Transfollicular drug delivery: current perspectives

References

• Scheuplein RJ. Mechanism of percutaneous absorption. II. Transient diffusion and the relative importance of various routes of skin penetration. J Invest Dermatol. 1967;48:79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford T, Black J. The use of autoradiography to study the localization of germicides in skin. Br J Dermatol. 1969;81:75–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tur E, Maibach H, Guy R. Percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate at three anatomic sites: evidence for an appendageal contribution to transport? Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 1991;4:230–234.
   Google Scholar
• Wester RC, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous absorption. Drugs Pharm Sci. 1999;97:107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Bolzinger MA, Briançon S, Pelletier J, Chevalier Y. Penetration of drugs through skin, a complex rate-controlling membrane. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;17:156–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer AC, Lieb LM, Ramachandran C, Flynn GL, Weiner ND. Transfollicular drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1995;12:179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lademann J, Otberg N, Richter H, et al. Investigation of follicular penetration of topically applied substances. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2000;14:17–22.
   Google Scholar
• Essa EA, Bonner MC, Barry BW. Human skin sandwich for assessing shunt route penetration during passive and iontophoretic drug and liposome delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54:1481–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grams YY, Whitehead L, Cornwell P, Bouwstra JA. Time and depth resolved visualisation of the diffusion of a lipophilic dye into the hair follicle of fresh unfixed human scalp skin. J Control Release. 2004;98:367–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber F, Wepierre J, Schaefer H. Role of transepidermal and transfollicular routes in percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone and testosterone: in vivo study in the hairless rat. Skin Pharmacol. 1992;5:99–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Illel B, Schaefer H, Wepierre J, Doucet O. Follicles play an important role in percutaneous absorption. J Pharm Sci. 1991;80:424–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland A, Wagner N, Chatelus A, Shroot B, Schaefer H. Site-specific drug delivery to pilosebaceous structures using polymeric microspheres. Pharm Res. 1993;10:1738–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagna W. The Structure and Function of Skin. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Jain A, Jain P, Kurmi J. Novel strategies for effective transdermal drug delivery: a review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2014;31:219–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauglitz GG, Schauber J. Skin: architecture and function. In: Kamolz LP, Lumenta DB, editors. Dermal Replacements in General, Burn, and Plastic Surgery: Tissue Engineering in Clinical Practice. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Walters KA, Roberts MS. The structure and function of skin. Drugs Pharm Sci. 2002;119:1–40.
   Google Scholar
• Washington N, Washington C, Wilson C. Physiological Pharmaceutics: Barriers to Drug Absorption. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Transdermal drug delivery: overcoming the skin’s barrier function. Pharm Sci Technol Today. 2000;3:318–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cevc G. Lipid vesicles and other colloids as drug carriers on the skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:675–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chourasia R, Jain SK. Drug targeting through pilosebaceous route. Curr Drug Targets. 2009;10:950–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rancan F, Afraz Z, Combadiere B, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Hair follicle targeting with nanoparticles. In: Nasir A, Friedman A, Wang S, editors. Nanotechnology in Dermatology. Heidelberg: Springer; 2012:95–107.
   Google Scholar
• Whiting DA. Histology of normal hair. In: Hordinsky M, Sawaya ME, Scher RK, editors. Atlas of Hair and Nails. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:9–18.
   Google Scholar
• Poblet E, Ortega F, Jiménez F. The arrector pili muscle and the follicular unit of the scalp: a microscopic anatomy study. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:800–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers G. Hair follicle differentiation and regulation. Int J Dev Biol. 2004;48:163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meidan VM, Bonner MC, Michniak BB. Transfollicular drug delivery – is it a reality? Int J Pharm. 2005;306:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause K, Foitzik K. Biology of the hair follicle: the basics. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2006;25:2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hordinsky M. Advances in hair diseases. Adv Dermatol. 2008;24:245–259.
   Google Scholar
• Meidan VM, Touitou E. Treatments for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata. Drugs. 2001;61:53–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarys P, Barel A. Quantitative evaluation of skin surface lipids. Clin Dermatol. 1995;13:307–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne D, Hatzenbuhler D. The influence of skin surface lipids on topical formulations. Drugs Pharm Sci. 1990;42:69–86.
   Google Scholar
• Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard G, Kligman A. Seasonal modulation of sebum excretion. Dermatology. 1990;181:21–22.
   Google Scholar
• Knorr F, Lademann J, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Follicular transport route – research progress and future perspectives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;71:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt A, Hadam S, Heiderhoff M, et al. Morphometry of human terminal and vellus hair follicles. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:946–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin DJ. Biochemistry of human skin – our brain on the outside. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35:52–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patzelt A, Knorr F, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J. Hair follicles, their disorders and their opportunities. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2008;5:e173–e181.
   Google Scholar
• Kertész Z, Szikszai Z, Pelicon P, Simi J, Telek A, Bíró T. Ion beam microanalysis of human hair follicles. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. 2007;260:218–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otberg N, Richter H, Schaefer H, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J. Variations of hair follicle size and distribution in different body sites. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lademann J, Weigmann HJ, Rickmeyer C, et al. Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1998;12:247–256.
   Google Scholar
• Otberg N, Teichmann A, Rasuljev U, Sinkgraven R, Sterry W, Lademann J. Follicular penetration of topically applied caffeine via a shampoo formulation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20:195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer H, Lademann J. The role of follicular penetration: a differential view. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2000;14:23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Williams HC, Dellavalle RP, Garner S. Acne vulgaris. Lancet. 2012;379:361–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James WD, Berger T, Elston D. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Teichmann A, Otberg N, Jacobi U, Sterry W, Lademann J. Follicular penetration: development of a method to block the follicles selectively against the penetration of topically applied substances. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;19:216–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossadnik M, Czaika V, Teichmann A, et al. Differential stripping: introduction of a method to show the penetration of topically applied antifungal substances into the hair follicles. Mycoses. 2007;50:457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lademann J, Richter H, Schaefer U, et al. Hair follicles – a long-term reservoir for drug delivery. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19:232–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielitz A, Helmdach M, Röpke EM, Gollnick H. Lipid analysis of follicular casts from cyanoacrylate strips as a new method for studying therapeutic effects of antiacne agents. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toll R, Jacobi U, Richter H, Lademann J, Schaefer H, Blume- Peytavi U. Penetration profile of microspheres in follicular targeting of terminal hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:168–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Román R, Naik A, Kalia Y, Guy RH, Fessi H. Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2004;99:53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim J, Kang HS, Park WS, Han SH, Kim J, Chang IS. Transdermal delivery of mixnoxidil [sic] with block copolymer nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2004;97:477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illel B. Formulation for transfollicular drug administration: some recent advances. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1997;14:207–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domashenko A, Gupta S, Cotsarelis G. Efficient delivery of transgenes to human hair follicle progenitor cells using topical lipoplex. Nat Biotechnol. 2000;18:420–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mordon S, Sumian C, Devoisselle JM. Site-specific methylene blue delivery to pilosebaceous structures using highly porous nylon microspheres: an experimental evaluation. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münster U, Nakamura C, Haberland A, et al. RU 58841-myristate – prodrug development for topical treatment of acne and androgenetic alopecia. Pharmazie. 2005;60:8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meidan V, Docker M, Walmsley A, Irwin W. Low intensity ultrasound as a probe to elucidate the relative follicular contribution to total transdermal absorption. Pharm Res. 1998;15:85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motwani M, Rhein LD, Zatz JL. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of sebum models. J Cosmet Sci. 2001;52:211–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MusiaŁ W, Kubis A. Preliminary assessment of alginic acid as a factor buffering triethanolamine interacting with artificial skin sebum. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2003;55:237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motwani MR, Rhein LD. Influence of vehicles on the phase transitions of. J Cosmet Sci. 2002;53:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motwani M, Rhein L, Zatz J. Deposition of salicylic acid into hamster sebaceous glands. J Cosmet Sci. 2004;55:519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman RM. Gene and stem cell therapy of the hair follicle. Methods Mol Biol. 2005;289:437–448.
   Google Scholar
• Barry B. Action of skin penetration enhancers – the lipid protein partitioning theory. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1988;10:281–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesch F, Fabian E, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Werner C, Landsiedel R. Drug-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of man, rat, and pig. Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39:659–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan M, Wright JR Jr, McAlister VC. Liposomal tacrolimus lotion as a novel topical agent for treatment of immune-mediated skin disorders: experimental studies in a murine model. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:964–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Katare O, Vyas S. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of liposomal/niosomal delivery systems for antipsoriatic drug dithranol. Int J Pharm. 2001;228:43–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre MB, Tedesco AC, Marchetti JM, Bentley MV. Stratum corneum lipids liposomes for the topical delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid in photodynamic therapy of skin cancer: preparation and in vitro permeation study. BMC Dermatol. 2001;1:5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou E, Levi-Schaffer F, Dayan N, Alhaique F, Riccieri F. Modulation of caffeine skin delivery by carrier design: liposomes versus permeation enhancers. Int J Pharm. 1994;103:131–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J, Ping Q, Sun G, Jiao C. Lecithin vesicular carriers for transdermal delivery of cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm. 2000;194:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezei M, Gulasekharam V. Liposomes – a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration: gel dosage form. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1982;34:473–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang JY, Hong CT, Chiu WT, Wang YY. Effect of liposomes and niosomes on skin permeation of enoxacin. Int J Pharm. 2001;219:61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan N, Touitou E. Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: ethosomes vs liposomes. Biomaterials. 2000;21:1879–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresta M, Puglisi G. Corticosteroid dermal delivery with skin-lipid liposomes. J Control Release. 1997;44:141–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz G, Nowbakht P, Imboden R, Imanidis G. Heparin penetration into and permeation through human skin from aqueous and liposomal formulations in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2001;228:147–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knepp VM, Hinz RS, Szoka FC, Guy RH. Controlled drug release from a novel liposomal delivery system. I. Investigation of transdermal potential. J Control Release. 1987;5:211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira LS, Ramaldes GA, Nunan EA, Ferreira LA. In vitro skin permeation and retention of paromomycin from liposomes for topical treatment of the cutaneous leishmaniasis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2004;30:289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavachari N, Fahl WE. Targeted gene delivery to skin cells in vivo: a comparative study of liposomes and polymers as delivery vehicles. J Pharm Sci. 2002;91:615–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han I, Kim M, Kim J. Enhanced transfollicular delivery of adriamycin with a liposome and iontophoresis. Exp Dermatol. 2004;13:86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang JY, Yu SY, Wu PC, Huang YB, Tsai YH. In vitro skin permeation of estradiol from various proniosome formulations. Int J Pharm. 2001;215:91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vora B, Khopade AJ, Jain N. Proniosome based transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel for effective contraception. J Control Release. 1998;54:149–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamba FL, Wepierre J. Role of the appendageal pathway in the percutaneous absorption of pyridostigmine bromide in various vehicles. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1993;18:339–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokka S, Cooper SR, Kelly S, Hardee GE, Karras JG. Dermal delivery of topically applied oligonucleotides via follicular transport in mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:971–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Ramachandran C, Bielinska AU, et al. Topical transfection using plasmid DNA in a water-in-oil nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm. 2001;221:23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Ramachandran C, Weiner ND, Roessler BJ. Topical transport of hydrophilic compounds using water-in-oil nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm. 2001;220:63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Gulbake A, Jain A, Shilpi S, Hurkat P, Jain SK. Dual drug delivery using “smart” liposomes for triggered release of anticancer agents. J Nanopart Res. 2013;15:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Jain SK. Multipronged, strategic delivery of paclitaxel-topotecan using engineered liposomes to ovarian cancer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. Epub 2015 Jun 2.
   Google Scholar
• Balsari AL, Morelli D, Menard S, Veronesi U, Colnaghi MI. Protection against doxorubicin-induced alopecia in rats by liposome-entrapped monoclonal antibodies. FASEB J. 1994;8:226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Hoffman RM. Topical liposome delivery of molecules to hair follicles in mice. J Dermatol Sci. 1997;14:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemiec SM, Ramachandran C, Weiner N. Influence of nonionic liposomal composition on topical delivery of peptide drugs into pilosebaceous units: an in vivo study using the hamster ear model. Pharm Res. 1995;12:1184–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciotti SN, Weiner N. Follicular liposomal delivery systems. J Liposome Res. 2002;12:143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma DD, Verma S, McElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffman R, Fahr A. Treatment of alopecia areata in the DEBR model using cyclosporin A lipid vesicles. Eur J Dermatol. 2004;14:332–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meidan VM, Cohen JS, Amariglio N, Hirsch-Lerner D, Barenholz Y. Interaction of oligonucleotides with cationic lipids: the relationship between electrostatics, hydration and state of aggregation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1464:251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meidan VM, Glezer J, Amariglio N, Cohen JS, Barenholz Y. Oligonucleotide lipoplexes: the influence of oligonucleotide composition on complexation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1568:177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Jain SK. Ligand-mediated drug-targeted liposomes. In: Samad A, Beg S, Nazish I, editors. Liposomal Delivery Systems: Advances and Challenges. London: Future Science; 2016:144–158.
   Google Scholar
• Lieb LM, Liimatta AP, Bryan RN, Brown BD, Krueger GG. Description of the intrafollicular delivery of large molecular weight molecules to follicles of human scalp skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 1997;86:1022–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitto OD, White HS. Electroosmotic pore transport in human skin. Pharm Res. 2003;20:646–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junginger HE. Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine: from in-vitro modelling to the Parkinson patient. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S57–S75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanikkannan N. Iontophoresis-based transdermal delivery systems. BioDrugs. 2002;16:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalia YN, Naik A, Garrison J, Guy RH. Iontophoretic drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:619–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik S, Hord AH, Denson DD, et al. Lack of pain associated with microfabricated microneedles. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:502–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prausnitz MR. Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:581–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prausnitz MR, Mikszta JA, Cormier M, Andrianov AK. Microneedle-based vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;333:369–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma D, Fahr A. Investigation on the efficacy of a new device for substance deposition into deeper layers of the skin: Dermaroller. Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg. 2001. Available from: http://www.hair2go.jp/derma_evalu01.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Clementoni MT, Munavalli GS. Photodynamic photorejuvenation of the face with a combination of microneedling, red light, and broadband pulsed light. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42:150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budamakuntla L, Loganathan E, Suresh DH, et al. A randomised, open-label, comparative study of tranexamic acid microinjections and tranexamic acid with microneedling in patients with melasma. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2013;6:139–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhurat R, Sukesh M, Avhad G, Dandale A, Pal A, Pund P. A randomized evaluator blinded study of effect of microneedling in androgenetic alopecia: a pilot study. Int J Trichology. 2013;5:6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandrashekar B, Yepuri V, Mysore V. Alopecia areata – successful outcome with microneedling and triamcinolone acetonide. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7:63–64.
   Google Scholar
• Torezan L, Chaves Y, Niwa A, Sanches JA, Festa-Neto C, Szeimies RM. A pilot split-face study comparing conventional methyl aminolevulinate- photodynamic therapy (PDT) with microneedling-assisted PDT on actinically damaged skin. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39:1197–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbakhian M, Tavakoli N, Jaafari MR, Daneshamouz S. Enhancement of follicular delivery of finasteride by liposomes and niosomes 1. In vitro permeation and in vivo deposition studies using hamster flank and ear models. Int J Pharm. 2006;323:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namdeo A, Jain N. Niosomes as drug carriers. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1996;58:41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Saidan S, Krishnaiah Y, Chandrasekhar D, et al. Formulation of an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17:310–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lademann J, Richter H, Teichmann A, et al. Nanoparticles – an efficient carrier for drug delivery into the hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;66:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloor M. How do dermatological vehicles influence the horny layer? Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17:267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller M, Laude J, Bodewaldt H, Hamm G, Korting H. Toxicity and antimicrobial activity of a hydrocolloid dressing containing silver particles in an ex vivo model of cutaneous infection. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17:31–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoli S, Amoretti V, Colombo P, Santi P. Bioadhesive transdermal film containing caffeine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17:119–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichmann A, Jacobi U, Ossadnik M, et al. Differential stripping: determination of the amount of topically applied substances penetrated into the hair follicles. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:264–269.
   Google Scholar
• Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S131–S155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu KS, Wen CJ, Yen TC, et al. Combined strategies of apomorphine diester prodrugs and nanostructured lipid carriers for efficient brain targeting. Nanotechnology. 2012;23:095103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Maghraby GM, Williams AC, Barry BW. Skin hydration and possible shunt route penetration in controlled estradiol delivery from ultradeformable and standard liposomes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001;53:1311–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry B. Drug delivery routes in skin: a novel approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S31–S40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grams YY, Alaruikka S, Lashley L, Caussin J, Whitehead L, Bouwstra JA. Permeant lipophilicity and vehicle composition influence accumulation of dyes in hair follicles of human skin. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003;18:329–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grams YY, Whitehead L, Cornwell P, Bouwstra JA. On-line visualization of dye diffusion in fresh unfixed human skin. Pharm Res. 2004;21:851–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspers P, Lucassen G, Puppels G. Combined in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy of human skin. Biophys J. 2003;85:572–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn GM, Taylor DN, Li X, Frankel S, Montemarano A, Alving CR. Transcutaneous immunization: a human vaccine delivery strategy using a patch. Nat Med. 2000;6:1403–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan H, Lin Q, Morrissey GR, Khavari PA. Immunization via hair follicles by topical application of naked DNA to normal skin. Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17:870–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combadière B, Vogt A, Mahé B, et al. Preferential amplification of CD8 effector-T cells after transcutaneous application of an inactivated influenza vaccine: a randomized phase I trial. PloS One. 2010;5:e10818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal A, Raber AS, Schaefer UF, et al. Non-invasive delivery of nanoparticles to hair follicles: a perspective for transcutaneous immunization. Vaccine. 2013;31:3442–3451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baleeiro RB, Wiesmüller KH, Reiter Y, et al. Topical vaccination with functionalized particles targeting dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:1933–1941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliam AC, Kremer IB, Yoshida Y, et al. The human hair follicle: a reservoir of CD40+ B7-deficient Langerhans cells that repopulate epidermis after UVB exposure. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;110:422–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandner JM, McIntyre M, Kief S, Wladykowski E, Moll I. Expression and localization of tight junction-associated proteins in human hair follicles. Arch Dermatol Res. 2003;295:211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo A, Nagao K, Yokouchi M, Sasaki H, Amagai M. External antigen uptake by Langerhans cells with reorganization of epidermal tight junction barriers. J Exp Med. 2009;206:2937–2946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paus R, Ito N, Takigawa M, Ito T. The hair follicle and immune privilege. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003;8:188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann U, Tokura Y, Nishijima T, Takigawa M, Paus R. Hair cycle-dependent changes in skin immune functions: anagen-associated depression of sensitization for contact hypersensitivity in mice. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:598–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada K, Chiyoya S, Suzuki K, Hashimoto I, Hatayama I. Study of the skin of a new hairless rat mutant. J Dermatol. 1988;15:257–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauer AC, Elder JT, Weiner ND. Evaluation of the hairless rat as a model for in vivo percutaneous absorption. J Pharm Sci. 1997;86:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer H, Watts F, Brod J, Illel B. Follicular penetration. In: Scott RC, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, editors. Prediction of Percutaneous Penetration: Methods, Measurements, Modeling. London: IBC Technical Sevices; 1990:163–173.
   Google Scholar
• Illel B, Schaefer H. Transfollicular percutaneous absorption: skin model for quantitative studies. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987;68:427–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg JE. Transepidermal or transfollicular absorption? In vivo and in vitro studies in hairy and non-hairy guinea pig skin with sodium (22Na) and mercuric (203Hg) chlorides. Acta Derm Venereol. 1968;48:336–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plewig G, Luderschmidt C. Hamster ear model for sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol. 1977;68:171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matias JR, Orentreich N. The hamster ear sebaceous glands. I. Examination of the regional variation by stripped skin planimetry. J Invest Dermatol. 1983;81:43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb LM, Ramachandran C, Egbaria K, Weiner N. Topical delivery enhancement with multilamellar liposomes into pilosebaceous units: I. In vitro evaluation using fluorescent techniques with the hamster ear model. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb LM, Flynn G, Weiner N. Follicular (pilosebaceous unit) deposition and pharmacological behavior of cimetidine as a function of formulation. Pharm Res. 1994;11:1419–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno H. Quantitative models for the study of hair growth in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;642:107–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno H, Kurata S. Chemical agents and peptides affect hair growth. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;101:143S–1477S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar