • Musazzi L, Treccani G, Popoli M. Functional and structural remodeling of glutamate synapses in prefrontal and frontal cortex induced by behavioral stress. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:60. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00060
  • Cunha C, Brambilla R, Thomas KL. A simple role for BDNF in learning and memory? Front Mol Neurosci. 2010;3:1. doi:10.3389/neuro.02.001.2010
  • Frank L, Ventimiglia R, Anderson K, Lindsay RM, Rudge JS. BDN F down-regulates neurotrophin responsiveness, TrkB protein and TrkB mRNA levels in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 1996;8(6):1220–1230. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01290.x
  • Bellesi M, de Vivo L, Chini M, Gilli F, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2017;37(21):5263–5273. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3981-16.2017
  • Khalaji A, Behnoush AH, Shobeiri P, Saeedian B, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 2023;27(3):829–841. doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02707-x
  • Nordahl H, Havnen A, Hansen B, Ost LG, Kvale G. Sleep disturbances in treatment-seeking OCD-patients: changes after concentrated exposure treatment. Scand J Psychol. 2018;59(2):186–191. doi:10.1111/sjop.12417
  • Plante DT, Jensen JE, Winkelman JW. The role of GABA in primary insomnia. Sleep. 2012;35(6):741–742. doi:10.5665/sleep.1854
  • Morgan PT, Pace-Schott EF, Mason GF, et al. Cortical GABA levels in primary insomnia. Sleep. 2012;35(6):807–814. doi:10.5665/sleep.1880
  • Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A. Effects of Oral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00923
  • Scammell TE, Jackson AC, Franks NP, Wisden W, Dauvilliers Y. Histamine: neural circuits and new medications. Sleep. 2019;42(1):zsy183. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy183
  • Mormile R, Mazzei G, Vittori G, de Michele M, Squarcia U. Insomnia and shift-work sleep disorder: a crosstalk between glutamate excitotoxicity and decreased GABAergic neurotransmission? Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2012;10(4):340–341. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00574.x
  • Wang R, Reddy PH. Role of glutamate and NMDA receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):1041–1048. doi:10.3233/jad-160763
  • He S, Zhang X, Glutamate QS. Glutamate transporters, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019;10(1):175–181. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00419
  • Novati A, Hulshof HJ, Granic I, Meerlo P. Chronic partial sleep deprivation reduces brain sensitivity to glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(1):3–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00932.x
  • Gotoh K, Masaki T, Chiba S, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin-releasing factor, and hypothalamic neuronal histamine interact to regulate feeding behavior. J Neurochem. 2013;125(4):588–598. doi:10.1111/jnc.12213
  • Ren J, Chen Y, Fang X, et al. Correlation of Orexin-A and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Neurosci Letters. 2022;782:136695. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136695
  • Mogavero MP, Silvani A, Lanza G, DelRosso LM, Ferini-Strambi L, Ferri R. Targeting orexin receptors for the treatment of insomnia: from physiological mechanisms to current clinical evidence and recommendations. Nat Sci Sleep. 2023;15:17–38. doi:10.2147/nss.S201994
  • Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci. 2001;24(12):726–731. doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02002-6
  • Wang Z-J, Liu J-F. The molecular basis of insomnia: implication for therapeutic approaches. Drug Dev Res. 2016;77(8):427–436. doi:10.1002/ddr.21338
  • Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Gehrman PR, Miniati M, Gemignani A, Riemann D. Potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in insomnia: a systematic review. J Sleep Res. 2023;e13868. doi:10.1111/jsr.13868
  • Stein MB, McCarthy MJ, Chen CY, et al. Genome-wide analysis of insomnia disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(11):2238–2250. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0033-5
  • Palagini L, Drake CL, Gehrman P, Meerlo P, Riemann D. Early-life origin of adult insomnia: does prenatal-early-life stress play a role? Sleep Med. 2015;16(4):446–456. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.10.013
  • Van Someren EJW. Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiol Rev. 2021;101(3):995–1046. doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2019
  • Karg K, Burmeister M, Shedden K, Sen S. The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(5):444–454. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189
  • Palagini L, Biber K, Riemann D. The genetics of insomnia--evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(3):225–235. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002
  • Hamet P, Tremblay J. Genetics of the sleep-wake cycle and its disorders. Metabolism. 2006;55:S7–S12. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.07.006
  • Wang ZJ, Liu JF. The molecular basis of insomnia: implication for therapeutic approaches. Drug Dev Res. 2016;77(8):427–436. doi:10.1002/ddr.21338
  • Sammallahti S, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Binter A-C, et al. Longitudinal associations of DNA methylation and sleep in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Epigenet. 2022;14(1):83. doi:10.1186/s13148-022-01298-4
  • Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Mulder RH, Saletin JM, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns associated with sleep and mental health in children: a population-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(10):1061–1069. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13252
  • Ancelin M-L, Jaussent I, Ritchie K, Besset A, Ryan J, Dauvilliers Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) variants and promoter I methylation are associated with prolonged nocturnal awakenings in older adults. J Sleep Res. 2023;32(4):e13838. doi:10.1111/jsr.13838
  • Lahtinen A, Puttonen S, Vanttola P, et al. A distinctive DNA methylation pattern in insufficient sleep. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1193. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38009-0
  • Peter CE, Antony JB, Mark F, Janet P, Clive M, John EJG. Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness predict vascular dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(9):820. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.100503
  • Elder GJ, Lazar AS, Alfonso-Miller P, Taylor JP. Sleep disturbances in Lewy body dementia: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022;37(10). doi:10.1002/gps.5814
  • Lloret MA, Cervera-Ferri A, Nepomuceno M, Monllor P, Esteve D, Lloret A. Is sleep disruption a cause or consequence of Alzheimer’s disease? Reviewing its possible role as a biomarker. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):1168. doi:10.3390/ijms21031168
  • Shen Y, Lv QK, Xie WY, et al. Circadian disruption and sleep disorders in neurodegeneration. Transl Neurodegener. 2023;12(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00340-6
  • Johnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE. Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(4):a006213. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006213
  • Leerssen J, Blanken TF, Pozzi E, et al. Brain structural correlates of insomnia severity in 1053 individuals with major depressive disorder: results from the ENIGMA MDD Working Group. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):425. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01109-5
  • Cechova K, Angelucci F, Markova H, et al. Ratio of serum proBDNF to BDNF and its association with cognitive performance and brain morphometry in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2020;16(S6):e046340. doi:10.1002/alz.046340