Women as Urologists in Saudi Arabia: Career Choice and Practice Challenges: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Grimsby GM, Wolter CE. The journey of women in urology: the perspective of a female urology resident. Urology. 2013;81(1):3–6. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2012.07.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson I, Bobbin M, Jordan M, Baker S. A survey of women urology residents regarding career choice and practice challenges. J Womens Health. 2009;18(11):1867–1872. doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hird AE, St-Laurent MP, Nadeau G, Carr L, Farcas M. Exploring the patterns of practice and satisfaction among female urologists in Canada. Can Urol Assoc J. 2020;14(8):245–251. doi:10.5489/cuaj.6184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen CM, Sui W, Pak JS, Pagano M, Cooper KL, Badalato GM. Gender differences in the urology residency match-does it make a difference? Urology. 2018;111:39–43. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2017.07.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson K, Tennankore K, Cox A. Trends in the training of female urology residents in Canada. Can Urol Assoc J. 2018;12(3):E105–E111. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Urological Association. Female urologists make history in urology; 2021. Available from: https://auanet.mediaroom.com/2021-05-27-Female-Urologists-Make-History-in-Urology#assets_all. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• American Urological Association. The American urological association releases 2021 AUA census results. Available from: https://auanet.mediaroom.com/2022-04-12-The-American-Urological-Association-Releases-2021-AUA-Census-Results. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Hüsch T, Haferkamp A, Thomas C, Steffens J, Fornara P, Kranz J. Gender gap at a large European urological congress: still at the beginning. World J Urol. 2022;40(1):257–262. doi:10.1007/s00345-021-03777-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerfoot BP, Nabha KS, Masser BA, McCullough DL. What makes a medical student avoid or enter a career in urology? Results of an international survey. J Urol. 2005;174(5):1953–1957. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000177462.61257.4e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YY, Ellis RJ, Hewitt DB, et al. Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and burnout in surgical residency training. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(18):1741–1752. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1903759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Farrokhyar F, Braga LH. Survey on the perception of urology as a specialty by medical students. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016;10(9–10):349–354. doi:10.5489/cuaj.3621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüsch T, Osman NI, Herve F, et al. Gender representation at scientific congresses: focus on functional and female urology-a study from the EAU young academic urologist functional urology group. World J Urol. 2023;41(5):1445–1450. doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04355-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Otaibi KE. Urology Training. Urol Ann. 2016;8(Suppl 2):S184–S188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCFHS. Postgraduate training programs statistics; 2016. Available from: https://www.scfhs.org.sa/MESPS/Statistics/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Postgraduate training programs statistics 2018; 2019. Available from: https://www.scfhs.org.sa/MESPS/Pages/statistics.aspx. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Medical specialty selection guide for medical graduates. Available from: https://www.scfhs.org.sa/en/Media/OtherPublications/Documents/Medical%20Specialty%20Selection%20Guide.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• SCFHS-MS 2018. Saudi commission for health specialties matching system; 2019. Available from: https://scfhs.org.sa/MESPS/AcceptanceRegister/Documents/score.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Saudi board urology curriculum; 2014. Available from: https://www.scfhs.org.sa/MESPS/TrainingProgs/TrainingProgsStatement/Documents/Urology%20new.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• General Authority for statistics. Available from: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/node. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Baqi S, Albalbeesi A, Iftikhar S, Baig-Ansari N, Alanazi M, Alanazi A. Perceptions of gender equality, work environment, support and social issues for women doctors at a university hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson AN, Cusimano MC, Baxter NN. The inconvenience of motherhood during a medical career. CMAJ. 2021;193(37):E1465–E1466. doi:10.1503/cmaj.211255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner LB, Stolzmann KL, Gulla VD. Birth trends and pregnancy complications among women urologists. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(2):293–297. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton AR, Tyson MD, Braga JA, Lerner LB. Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(11):e77. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00707
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lightner DJ, Terris MK, Tsao AK, Naughton CK, Lohse CM. Status of women in urology: based on a report to the Society of University Urologists. J Urol. 2005;173(2):560–563. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000149739.51103.d3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer EN, Lenherr SM, Hanson HA, Jessop TC, Lowrance WT. Gender differences in publication productivity among academic urologists in the United States. Urology. 2017;103:39–46. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2016.12.064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Tamimi DM. Saudi women in academic medicine. Are they succeeding? Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1564–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binsaleh S, Babaeer A, Alkhayal A, Madbouly K. Evaluation of the learning environment of urology residency training using the postgraduate hospital educational environment measure inventory. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2015;6:271–277. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S81133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binsaleh S, Al-Jasser A, Almannie R, Madbouly K. Attitude and perception of urology by medical students at the end of their medical school: an appraisal from Saudi Arabia. Urol Ann. 2015;7(2):211–220. doi:10.4103/0974-7796.150511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah J, Manson J, Boyd J. Recruitment in urology: a national survey in the UK. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86(3):186–189. doi:10.1308/003588404323043328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong D, Ganesan V, Kuprasertkul I, Khouri RK Jr, Lemack GE. Reversing the decline in urology residency applications: an analysis of medical school factors critical to maintaining student interest. Urology. 2020;136:51–57. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutikov A, Bonslaver J, Casey JT, et al. The gatekeeper disparity--why do some medical schools send more medical students into urology? J Urol. 2011;185(2):647–652. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebastchi AH, Khouri RK Jr, McLaren ID, et al. The urology applicant: an analysis of contemporary urology residency candidates. Urology. 2018;115:51–58. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2017.10.065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradbury CL, King DK, Middleton RG. Female urologists: a growing population. J Urol. 1997;157(5):1854–1856. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64884-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr PL, Ash AS, Friedman RH, et al. Faculty perceptions of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in academic medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(11):889–896. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-11-200006060-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Jones R, Perumalswami CR, Ubel P, Stewart A. Sexual harassment and discrimination experiences of academic medical faculty. JAMA. 2016;315(19):2120–2121. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.2188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fnais N, al-Nasser M, Zamakhshary M, et al. Prevalence of harassment and discrimination among residents in three training hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2013;33(2):134–139. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2013.134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace JE. Gender and supportive co‐worker relations in the medical profession. Gend Work Organ. 2014;21(1):1–17. doi:10.1111/gwao.12007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JH, Donat SM. Elisabeth Pauline Pickett (1918-): opening the door for women in urological oncology. J Urol. 2007;178(5):1875–1877. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnisch BA, Stolzmann KL, Lerner LB. Mentoring, fellowship training and academic careers of women urologists. BJU Int. 2010;105(12):1629–1631. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09391.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortnick E, Stock J, Simma-Chiang V. Mentorship in urology residency programs in the United States. Urology. 2020;136:58–62. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welch JL, Jimenez HL, Walthall J, Allen SE. The women in emergency medicine mentoring program: an innovative approach to mentoring. J Grad Med Educ. 2012;4(3):362–366. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-11-00267.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bin Ghali KN, AlSubaie AT, Nawab AA. Mentorship in anesthesia: a perspective survey among anesthesia residents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Anaesth. 2021;15(2):144–148. doi:10.4103/sja.sja_1145_20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conference on the reality of the Saudi health workforce during the next ten years. Available from: https://www.dropbox.com/s/35ksprb8jrauz6n/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%A1%D9%A0%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9.pdf?dl=0. Accessed June 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Oberlin DT, Vo AX, Bachrach L, Flury SC. The gender divide: the impact of surgeon gender on surgical practice patterns in urology. J Urol. 2016;196(5):1522–1526. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tempest HV, Vowler S, Simpson A. Patients’ preference for gender of urologist. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59(5):526–528. doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00465.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly S, Griffith KA, DeCastro R, Stewart A, Ubel P, Jagsi R. Gender differences in time spent on parenting and domestic responsibilities by high-achieving young physician-researchers. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):344–353. doi:10.7326/M13-0974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Sweetman A. Gender, family status and physician labour supply. Soc Sci Med. 2013;94:17–25. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JE, Linzer M, Konrad TR, Douglas J, Shugerman R, Nelson K. The work lives of women physicians results from the physician work life study. The SGIM career satisfaction study group. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(6):372–380. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2000.im9908009.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljuhayman AM, Alkhamees MA, Alkanhal HF, Al-Zahrani MA, Almutair SA, Alkhamees AA. Assessment of burnout among urology residents in KSA: a cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2020;16(1):29–33. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkhamees M, Al-Zahrani MA, Almutairi S, Alkanhal H, Almuhaideb M, Abumelha SM. Study habits of urology residents in Saudi Arabia: identifying defects and areas for curricular development - a trainee-based survey. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2020;11:707–715. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S269059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh DD, Hwabejire JO, Imam A, et al. A survey of study habits of general surgery residents. J Surg Educ. 2013;70(1):15–23. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2012.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner TAA, Ho L, Touma NJ. Study habits of Canadian urology residents: implications for development of a competence by design curriculum. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017;11(3–4):83–87. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marley CS, Lerner LB, Panagopoulos G, Kavaler E. Personal, professional and financial satisfaction among American women urologists. Int Braz J Urol. 2011;37(2):187–194. doi:10.1590/s1677-55382011000200005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar