Eyelid Closure Behavior of Patients with Idiopathic and Nonorganic Hypersomnia, Narcolepsy-Cataplexy, and Healthy Controls in the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

References

• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders. 3 ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM. From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12(2):129–141. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calati R, Gaspar-Barba E, Cruz-Fuentes CS, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in depressed women. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179(2):171–175. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DS, Papakostas GI. Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 6:9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayon V, Leger D, Philip P. Socio-professional handicap and accidental risk in patients with hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(6):421–426. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip P, Chaufton C, Taillard J, et al. Modafinil improves real driving performances in hypersomniac patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Sleep. 2013;36:A255.
   Google Scholar
• Hayley AC, Williams LJ, Berk M, Kennedy GA, Jacka FN, Pasco JA. The relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness and depressive and anxiety disorders in women. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(8):772–778. doi:10.1177/0004867413490036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis J, Hatzinger M. Tiredness/sleepiness: practical diagnosis. Schweizer Archiv Fur Neurologie Und Psychiatrie. 2011;162(8):300–309.
   Google Scholar
• Guilleminault C, Brooks SN. Excessive daytime sleepiness: a challenge for the practising neurologist. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 8):1482–1491. doi:10.1093/brain/124.8.1482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorpy MJ. Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee; International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Rochester, MN: American Sleep Disorders Association; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual. 2 ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich MS, Chervin RD, Malow BA. Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1997;20(8):620–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Kales A, Criley C, Vela-Bueno A. Differences in nocturnal and daytime sleep between primary and psychiatric hypersomnia: diagnostic and treatment implications. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(2):220–226. doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauvilliers Y, Lopez R, Ohayon M, Bayard S. Hypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):78. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haba-Rubio J. Psychiatric aspects of organic sleep disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2005;7(4):335–346. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.4/jhabarubio
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buskova J, Novak T, Miletinova E, et al. Self-reported symptoms and objective measures in idiopathic hypersomnia and hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(3):713–720. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan KA, Harvey AG. Hypersomnia across mood disorders: a review and synthesis. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(4):275–285. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M, et al. The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep Med. 2003;4(1):7–12. doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(02)00191-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofmel NC, Schmitt WJ, Hess CW, Gugger M, Mathis J. Sleepiness and performance is disproportionate in patients with non-organic hypersomnia in comparison to patients with narcolepsy and mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea. Neuropsychobiology. 2014;70(3):189–194. doi:10.1159/000365486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis J, Andres D, Schmitt WJ, Bassetti CL, Hess CW, Schreier DR. The diagnostic value of sleep and vigilance tests in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep. 2022;45(3):zsac017. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvaro PK, Jackson ML, Berlowitz DJ, Swann P, Howard ME. Prolonged eyelid closure episodes during sleep deprivation in professional drivers. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(8):1099–1103. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gennaro L, Devoto A, Lucidi F, Violani C. Oculomotor changes are associated to daytime sleepiness in the multiple sleep latency test. J Sleep Res. 2005;14(2):107–112. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00444.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson ML, Kennedy GA, Clarke C, et al. The utility of automated measures of ocular metrics for detecting driver drowsiness during extended wakefulness. Accident. 2016;87:127–133. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerstedt T, Ingre M, Kecklund G, et al. Reaction of sleepiness indicators to partial sleep deprivation, time of day and time on task in a driving simulator--the DROWSI project. J Sleep Res. 2010;19(2):298–309. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00796.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe T, Nonomura T, Komada Y, et al. Detecting deteriorated vigilance using percentage of eyelid closure time during behavioral maintenance of wakefulness tests. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011;82(3):269–274. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges DF, Rosekind MR, Dinges DF. PERCLOS: a valid psychophysiological measure of alertness as assessed by psychomotor vigilance. Hum Perform Extrem Environ. 1998;3(1):100–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caffier PP, Erdmann U, Ullsperger P. Experimental evaluation of eye-blink parameters as a drowsiness measure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(3):319–325. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0807-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkanen H, Summala H, Tiihonen M, Tiihonen M, Silvo J, Silvo J. Blink duration as an indicator of driver sleepiness in professional bus drivers. Sleep. 1999;22(6):798–802. doi:10.1093/sleep/22.6.798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Washington, DC: National Health Institute; 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Hertig-Godeschalk A, Skorucak J, Malafeev A, Achermann P, Mathis J, Schreier DR. Microsleep episodes in the borderland between wakefulness and sleep. Sleep. 2020;43(1):zsz163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billiard M, Dolenc L, Aldaz C, Ondze B, Besset A. Hypersomnia associated with mood disorders: a new perspective. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(Suppl 1):41–47. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90134-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nofzinger EA, Thase ME, Reynolds CF, et al. Hypersomnia in bipolar depression: a comparison with narcolepsy using the multiple sleep latency test. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(9):1177–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolenc L, Besset A, Billiard M. Hypersomnia in association with dysthymia in comparison with idiopathic hypersomnia and normal controls. Pflugers Arch. 1996;431(6):R303–R304. doi:10.1007/BF02346389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arzi L, Shreter R, El-Ad B, Peled R, Pillar G. Forty- versus 20-minute trials of the maintenance of wakefulness test regimen for licensing of drivers. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(1):57–62. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks S, Barnes M, Tarquinio N, Pierce RJ, Lack LC, McEvoy RD. Factors associated with maintenance of wakefulness test mean sleep latency in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea and normal subjects. J Sleep Res. 2004;13(1):71–78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2003.00383.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez R, Doukkali A, Barateau L, et al. Test-retest reliability of the multiple sleep latency test in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep. 2017;40(12). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fronczek R, Arnulf I, Baumann CR, Maski K, Pizza F, Trotti LM. To split or to lump? Classifying the central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep. 2020;43(8). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann US, Hess CW, Guggisberg AG, Roth C, Gugger M, Mathis J. Sleepiness is not always perceived before falling asleep in healthy, sleep-deprived subjects. Sleep Med. 2010;11(8):747–751. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenthaler T, Alessi C, Friedman L, et al. Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007. Sleep. 2007;30(4):519–529. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.4.519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littner MR, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep. 2005;28(1):113–121. doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, et al. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2005;28(4):499–521. doi:10.1093/sleep/28.4.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry RB, Brooks R, Gamaldo CE, et al. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Version 2.5. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests. 1: sensitivity and specificity. BMJ. 1994;308(6943):1552. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim J, Wright CC. The kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Phys Ther. 2005;85(3):257–268. doi:10.1093/ptj/85.3.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159–174. doi:10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heide A, van Schie MK, Lammers GJ, et al. Comparing treatment effect measurements in narcolepsy: the sustained attention to response task, Epworth sleepiness scale and maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep. 2015;38(7):1051–1058. doi:10.5665/sleep.4810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehert P, Falissard B. Multiple treatment comparison in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis. Sleep. 2018;41(12). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpy MJ, Shapiro C, Mayer G, et al. A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2019;85(3):359–370. doi:10.1002/ana.25423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip P, Guichard K, Strauss M, et al. Maintenance of wakefulness test: how does it predict accident risk in patients with sleep disorders? Sleep Med. 2021;77:249–255. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Impact of motivation on multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test measurements. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1(4):386–390. doi:10.5664/jcsm.26367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan KA, McGlinchey EL, Soehner A, et al. Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;2014:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Smith B. Depression and motivation. Phenomenol Cognit Sci. 2013;12(4):615–635. doi:10.1007/s11097-012-9264-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahek I, Shenhav A, Musslick S, Krebs RM, Koster EHW. Motivation and cognitive control in depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:371–381. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Parliament. European Parliament Amendment 110 on the Regulation on type-approval requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers, and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, as regards their general safety and the protection of vehicle occupants and vulnerable road users, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/858 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 78/2009, (EC) No 79/2009 and (EC) No 661/2009. A8- 0151/110; 2019:1–147.
   Google Scholar
• Ingre M, Akerstedt T, Peters B, Anund A, Kecklund G. Subjective sleepiness, simulated driving performance and blink duration: examining individual differences. J Sleep Res. 2006;15(1):47–53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00504.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar