Hemorrhagic Cystitis: Making Rapid and Shrewd Clinical and Surgical Decisions for Improving Patient Outcomes

References

• Antoniewicz AA, Zapala L, Poletajew S, Borowka A. Macroscopic hematuria-a leading urological problem in patients on anticoagulant therapy: is the common diagnostic standard still advisable? ISRN Urol. 2012;2012:710734. doi:10.5402/2012/710734
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mariani AJ, Mariani MC, Macchioni C, Stams UK, Hariharan A, Moriera A. The significance of adult hematuria: 1000 hematuria evaluations including a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. J Urol. 1989;141(2):350–355. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)40763-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne H, Adamson A, Bahl A, et al. Chemical- and radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis: current treatments and challenges. BJU Int. 2013;112(7):885–897. doi:10.1111/bju.12291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee V, An Y, Park HS, Yu JB, Kim SP, Jairam V. Emergency department visits for radiation cystitis among patients with a prostate cancer history. BJU Int. 2022;130(2):208–216. doi:10.1111/bju.15650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder BJ, Tarrell RF, Boorjian SA. Cystectomy for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis: contemporary etiology, presentation and outcomes. J Urol. 2014;192(6):1687–1692. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.06.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creaven PJ, Allen LM, Cohen MH, Nelson RL. Studies on the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of isophosphamide (NSC-109724). Cancer Treat Rep. 1976;60(4):445–449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Dyk JJ, Falkson HC, Van der Merwe AM, Falkson G. Unexpected toxicity in patients treated with iphosphamide. Cancer Res. 1972;32(5):921–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemeny N, Reichman B, Dougherty J, Lipperman R, Cheng E. Phase II trial of ifosfamide and mesna in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71(6):663–664.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheulen ME, Niederle N, Bremer K, Schutte J, Seeber S. Efficacy of ifosfamide in refractory malignant diseases and uroprotection by mesna: results of a clinical Phase II-study with 151 patients. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983;10(Suppl A):93–101. doi:10.1016/S0305-7372(83)80013-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nobile MT, Rosso R, Brema F, Cinquegrana A, Santi L. Phase II study of ifosfamide combined with Mesna uroprotection in advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors. Tumori. 1984;70(5):433–437. doi:10.1177/030089168407000508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brade WP, Herdrich K, Varini M. Ifosfamide--pharmacology, safety and therapeutic potential. Cancer Treat Rev. 1985;12(1):1–47. doi:10.1016/0305-7372(85)90011-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efros MD, Ahmed T, Coombe N, Choudhury MS. Urologic complications of high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Urology. 1994;43(3):355–360. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(94)90079-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilhan O, Koc H, Akan H, et al. Hemorrhagic cystitis as a complication of bone marrow transplantation. J Chemother. 1997;9(1):56–61. doi:10.1179/joc.1997.9.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox PJ. Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. Eur J Cancer. 1979;15(8):1071–1072. doi:10.1016/0014-2964(79)90296-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips FS, Sternberg SS, Cronin AP, Vidal PM. Cyclophosphamide and urinary bladder toxicity. Cancer Res. 1961;21:1577–1589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korkmaz A, Oter S, Deveci S, et al. Involvement of nitric oxide and hyperbaric oxygen in the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. J Urol. 2003;170(6 Pt 1):2498–2502. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000085593.31396.d8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkmaz A, Topal T, Oter S. Pathophysiological aspects of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis; implication of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as PARP activation. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007;23(5):303–312. doi:10.1007/s10565-006-0078-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd JD, Pringle LE, Barnett MJ, Klingemann HG, Reece DE, Phillips GL. Mesna versus hyperhydration for the prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(11):2016–2020. doi:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.11.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballen KK, Becker P, Levebvre K, et al. Safety and cost of hyperhydration for the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Oncology. 1999;57(4):287–292. doi:10.1159/000012062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendenhall WM, Henderson RH, Costa JA, et al. Hemorrhagic radiation cystitis. Am J Clin Oncol. 2015;38(3):331–336. doi:10.1097/COC.0000000000000016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit SG, Heyns CF. Management of radiation cystitis. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(4):206–214. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenback C, Eifel PJ, Burke TW, Morris M, Gershenson DM. Hemorrhagic cystitis following radiotherapy for stage Ib cancer of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;55(2):206–210. doi:10.1006/gyno.1994.1278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eifel PJ, Levenback C, Wharton JT, Oswald MJ. Time course and incidence of late complications in patients treated with radiation therapy for FIGO stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32(5):1289–1300. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(95)00118-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corman JM, McClure D, Pritchett R, Kozlowski P, Hampson NB. Treatment of radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2200–2202. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000063640.41307.c9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton AS, Clarke NW, Maher EJ. Non-surgical interventions for late radiation cystitis in patients who have received radical radiotherapy to the pelvis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2002(3):CD001773. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001773
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suresh UR, Smith VJ, Lupton EW, Haboubi NY. Radiation disease of the urinary tract: histological features of 18 cases. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46(3):228–231. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.3.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phadke KD, Vijayakumar M, Sharma J, Iyengar A; Indian Pediatric Nephrology G. Consensus statement on evaluation of hematuria. Indian Pediatr. 2006;43(11):965–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder BJ, Boorjian SA. Management of emergency bleeding, recalcitrant clots, and hemorrhagic cystitis. AUA Updat Ser. 2015;34(3):1.
   Google Scholar
• Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, et al. Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2020;204(4):778–786. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JR, Wolf JS Jr. Efficacy and survival associated with cystoscopy and clot evacuation for radiation or cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol. 2009;181(2):641–646. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe C, Christidis D, Manning TG, Lamb BW, Murphy DG, Lawrentschuk N. Photoselective vaporization of the bladder for the management of radiation cystitis-technique and initial outcomes. Urology. 2019;123:295. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2018.04.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente Rodriguez J, Farina LA. Perforación intestinal tras tratamiento de cistitis rádica con laser de neodimio:YAG [Intestinal perforation after treatment of radiation cystitis using the neodymium:YAG laser]. Actas Urol Esp. 1991;15(5):459–461. Spanish.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choong SK, Walkden M, Kirby R. The management of intractable haematuria. BJU Int. 2000;86(9):951–959. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00900.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Teague JL, Mueller EJ, Rodriguez FR. Intravesical alum irrigation for intractable bleeding secondary to adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 1987;137(3):525–526. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)44098-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abt D, Bywater M, Engeler DS, Schmid HP. Therapeutic options for intractable hematuria in advanced bladder cancer. Int J Urol. 2013;20(7):651–660. doi:10.1111/iju.12113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerman ME, Boorjian SA, Linder BJ. Safety and efficacy of intravesical alum for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis: a contemporary evaluation. Int Braz J Urol. 2016;42(6):1144–1149. doi:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2015.0588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perazella M, Brown E. Acute aluminum toxicity and alum bladder irrigation in patients with renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;21(1):44–46. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80719-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami AK, Mahajan RK, Nath R, Sharma SK. How safe is 1% alum irrigation in controlling intractable vesical hemorrhage? J Urol. 1993;149(2):264–267. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36051-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts NB, Williams P. Serum aluminium measurement by DC plasma emission spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 1988;25(Pt 2):169–175. doi:10.1177/000456328802500207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming LW, Stewart W, Fell GS, Halls DJ. The effect of oral aluminium therapy on plasma aluminium levels in patients with chronic renal failure in an area with low water aluminium. Clin Nephrol. 1982;17(5):222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol FA, Alkjaersig N, Sherry S. The absorption, distribution, and excretion ofϵ-aminocaproic acid following oral or intravenous administration to man. J Lab Clin Med. 1962;59(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanini M, English HA, Taylor AE. Safe and effective, prolonged administration of epsilon aminocaproic acid in bleeding from the urinary tract. J Urol. 1990;143(3):559–561. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)40018-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh I, Laungani GB. Intravesical epsilon aminocaproic acid in management of intractable bladder hemorrhage. Urology. 1992;40(3):227–229. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(92)90479-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye JD, Smith EA, Kirsch AJ, Cerwinka WH, Elmore JM. Preliminary experience with epsilon aminocaproic acid for treatment of intractable upper tract hematuria in children with hematological disorders. J Urol. 2010;184(3):1152–1157. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjunath G, Fozailoff A, Mitcheson D, Sarnak MJ. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid and renal complications: case report and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol. 2002;58(1):63–67. doi:10.5414/CNP58063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane MJ, Silverman LR, Rand JH, Paciucci PA, Holland JF. Myonecrosis as a complication of the use of epsilon amino-caproic acid: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1988;85(6):861–863. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80037-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geltzeiler J, Schwartz D. Obstruction of solitary kidney due to epsilon-aminocaproic-acid-induced fibrin clot formation. Urology. 1984;24(1):64–66. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(84)90390-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praveen BV, Sankaranarayanan A, Vaidyanathan S. A comparative study of intravesical instillation of 15(s) 15 Me alpha and alum in the management of persistent hematuria of vesical origin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992;30(1):7–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montgomery BD, Boorjian SA, Ziegelmann MJ, Joyce DD, Linder BJ. Intravesical silver nitrate for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis. Turk J Urol. 2016;42(3):197–201. doi:10.5152/tud.2016.38445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar AP, Wrenn EL Jr, Jayalakshmamma B, Conrad L, Quinn P, Cox C. Silver nitrate irrigation to control bladder hemorrhage in children receiving cancer therapy. J Urol. 1976;116(1):85–86. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58690-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond DA, Jeffs RD, Marshall FF. Control of prolonged, benign, renal hematuria by silver nitrate instillation. Urology. 1981;18(4):337–341. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(81)90384-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerkins GR, Noe HN, Hill DE. An unusual complication of silver nitrate treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis: case report. J Urol. 1986;136(2):456–458. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)44907-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavaiah NV, Soloway MS. Anuria following silver nitrate irrigation for intractable bladder hemorrhage. J Urol. 1977;118(4):681–682. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58154-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chermansky CJ, Guirguis MO. Pharmacologic management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 2022;49(2):273–282. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2022.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson SJ, Woodhouse CR. Sodium pentosan polysulphate in the management of haemorrhagic cystitis: experience with 14 patients. Eur Urol. 1994;25(1):40–42. doi:10.1159/000475245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu SS, Goldstraw M, Woodhouse CR. The management of haemorrhagic cystitis with sodium pentosan polysulphate. BJU Int. 2004;94(6):845–847. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05044.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toren PJ, Norman RW. Cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis successfully treated with pentosanpolysulphate. J Urol. 2005;173(1):103. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000146626.78180.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie G, Whyte L, Chandran H, Lawson S, Velangi M, McCarthy L. Introduction of sodium pentosan polysulfate and avoidance of urethral catheterisation: improved outcomes in children with haemorrhagic cystitis post stem cell transplant/chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(2):375–379. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.11.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch RV, Freyer CW, Carulli A, et al. Pentosan polysulfate for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2022;28(7):1609–1612. doi:10.1177/10781552221105295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vora RA, Patel AP, Melles R. Prevalence of maculopathy associated with long-term pentosan polysulfate therapy. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(6):835–836. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanif AM, Shah R, Yan J, et al. Strength of association between pentosan polysulfate and a novel maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(10):1464–1466. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain N, Li AL, Yu Y, VanderBeek BL. Association of macular disease with long-term use of pentosan polysulfate sodium: findings from a US cohort. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(8):1093–1097. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. ELMIRON- pentosan polysulfate sodium capsule, gelatin coated; 2022. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f0ba651e-3d8a-11df-8fbe-119855d89593. Accessed February 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Bright JF, Tosi SE, Crichlow RW, Selikowitz SM. Prevention of vesicoureteral reflux with Fogarty catheters during formalin therapy. J Urol. 1977;118(6):950–952. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58259-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capen CV, Weigel JW, Magrina JF, Masterson BJ. Intraperitoneal spillage of formalin after intravesical instillation. Urology. 1982;19(6):599–601. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(82)90007-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan AK, Mohan GM, Ravi R. Intravesical formalin for hemorrhagic cystitis following irradiation of cancer of the cervix. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;42(2):131–135. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(93)90626-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegelmann MJ, Boorjian SA, Joyce DD, Montgomery BD, Linder BJ. Intravesical formalin for hemorrhagic cystitis: a contemporary cohort. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017;11(3–4):E79–E82. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente J, Rios G, Caffaratti J. Intravesical formalin for the treatment of massive hemorrhagic cystitis: retrospective review of 25 cases. Eur Urol. 1990;18(3):204–206. doi:10.1159/000463910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao MS, Singhal PC, Bapna BC, et al. Fatal complication of intravesical formalin during control of intractable hemorrhage from radiation cystitis. Urology. 1978;11(6):588–590. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(78)90008-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eickenberg HU, Adcock R. Vascular absorption of intravesical formalin in cyclophosphamide induced haemorrhagic cystitis. Urol Res. 1976;4(1):5–8. doi:10.1007/BF00256128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godec CJ, Gleich P. Intractable hematuria and formalin. J Urol. 1983;130(4):688–691. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51405-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaganapathy BR, Janicki JJ, Levanovich P, et al. Intravesical liposomal tacrolimus protects against radiation cystitis induced by 3-beam targeted bladder radiation. J Urol. 2015;194(2):578–584. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang YC, Tyagi P, Huang HY, et al. Intravesical immune suppression by liposomal tacrolimus in cyclophosphamide-induced inflammatory cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(3):421–427. doi:10.1002/nau.20981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirmal J, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB, et al. Development of potential orphan drug therapy of intravesical liposomal tacrolimus for hemorrhagic cystitis due to increased local drug exposure. J Urol. 2013;189(4):1553–1558. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dave CN, Chaus F, Chancellor MB, Lajness M, Peters KM. Innovative use of intravesical tacrolimus for hemorrhagic radiation cystitis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015;47(10):1679–1681. doi:10.1007/s11255-015-1098-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss JP, Boland FP, Mori H, et al. Treatment of radiation-induced cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen. J Urol. 1985;134(2):352–354. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)47166-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews R, Rajan N, Josefson L, Camporesi E, Makhuli Z. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol. 1999;161(2):435–437. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61914-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong KT, Hampson NB, Corman JM. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves outcome for radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology. 2005;65(4):649–653. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliai C, Fisher B, Jani A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced cystitis and proctitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(3):733–740. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.12.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscarsson N, Arnell P, Lodding P, Ricksten SE, Seeman-Lodding H. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in radiation-induced cystitis and proctitis: a prospective cohort study on patient-perceived quality of recovery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;87(4):670–675. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Kawashima A, Ujike T, Uemura M, Nishimura K, Miyoshi S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Int J Urol. 2008;15(7):639–641. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02053.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mougin J, Souday V, Martin F, Azzouzi AR, Bigot P. Evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology. 2016;94:42–46. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2016.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellis A, Papatsoris A, Kalentzos V, Deliveliotis C, Skolarikos A. Hyberbaric oxygen as sole treatment for severe radiation - induced haemorrhagic cystitis. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43(3):489–495. doi:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pizzo JJ, Chew BH, Jacobs SC, Sklar GN. Treatment of radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen: long-term followup. J Urol. 1998;160(3 Pt 1):731–733. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62770-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neovius EB, Lind MG, Lind FG. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for wound complications after surgery in the irradiated head and neck: a review of the literature and a report of 15 consecutive patients. Head Neck. 1997;19(4):315–322. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0347(199707)19:4<315::AID-HED10>3.0.CO;2-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianci P, Sato R. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of thermal burns: a review. Burns. 1994;20(1):5–14. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(94)90099-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degener S, Pohle A, Strelow H, et al. Long-term experience of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for refractory radio- or chemotherapy-induced haemorrhagic cystitis. BMC Urol. 2015;15:38. doi:10.1186/s12894-015-0035-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira D, Ferreira C, Catarino R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for radiation-induced cystitis: a long-term follow-up. Actas Urol Esp. 2020;44(8):561–567. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2020.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao Y, Lu GL, Shen ZJ. Comparison of intravesical hyaluronic acid instillation and hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. BJU Int. 2012;109(5):691–694. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10550.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscarsson N, Muller B, Rosen A, et al. Radiation-induced cystitis treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (RICH-ART): a randomised, controlled, Phase 2–3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(11):1602–1614. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30494-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei JT, Dunn RL, Litwin MS, Sandler HM, Sanda MG. Development and validation of the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC) for comprehensive assessment of health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. Urology. 2000;56(6):899–905. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00858-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil KM, Pugh SL, Klopp AH, et al. Expanded validation of the EPIC bowel and urinary domains for use in women with gynecologic cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;154(1):183–188. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.04.682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbehr MH, Bachmann LM, Poyet C, et al. The German version of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC): translation, validation and minimal important difference estimation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):36. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0859-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur D, Khan SP, Rodriguez V, Arndt C, Claus P. Hyperbaric oxygen as a treatment modality in cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Pediatr Transplant. 2018;22(4):e13171. doi:10.1111/petr.13171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajith Kumar S, Prasanth P, Tripathi K, Ghosh P. Hyperbaric oxygen-A new horizon in treating cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Indian J Urol. 2011;27(2):272–273. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.82849
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmquist BM, Philipson B, Barr PO. Nuclear cataract and myopia during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(2):113–117. doi:10.1136/bjo.68.2.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMonnies CW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and the possibility of ocular complications or contraindications. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98(2):122–125. doi:10.1111/cxo.12203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palandri F, Bonifazi F, Rossi C, et al. Successful treatment of severe hemorrhagic cystitis with selective vesical artery embolization. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(5):529–530. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JF, Velling TE. Transcatheter therapeutic embolization of genitourinary pathology. Rev Urol. 2000;2(4):236–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohan S, Kumar S, Dubey D, Phadke RV, Baijal SS, Kathuria M. Superselective vesical artery embolization in the management of intractable hematuria secondary to hemorrhagic cystitis. World J Urol. 2019;37(10):2175–2182. doi:10.1007/s00345-018-2604-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y, Wu D, Sun A, et al. Selective embolization of the internal iliac arteries for the treatment of severe hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41(10):881–886. doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gine E, Rovira M, Real I, et al. Successful treatment of severe hemorrhagic cystitis after hemopoietic cell transplantation by selective embolization of the vesical arteries. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(10):923–925. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Berardinis E, Vicini P, Salvatori F, Sciarra A, Gentile V, Di Silverio F. Superselective embolization of bladder arteries in the treatment of intractable bladder haemorrhage. Int J Urol. 2005;12(5):503–505. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01074.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou C, Zhou CG, Wang B, Liu XL, Shi HB, Liu S. Superselective vesical artery embolization for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center retrospective study in 26 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2021;44(6):943–951. doi:10.1007/s00270-021-02786-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasumura K, Ikegami K, Kamohara T, Nohara Y. High incidence of ischemic necrosis of the gluteal muscle after transcatheter angiographic embolization for severe pelvic fracture. J Trauma. 2005;58(5):985–990. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000162625.63241.12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sieber PR. Bladder necrosis secondary to pelvic artery embolization: case report and literature review. J Urol. 1994;151(2):422. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)34969-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhan A, Lyons GR. Clinical outcomes following percutaneous urinary diversion for hemorrhagic cystitis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2022;33(7):841–844. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneiders A, Pryor JL. Percutaneous nephrostomy drainage in the treatment of severe hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol. 1993;150(3):966–967. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)35663-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noe HN, McSwain HM. Management of severe reflux in the patient with cyclophosphamide cystitis. J Urol. 1983;130(4):769–771. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51451-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh FP, Vince FP, Pollock DJ, Blandy JP, Blandy JP, Chir. M. Cyclophosphamide necrosis of bladder causing calcification, contracture and reflux; treated by colocystoplasty. Br J Urol. 1971;43(3):324–332. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1971.tb12049.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar